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Environments
Volume 12
Issue 6
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Environments, Volume 12, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 37 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Microplastics, particles less than 5 mm in length, are found globally, from remote mountains to ocean floors, and in both rainwater and drinking water. Addressing the causes of, consequences of, and solutions for microplastic pollution requires a convergence approach, in which academics, policymakers, and community partners co-identify the problem, co-design research, and co-produce knowledge. In this article, interdisciplinary scientists investigated the perceptions of microplastic pollution among different end users, delivered educational materials to K-12 teachers and practitioners, and identified key sampling points for assessing environmental microplastic concentrations in the Columbia River Basin, United States. View this paper
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20 pages, 2190 KiB  
Article
Plastic Pollution and Framework Towards Sustainable Plastic Waste Management in Nigeria: Case Study
by Martha Ogechi Chilote and Hom Nath Dhakal
Environments 2025, 12(6), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060209 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 806
Abstract
Plastic pollution and its environmental consequence are on the rise globally. In Nigeria, the proliferation of plastic bottle and sachet water (PBSW) manufacturing companies in various parts of the country has led to an increase in plastic waste generation. Existing studies have identified [...] Read more.
Plastic pollution and its environmental consequence are on the rise globally. In Nigeria, the proliferation of plastic bottle and sachet water (PBSW) manufacturing companies in various parts of the country has led to an increase in plastic waste generation. Existing studies have identified challenges and the critical need for the adoption of sustainable solutions to mitigate its adverse environmental impact, especially for developing countries. Therefore, the motivation for this study stems from the urgent need for a progressive shift in the studies focused on feasible solutions to the common challenges and strategies for implementation. This study aims to investigate the identified challenges of a lack of awareness and waste management of single-use plastics in Nigeria, towards achieving a circular economy of plastic waste whilst considering its socio-economic context. This study used a mixed method approach combining quantitative and qualitative data through interviews and questionnaires to investigate awareness on the impact of plastic pollution amongst key stakeholders in plastic waste management in the UNN. The potential of introducing a DRS in the sustainable collection of single-use plastic bottle and sachet water waste was also explored. The result reveals the perceived consequence of plastic pollution is short-term, at the level of mesoplastics, physically observed as plastic litter (68.2%), leading to a blockage of canals (65.0%), an excessive rate of flooding (19.1%) and other related issues; effective channels of creating awareness and educating the public on plastic pollution are social media (48.3%), school education (23.3%), mass media (21.7%), and others (6%). An implementation framework for sustainable plastic waste collection was developed from the research findings, adapting the Norwegian Deposit Return Scheme (DRS) to suit the current socio-economic context of the population. Additionally, awareness can be increased through targeted government policies that reward sustainable plastic waste management practices, public awareness campaigns, and the use of social media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)
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11 pages, 632 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Stress Vulnerability and Occupational Noise Perception as Burnout Predictors: Results of an Exploratory Study in Industrial Environments
by Carlos Carvalhais, Luísa Antunes Ribeiro and Cristiana C. Pereira
Environments 2025, 12(6), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060208 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to [...] Read more.
Burnout is a complex phenomenon influenced by both environmental and individual factors. This pilot study explores the predictive role of occupational noise perception and stress vulnerability on burnout symptoms among industrial workers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 119 Portuguese workers exposed to occupational noise. Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing noise perception, stress vulnerability, and burnout. Path analysis revealed that both higher stress vulnerability and greater perceived occupational noise were significant predictors of elevated burnout levels. Furthermore, gender emerged as a relevant predictor, with women reporting significantly higher burnout symptoms than men. Age was inversely related to stress vulnerability, indicating greater resilience among older workers. These findings suggest that individual differences in stress vulnerability and noise perception contribute meaningfully to burnout risk, beyond traditional occupational hazard assessments. The study underscores the need for holistic occupational health strategies, integrating both environmental modifications and psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing workers’ coping capacities. This study contributes novel insights into the interplay between perceived noise and psychological vulnerability in industrial settings, supporting broader preventive measures for work-related mental health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy and Safe Environments across Occupational and Environmental Contexts)
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14 pages, 1063 KiB  
Article
The Conservation of the Endangered Monachus monachus: Could Maritime Workers Contribute to Its Study?
by Ana Cecília Amaral and Carlos Alberto Pestana Andrade
Environments 2025, 12(6), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060207 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 543
Abstract
The interactions between marine predators such as the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) and fish farms have raised concerns regarding the potential environmental impacts of the industry on surrounding marine ecosystems. This study investigated the potential role of fish farm workers [...] Read more.
The interactions between marine predators such as the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) and fish farms have raised concerns regarding the potential environmental impacts of the industry on surrounding marine ecosystems. This study investigated the potential role of fish farm workers in monitoring marine biodiversity around aquaculture sites, comparing their potential involvement with that of other maritime workers. Interviews were conducted with maritime workers, including fish farm workers, in order to understand their perceptions of monk seal interactions with fish farms. The author also carried out direct data collection at fish farms to validate these perceptions. The results show a strong alignment between the workers’ perceptions and the data collected by the author on key parameters such as the presence, frequency, and seasonality of monk seals on fish farms. Furthermore, 75% of the 16 fish farm workers interviewed expressed no animosity toward monk seals. This underscores fish farm workers potential for involvement in monitoring initiatives and their understanding of monk seal interactions on fish farms. Given their constant presence at sea and proximity to key interaction zones, maritime workers are well-positioned to monitor environmental pressures and provide valuable data. With appropriate training, these workers could become valuable participants in targeted citizen science efforts, enhancing the public image of the aquaculture industry and advancing research on marine life in the vicinity of aquaculture installations. Full article
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22 pages, 667 KiB  
Article
Exposure to Airborne Contaminants and Respiratory Health Among Lithium Mine Workers in Western Australia
by David Gbondo, Viviana Cerpa-Perez, Ngoc Minh Pham, Yun Zhao and Krassi Rumchev
Environments 2025, 12(6), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060206 - 17 Jun 2025
Viewed by 529
Abstract
Background: Lithium is an essential commodity; however, its mining and processing can expose miners to airborne contaminants such as inhalable dust, respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica. These exposures may adversely affect respiratory health. To protect the health of miners, exposure assessment and [...] Read more.
Background: Lithium is an essential commodity; however, its mining and processing can expose miners to airborne contaminants such as inhalable dust, respirable dust and respirable crystalline silica. These exposures may adversely affect respiratory health. To protect the health of miners, exposure assessment and control activities are required, followed by respiratory health monitoring to assess the effect of exposure on respiratory health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between workgroup exposure to airborne contaminants and respiratory health. To determine group exposure levels, exposure data was collected at the group level, which limits individual-level inference, followed by health monitoring. Methods: Industry health monitoring data were collected from miners in three surface lithium mines in Western Australia for the period between October 2023 and October 2024. Miners from Management Administration & Technical, Crusher/Dry/Wet Plant, and Laboratory Operations participated in a pulmonary function test, completed a health and exposure questionnaire and underwent a low dose high-resolution computed tomography. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with lung function and respiratory symptoms. Results: Older age, smoking and pre-existing respiratory conditions were correlated with poor respiratory airflow. The odds of having a respiratory obstruction or restriction were significantly higher by 3.942 and 2.165 times respectively, for miners who were 40 years old or above, and those who had existing diagnosed respiratory medical conditions. The risk of coughing among current smokers was more than four times higher compared to non-smokers. In addition, working in Crushing and Processing was significantly associated with the risk of experiencing respiratory symptoms compared to working in Management Administration & Technical and Laboratory Operations. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that respiratory health was influenced by non-work-related risk factors. Based on these results, it is recommended that health promotion programs be developed and implemented to empower miners to cease smoking and to manage non-work-related respiratory conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Human Health)
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32 pages, 4453 KiB  
Article
Integration of Earth Observation and Field-Based Monitoring for Morphodynamic Characterisation of Tropical Beach Ecosystems
by James Murphy, Jonathan E. Higham, Andrew J. Plater, Kasey E. Clark and Rachel Collin
Environments 2025, 12(6), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060205 - 16 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. [...] Read more.
Coastal erosion poses a significant threat to small tropical island regions, where coastal tourism and infrastructure play vital economic roles. However, the processes affecting tropical beaches, particularly in Central America, remain underexplored due to a lack of data on waves and atmospheric conditions. We propose a novel approach that utilises low-cost smartphone and satellite imagery to characterise beach ecosystems, where typically expensive and technologically intensive monitoring strategies are impractical and background data are scarce. As a test of its performance under real conditions, we apply this approach to four contrasting beaches in the low-lying islands of the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama. We employ Earth Observation data and field-based monitoring to enhance understanding of beach erosion. Optical flow tracking velocimetry (OFTV) is applied to smartphone camera footage to provide a quantitative metric of wave characteristics during the high wave energy season. These data are combined with satellite-derived shoreline change data and additional field data on beach profiles and grain size. The results reveal distinct patterns of accretion and erosion across the study sites determined by wave climate, beach morphology, and grain size. Accreting beaches are generally characterised by longer wave periods, more consistent wave velocities, and finer, positively skewed sediments indicative of swell-dominated conditions and dissipative beach profiles. Conversely, more erosive sites are associated with shorter wave periods, more variable wave velocities, coarser and better-sorted sediments, and a shorter, steeper beach profile. Seasonal erosion during the high-energy wave season (January–April) and subsequent recovery were observed at most sites. This work demonstrates how foundational data for evidence-based coastal management can be generated in remote locations that lack essential baseline data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)
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15 pages, 901 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Effects of Minimum Tillage and Wood Distillate Addition on Plants and Springtails in an Olive Grove
by Emanuele Fanfarillo, Claudia Angiolini, Claudio Capitani, Margherita De Pasquale Picciarelli, Riccardo Fedeli, Tiberio Fiaschi, Prudence Jepkogei, Emilia Pafumi, Barbara Valle and Simona Maccherini
Environments 2025, 12(6), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060204 - 15 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1089
Abstract
Agricultural practices significantly influence agroecosystem biodiversity, driving a growing focus on the development of environmentally sustainable management strategies. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most widely cultivated tree crops in the Mediterranean basin and other regions with a Mediterranean climate. [...] Read more.
Agricultural practices significantly influence agroecosystem biodiversity, driving a growing focus on the development of environmentally sustainable management strategies. Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most widely cultivated tree crops in the Mediterranean basin and other regions with a Mediterranean climate. In this study, we employed a split-plot design with whole plots arranged as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the effects of minimum tillage and the application of wood distillate to olive canopies on wild vascular plant and soil-dwelling springtail communities in a conventionally managed olive grove in central Italy. Biotic communities were sampled twice, in November and April. Tillage caused a marginally significant decrease in springtail species richness in April and significantly influenced the composition of both plant and springtail communities in April. All the plant species showed a decrease in abundance under tillage, whereas the abundance of springtail species responded to tillage in a species-specific way. Wood distillate had no effect on any community attribute in either season. Springtail total abundance was not affected by any treatment in either season. Our findings confirm that tillage practices affect the diversity of plant and springtail communities. Moreover, we had evidence that spring tillage may have more negative impacts on the studied communities with respect to autumn tillage. Moreover, we suggest that the application of low-concentration wood distillate to olive canopies can be considered, in the short-term, a sustainable agricultural practice that does not negatively affect agroecosystem biodiversity. Full article
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17 pages, 6644 KiB  
Article
Habitat Suitability of the Common Leopard (Panthera pardus) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan: A Dual-Model Approach Using MaxEnt and Random Forest
by Zeenat Dildar, Wenjiang Huang, Raza Ahmed and Zeeshan Khalid
Environments 2025, 12(6), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060203 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 751
Abstract
The common leopard (Panthera pardus) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ and K), Pakistan, is increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation and climate change. This study employs a dual-model approach, integrating Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Random Forest algorithms with multi-source remote sensing [...] Read more.
The common leopard (Panthera pardus) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ and K), Pakistan, is increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation and climate change. This study employs a dual-model approach, integrating Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Random Forest algorithms with multi-source remote sensing data to evaluate leopard habitat suitability. Our analysis identifies land cover (LC), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), elevation, temperature seasonality (bio4), and distance to roads (Dist_road) as the most influential habitat predictors. Leopards exhibit a strong preference for mixed forests at elevations between 1000 and 3000 m, with a suitability index of 0.83. The study identifies several unsuitable conditions including: road proximity (<0.08 km), low elevation zones (<1000 m), areas with high temperature seasonality (bio4 > 8 °C), and non-forested land cover types. MaxEnt demonstrated superior habitat prediction accuracy over Random Forest (AUC = 0.912 vs. 0.827). The results highlight a distinct north-to-south suitability gradient, with optimal habitats concentrated in the northern districts (Muzaffarabad, Hattian, Neelum, Bagh, Haveli, Poonch, Sudhnutti) and declining suitability in human-dominated southern areas. Based on these findings, this study underscores the urgency of targeted conservation efforts in the northern districts of AJ and K, where optimal leopard habitats are identified. The findings emphasize the need for habitat connectivity and protection measures to mitigate the impacts of habitat fragmentation and climate change. Future conservation strategies should prioritize the preservation of mixed forests and the establishment of buffer zones around roads to ensure the long-term survival of the common leopard in this region. Full article
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16 pages, 2522 KiB  
Article
Assessment of the Performance of Ozone Nanobubble Technology to Enhance Water Treatment Performance of a Constructed Floating Wetland
by Soheil Aber, Christopher W. K. Chow, Ke Xing and Raufdeen Rameezdeen
Environments 2025, 12(6), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060202 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 797
Abstract
Small-scale decentralised wastewater treatment facilities are essential to provide services to remote regional communities. This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment by integrating ozone nanobubble technology (ONBT) with constructed floating wetlands (CFWs). Effluent from a community wastewater treatment plant [...] Read more.
Small-scale decentralised wastewater treatment facilities are essential to provide services to remote regional communities. This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach to wastewater treatment by integrating ozone nanobubble technology (ONBT) with constructed floating wetlands (CFWs). Effluent from a community wastewater treatment plant was used in two sets of twelve 170-litre tanks, each with different ONBT–CFW treatment combinations, and monitored for key water quality parameters over an eleven-week study. The experiment results indicated that the combined ONBT–CFW system, particularly with higher ozone doses, achieved substantial reductions in total nitrogen (>70%), BOD (>43%), and E. coli (100%). ONBT alone showed limited effectiveness on nutrient removal, while CFWs performed well in reducing nutrients and controlling E. coli. However, phosphorus removal was modest (~12%), suggesting the need for complementary strategies. Overall, the hybrid ONBT–CFW system demonstrated superior performance compared to individual treatments, offering strong potential for improving wastewater quality and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Water and Wastewater Treatment (2nd Edition))
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29 pages, 9708 KiB  
Article
Coupling Coagulation–Flocculation–Sedimentation with Adsorption on Biosorbent (Corncob) for the Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions
by Hadj Boumedien Rahmoun, Maamar Boumediene, Abderahmane Nekkache Ghenim, Eduardo Ferreira Da Silva and João Labrincha
Environments 2025, 12(6), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060201 - 13 Jun 2025
Viewed by 861
Abstract
This study investigates the combined application of coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation (CFS) and adsorption using corncob (CC) biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions. Two synthetic dyes Bemacron Blue RS 01 (BB-RS01), a disperse dye, and Bemacid Marine N-5R (BM-N5R), an acid dye [...] Read more.
This study investigates the combined application of coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation (CFS) and adsorption using corncob (CC) biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions. Two synthetic dyes Bemacron Blue RS 01 (BB-RS01), a disperse dye, and Bemacid Marine N-5R (BM-N5R), an acid dye were selected for evaluation. The coagulation–flocculation process utilized aluminum sulfate as the coagulant and Superfloc 8396 as the flocculant, with operational parameters including coagulant concentrations ranging from 50 to 600 mg/L, flocculant concentrations between 30 and 125 mg/L, and pH levels spanning from 2 to 11. The corncob biosorbent was characterized using FTIR, SEM, BET, TGA/DTA, and pHpzc analyses. Adsorption isotherm experiments indicated a more favorable correlation with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.92–0.96), which supports monolayer adsorption. At pH 8, the CFS process achieved a dye removal efficiency of 95.1% for BB-RS01 and 92.3% for BM-N5R was achieved at pH 6.5. The maximum adsorption capacities of BB-RS01 were determined to be 99.5 mg/g, while BM-N5R was found to be 46.08 mg/g. These results indicate that the integration of CFS with raw corncob adsorption provides a cost-effective and efficient method for the remediation of textile dyes. Full article
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18 pages, 733 KiB  
Review
Dredge Sediment as an Opportunity: A Comprehensive and Updated Review of Beneficial Uses in Marine, River, and Lagoon Eco-Systems
by Chiara Fratini, Serena Anselmi and Monia Renzi
Environments 2025, 12(6), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060200 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 930
Abstract
Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, [...] Read more.
Dredging is essential for the maintenance of ports, waterways, lakes, and lagoons to ensure their operability and economic value. Over the last few decades, scientists have focused on the significant environmental challenges associated with dredging, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, sediment suspension, and contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants. The huge loss of sediment in coastal areas and the associated erosion processes are now forcing stakeholders to look ahead and turn potential problems into an opportunity to develop new sediment management strategies, beyond environmental protection, toward ecosystem restoration and coastal resilience. Moreover, the European and Italian strategies, such as the European Green Deal (EGD) and the Italian Ecological Transition Plan (PTE), highlight the need to reuse dredge sediment in circular economy strategies, transforming them into valuable resources for construction, agriculture, and environmental restoration projects. European legislation on dredging is fundamental to the issue of management and priorities of dredged materials, but the implementation rules are deferred to individual member states. In Italy, the Ministerial Decree 173/2016 covers the main aspects of dredge activities and dredge sediment management. Moreover, it encourages the remediation and reuse of the dredge sediment. This study starts with a comprehensive analysis of the innovative remediation techniques that minimize impacts and promote sustainable, beneficial sediment management. Different remediation methods, such as electrochemical treatments, chemical stabilization, emerging nanotechnologies, bioremediation, and phytoremediation, will be evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing pollution. Finally, we highlight new perspectives, integrated strategies, and multidisciplinary approaches that combine various technological innovations, including artificial intelligence, to enhance sediment reuse with the aim of promoting economic growth and environmental protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)
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11 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Gentrification on Air Pollutant Levels and Child Opportunity Index near New York City Schools
by Kyung Hwa Jung, Zachary Pitkowsky, Kira L. Argenio, James W. Quinn, Jeanette A. Stingone, Andrew G. Rundle, Jean-Marie Bruzzese, Steven Chillrud, Matthew Perzanowski and Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
Environments 2025, 12(6), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060199 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 447
Abstract
Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. [...] Read more.
Introduction: Gentrification, commonly defined as low-socioeconomic-status (SES) neighborhoods experiencing rapid increases in rental value, can lead to changes in the built and social neighborhood environment. Schools are an important location for pollutant exposure and child opportunities because children spend significant time in school. Given their central role in both environmental and social contexts, we examined the relationship between gentrification, pollutants, and child opportunity near schools in New York City. Methods: School locations (Ntotal = 1482) were classified into gentrifying (n = 624), non-gentrifying (n = 198), and higher-SES (ineligible for gentrification; n = 660) neighborhoods. Annual average pollutant levels (black carbon (BC), fine particulates (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were assessed near schools. Child opportunity index (COI 2.0) was used to evaluate overall opportunity and three domains: education; health/environment; social/economic. Results: On average, pollution was highest in gentrifying neighborhoods compared to non-gentrifying (5–8.6% difference) and higher-SES (4.8–14.8% difference) neighborhoods. Average air pollution levels remained consistently higher in gentrifying neighborhoods both before and after gentrification compared to non-gentrifying and higher-SES neighborhoods. Regarding childhood opportunity, education, and social/economic opportunities were better and health/environment opportunities were worse in gentrifying compared to non-gentrifying neighborhoods. Conclusions: Gentrifying neighborhoods are at risk for higher exposure to pollutants and lower health/environment childhood opportunities compared to other neighborhoods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)
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16 pages, 2288 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Heavy Metal Distribution in Different Agricultural Soils and Associated Health Risks Among Farming Communities of Bangladesh
by Sumaya Sharmin, Qingyue Wang, Md. Rezwanul Islam, Yogo Isobe, Christian Ebere Enyoh and Wu Shangrong
Environments 2025, 12(6), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060198 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 576
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a growing public health concern owing to rising environmental pollution throughout the world. The situation is more vulnerable in Bangladesh; therefore, this study assessed contamination levels in different land use categories such as rural, local market, industrial, research, and [...] Read more.
Heavy metal pollution is a growing public health concern owing to rising environmental pollution throughout the world. The situation is more vulnerable in Bangladesh; therefore, this study assessed contamination levels in different land use categories such as rural, local market, industrial, research, and coastal areas, as well as the related health risks for farmers in Bangladesh. A total of 45 soil samples were considered from three depths (0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–15 cm) across five different areas, with three replications per depth, following the monsoon season. Samples were prepared using a diacid mixture, and heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Pb) were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Health risks were evaluated using standard assessment models. The results showed that coastal agricultural soils had the highest heavy metal concentrations (except Pb), while rural areas had the lowest (except Cu and Ni), with no clear depth-based pattern. Two contamination sources were identified: component 1 (Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn) and component 2 (Pb, Zn), indicating mixed and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) was highest in coastal areas and lowest in rural areas. The average daily intake of metals followed the order of inhalation > dermal > ingestion, with inhalation being the primary exposure route. The highest cumulative cancer risk (CCR) was observed in coastal agricultural soils (5.82 × 10−9), while rural soils had the lowest CCR (8.24 × 10−10), highlighting significant regional differences in health risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)
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13 pages, 8486 KiB  
Article
Shallow Submarine CO2 Emissions in Coastal Volcanic Areas Implication for Global Carbon Budget Estimates: The Case of Vulcano Island (Italy)
by Sofia De Gregorio, Marco Camarda, Antonino Pisciotta and Vincenzo Francofonte
Environments 2025, 12(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060197 - 11 Jun 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
The Earth’s degassing is an important factor in evaluating global carbon budget estimates and understanding the carbon cycle. As a result, numerous studies have focused on this topic. However, current estimates predominantly focus on subaerial CO2 emissions and CO2 deep submarine [...] Read more.
The Earth’s degassing is an important factor in evaluating global carbon budget estimates and understanding the carbon cycle. As a result, numerous studies have focused on this topic. However, current estimates predominantly focus on subaerial CO2 emissions and CO2 deep submarine emissions, particularly along mid-ocean ridges (MORs), whereas very few and only spatially limited estimates of shallow submarine CO2 emissions have been reported, despite being widespread features of the seafloor. This study reports the results of measuring the dissolved CO2 concentrations in shallow submarine environments along the coast of Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy). For the areas exhibiting the highest concentrations, we calculated the amount of diffuse degassing by computing the sea–air CO2 flux. The results revealed extremely high dissolved CO2 concentrations, reaching up to 24 vol.% in areas with visible hydrothermal activity, including one location far from the island’s main crater. Notably, elevated CO2 levels were also detected in areas with minimal or no apparent hydrothermal discharge, indicating the occurrence of diffuse degassing processes in these areas. In addition, the calculated diffuse degassing flux was comparable in magnitude to the CO2 flux directly emitted into the atmosphere from the island’s main bubbling pools. Full article
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13 pages, 1253 KiB  
Article
Modeling Air Pollution in Metropolitan Lima: A Statistical and Artificial Neural Network Approach
by Miguel Angel Solis Teran, Felipe Leite Coelho da Silva, Elías A. Torres Armas, Natalí Carbo-Bustinza and Javier Linkolk López-Gonzales
Environments 2025, 12(6), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060196 - 10 Jun 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Particulate matter is a mixture of fine dust and tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air. PM10 is a pollutant composed of particles smaller than 10 µm. These particles are harmful to the respiratory system. The air quality in the region [...] Read more.
Particulate matter is a mixture of fine dust and tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air. PM10 is a pollutant composed of particles smaller than 10 µm. These particles are harmful to the respiratory system. The air quality in the region and capital Lima in the Republic of Peru has been investigated in recent years. In this context, statistical analyses of PM10 data with forecast models can contribute to planning actions that can improve air quality. The objective of this work is to perform a statistical analysis of the available PM10 data and evaluate the quality of time series classical models and neural networks for short-term forecasting. This study demonstrates that classical time series models, particularly ARIMA and SSA, achieve lower average forecast errors than LSTM across stations SMP, CRB, and ATE. This finding suggests that for data with seasonal patterns and relatively short time series, traditional models may be more efficient and robust. Although neural networks have the potential to capture more complex relationships and long-term dependencies, their performance may be limited by hyperparameter settings and intrinsic data characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)
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15 pages, 1166 KiB  
Article
A Multidimensional Assessment of CO2-Intensive Economies Through the Green Economy Index Framework
by Halina Falfushynska
Environments 2025, 12(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060195 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO2 emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO2-intensive [...] Read more.
Despite growing international consensus on the urgency of climate action, global CO2 emissions have continued to rise, exposing a critical implementation gap between environmental ambition and reality. This study explores the readiness and structural capacity of the world’s most CO2-intensive countries to transition toward a green and hydrogen-based economy. We introduce and apply the Green Economy Index, a composite measure integrating 31 indicators across four core dimensions—political and regulatory efficiency, socio-economic status, infrastructure, and sustainable targets. Using data from 29 countries emitting over 200 Mt of CO2 in 2022, the analysis combines principal component analysis, Random Forest modeling, and network-based correlation analysis to classify nations into frontrunners, transitional performers, and structural laggers. The results reveal significant disparities in green economy readiness, with high-income countries showing institutional maturity and infrastructural robustness, while middle-income nations remain constrained by fossil fuel dependencies and governance challenges. Importantly, we highlight the growing utility of machine learning and multivariate statistics in capturing complex sustainability interdependencies. The Green Economy Index framework offers a relevant tool to benchmark progress, diagnose barriers, and guide targeted interventions in global decarbonization efforts. Full article
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31 pages, 1013 KiB  
Review
Reviewing Treatment Options for Organohalogen Contamination: From Established Methods to Fungal Prospects
by Gerardo Aguilar, Jr., Leadin Khudur, Attila Tottszer, Julie A. Besedin, Sali K. Biek and Andrew S. Ball
Environments 2025, 12(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060194 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1664
Abstract
Persistent organohalogen pollutants—including halogenated nitrophenols (HNCs), trichloroethylene (TCE), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—pose serious environmental and health risks due to their stability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. This review critically assesses current remediation technologies including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane filtration, and [...] Read more.
Persistent organohalogen pollutants—including halogenated nitrophenols (HNCs), trichloroethylene (TCE), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)—pose serious environmental and health risks due to their stability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. This review critically assesses current remediation technologies including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane filtration, and thermal treatments. While these methods can be effective, they are often limited by high costs, energy demands, toxic byproduct formation, and sustainability concerns. Emerging biological approaches offer promising alternatives. Among these, fungal-based degradation methods (mycodegradation) remain significantly underrepresented in the literature, despite fungi demonstrating a high tolerance to contaminants and the ability to degrade structurally complex compounds. Key findings reveal that white-rot fungi such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor possess enzymatic systems capable of breaking down persistent organohalogens under conditions that inhibit bacterial activity. This review also identifies critical research gaps, including the need for direct comparative studies between fungal and bacterial systems. The findings suggest that integrating mycodegradation into broader treatment frameworks could enhance the environmental performance and reduce the long-term remediation costs. Overall, this review highlights the importance of diversifying remediation strategies to include scalable, low-impact biological methods for addressing the global challenge of organohalogen contamination. Full article
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15 pages, 2003 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Detection and Identification Sensitivity of Organophosphorus Pesticide-Related Phenols via Derivatization and LC-ESI-MS/MS: A Straightforward Approach to Identify the Specific Pesticide Involved in Exposure
by Avi Weissberg, Tamar Shamai Yamin, Avital Shifrovitch, Adi Tzadok, Merav Blanca and Moran Madmon
Environments 2025, 12(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060193 - 8 Jun 2025
Viewed by 557
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are a class of chemicals that are extensively used worldwide. The exposure to and use of organophosphates can be assessed by analyzing their metabolites and degradation products, such as dialkyl phosphate (DAP), dialkyl thiophosphate (DATP), and dialkyl dithiophosphate (DADTP). However, [...] Read more.
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are a class of chemicals that are extensively used worldwide. The exposure to and use of organophosphates can be assessed by analyzing their metabolites and degradation products, such as dialkyl phosphate (DAP), dialkyl thiophosphate (DATP), and dialkyl dithiophosphate (DADTP). However, since these metabolites/hydrolysis products can result from the metabolism or breakdown of several organophosphorus pesticide families, they serve as nonspecific biomarkers and do not indicate the specific pesticide involved in exposure. In an earlier study, chemical derivatization using N-(2-(bromomethyl)benzyl)-N,N-diethylethanaminium bromide (CAX-B) was described to improve the signal intensity of numerous organophosphorus (OP) acids in liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. In the present study, CAX-B was employed to derivatize a set of seven phenolic compounds corresponding to the complementary portion of OP pesticides. The derivatization process using CAX-B was performed in acetonitrile with potassium carbonate at 50 °C for 30 min. LC-Orbitrap-ESI-MS/MS was used to analyze the resulting phenol derivatives and their fragmentation patterns were studied. Notably, the derivatized phenols were markedly more sensitive than the underivatized phenols when LC-ESI-MS/MS was used in MRM technique, without being affected by the sample matrix (soil or plant extracts). This derivatization technique aids in identifying OP pesticides, offers insights into their subfamily, and pinpoints a specific compound through the analysis of corresponding phenol derivative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Inorganic and Organic Microcontaminants in Soil, Sediment, Water Systems)
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18 pages, 3573 KiB  
Article
A Field-Scale Assessment of the Impact of Conventional and Permeable Concrete Pavements on Surface and Air Temperatures
by Lu-Ming Chen, Jui-Wen Chen, Timothy J. Lecher and Paul C. Davidson
Environments 2025, 12(6), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060192 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
Environmental impacts, such as elevated temperatures due to urban heat islands (UHIs), associated with land cover change due to urbanization, should not be ignored. In contrast to conventional impermeable concrete, permeable pavements have been implemented as green infrastructure strategies for achieving environmental benefits, [...] Read more.
Environmental impacts, such as elevated temperatures due to urban heat islands (UHIs), associated with land cover change due to urbanization, should not be ignored. In contrast to conventional impermeable concrete, permeable pavements have been implemented as green infrastructure strategies for achieving environmental benefits, such as stormwater management. Their impacts and benefits on other environmental aspects should not be ignored, especially for those with limited discussion in the literature. Therefore, this study monitored the surface and air temperatures of three types of pavements: conventional impermeable concrete (IC), pervious concrete (PC), and the patented JW Eco-technology (JW). As UHIs are more intense in the summer, temperature profiles during targeted periods when surface temperatures exceeded 40 °C for consecutive days were examined. In addition, as an available option at the study site, shade was created to evaluate its effect on surface temperatures across the pavement systems. Overall, the annual average surface and air temperatures of the three pavements were similar. However, seasonal and diurnal variations in temperatures were both observed, suggesting summer was the season when the differences in temperatures among pavements were most noticeable. Investigation during the targeted periods revealed that the average surface temperatures of PC were 2.4–2.7 °C and 3.2–3.3 °C higher than those observed on IC and JW, and the average air temperature of PC was 1.8 °C greater than that of IC and JW between 12:00 and 16:00. On the contrary, the average surface temperatures of PC were significantly lower than those on IC (1.3–1.4 °C) and JW (1.5 °C) between 21:00 and 5:00. Results also indicate that shade was an effective way to alleviate the high surface temperatures during the warm hours by lowering surface temperatures 21.0 °C, 15.4 °C, and 15.0 °C, for PC, IC, and JW, respectively. Finally, temperatures associated with the aqueducts of JW Eco-technology and the impacts on overall surface temperatures will be discussed. Full article
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20 pages, 3271 KiB  
Article
Integration of Mosses (Funaria hygrometrica) and Lichens (Xanthoria parietina) as Native Bioindicators of Atmospheric Pollution by Trace Metal Elements in Mediterranean Forest Plantations
by Malek Bousbih, Mohammed S. Lamhamedi, Mejda Abassi, Damase P. Khasa and Zoubeir Bejaoui
Environments 2025, 12(6), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060191 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
Atmospheric emissions of industrial-origin trace metals are a major environmental problem that negatively affects air quality and the functioning of forest ecosystems. Traditional air quality monitoring methods require investments in equipment and infrastructure. Indeed, it is difficult to measure most of these pollutants [...] Read more.
Atmospheric emissions of industrial-origin trace metals are a major environmental problem that negatively affects air quality and the functioning of forest ecosystems. Traditional air quality monitoring methods require investments in equipment and infrastructure. Indeed, it is difficult to measure most of these pollutants because their concentrations usually occur at very low levels. However, this study explores an ecological approach for low-cost air quality biomonitoring that is based on native biological indicators in the context of the Mediterranean basin. This study aims (i) to evaluate the lichen species composition, diversity, and distribution across three distinct forest sites; (ii) investigate the relationship between lichen species richness and proximity to the pollution source; and (iii) evaluate heavy metal bioaccumulation using a moss species (Funaria hygrometrica) and a lichen species (Xanthoria parietina) as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution. High concentrations of toxic metals were observed along the transect and closer to the pollutant source with marked interspecies variability. X. parietina exhibited high bioaccumulation potential for most toxic metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni) compared to F. hygrometrica with concentrations varying across the three sites, reaching maximum dry-mass values of 6289 µg/g for Fe at the first site and 226 µg/g for Zn at Site 3. Our results suggest that X. parietina can be used as a potential bioindicator for long-term spatial biomonitoring of air quality by determining atmospheric toxic metals concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Metals in the Environment: Advances in Detection Techniques, Pollution Assessment and Management)
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13 pages, 1072 KiB  
Article
Exploitation of the Herbicide Effect of Compost for Vineyard Soil Management
by Piergiorgio Romano, Lorenzo Samuil Mordos, Marcello Stifani, Francesco Mello, Corrado Domanda, Daniel Grigorie Dinu, Concetta Eliana Gattullo, Gianluca Pappaccogli, Gianni Zorzi, Rita Annunziata Accogli and Laura Rustioni
Environments 2025, 12(6), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060190 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
Soil management in vineyards is a crucial component of sustainable viticulture. Weed control under the row has traditionally been addressed using mechanical, physical, and chemical techniques, but herbicides pose environmental and health risks. The circular economy offers an alternative approach by converting organic [...] Read more.
Soil management in vineyards is a crucial component of sustainable viticulture. Weed control under the row has traditionally been addressed using mechanical, physical, and chemical techniques, but herbicides pose environmental and health risks. The circular economy offers an alternative approach by converting organic waste into a resource, such as compost. This study explores the effectiveness of compost derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) not only as a mulching technique but also as a potential biological agent for weed control through allelopathic mechanisms in vineyards. Experiments were conducted both in the field and under controlled conditions. In the field, compost was applied under the vine row as mulch and incorporated into the soil. Under controlled conditions, germination tests were performed to assess weed inhibition at different compost concentrations. Field results demonstrated that compost applications, both as mulch and incorporated into the soil, significantly inhibited weed growth during the first period after application compared to the tilled control without compost. Thus, this inhibition is not limited to physical mulching; it also applies to the release of allelopathic compounds from compost. Controlled condition experiments showed strong inhibition of germination in Cichorium intybus and Foeniculum vulgare seeds, confirming the anti-germinative effects of compost, particularly on small-seeded weed species. Compost is a promising tool for sustainable vineyard management, offering fertilization and weed-suppression benefits while reducing herbicide use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Soil Quality and Management, 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 593 KiB  
Brief Report
Locating Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Devices in Low-Resource Regions Is Not Enough to Acquire Robust Air Quality Data Usable for Policy Decisions
by Adaeze Emekwuru, Alexander Wokoma, Otonye Ojuka, Isaac Amadi, Miebaka Moslen, Chidinma Amuzie and Nwabueze Emekwuru
Environments 2025, 12(6), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060189 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Air quality monitoring (AQM) is key to maintaining healthy air in cities. This is crucial in low- and middle-income countries due to increasing evidence of poor air quality but lack of monitors to consistently collect evaluate air quality data and effect policy changes, [...] Read more.
Air quality monitoring (AQM) is key to maintaining healthy air in cities. This is crucial in low- and middle-income countries due to increasing evidence of poor air quality but lack of monitors to consistently collect evaluate air quality data and effect policy changes, mainly because of the costs of monitoring devices. In participating in a challenge for the development of low-cost AQM devices in low-resource regions, an Arduino-based device with sensors for particulate matter size, temperature, and humidity data acquisition was developed for deployment in Port Harcourt, a city in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region, exposed to poor air quality partly due to gas and oil production activities. During the project, challenges to AQM were encountered, including inadequate awareness of air quality issues, lack of necessary AQM device components, unavailability of trained manpower and partnerships, and lack of funding. However, lack of a means of calibrating the device was a major hindrance, as no reference AQM instrument was available, rendering the data acquired largely qualitative, educational, and useless for regulatory purposes. There is an urgent need for AQM in such cities. However, a robust AQM strategy must be designed and used to address these constraints, especially whilst using low-cost devices, for significant progress in acquiring robust air quality data in such low-resource regions to be made. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Air Quality Assessment and Management, 2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 4088 KiB  
Article
Urban Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Thessaloniki Using Syntrichia Moss Biomonitoring and PMF Modeling
by Themistoklis Sfetsas, Sopio Ghoghoberidze, Panagiotis Karnoutsos, Vassilis Tziakas, Marios Karagiovanidis and Dimitrios Katsantonis
Environments 2025, 12(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060188 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 594
Abstract
Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection [...] Read more.
Urban air pollution from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) presents a critical threat to public health and environmental sustainability. The current study employed Syntrichia moss in a passive biomonitoring capacity to ascertain the levels of atmospheric PTE pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece. A comprehensive collection of 192 moss samples was undertaken at 16 urban sampling points over the March–July 2024 period. Concentrations of 21 PTEs were quantified using ICP-MS, and contamination levels were assessed through contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and pollution load index (PLI). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify pollution sources and spatiotemporal variations. Results revealed persistent hotspots with significant anthropogenic enrichments of elements, such as Fe, Mn, Sn in industrial zones and Tl, Ce, Pt in traffic corridors. PMF modeling attributed 48% of the measured PTE variance to traffic-related sources, 35% to industrial sources, and 17% to crustal material. Seasonal transitions showed a significant 3.5-fold increase in Tl during summer, indicating elevated traffic-related emissions. This integrated multi-index and source apportionment framework demonstrates the efficacy of Syntrichia moss for high-resolution urban air quality assessment. The approach offers a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly tool to support EU-aligned air quality management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas III)
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17 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
Convergence Research for Microplastic Pollution at the Watershed Scale
by Heejun Chang, Elise Granek, Amanda Gannon, Jordyn M. Wolfand and Janice Brahney
Environments 2025, 12(6), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060187 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the [...] Read more.
Microplastics are found in Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere, and ecosphere. While there is a growing interest and need to solve this grand challenge in both the academic and policy realms, few have engaged with academics, policymakers, and community partners to co-identify the problem, co-design research, and co-produce knowledge in tackling this issue. Using a convergence research framework, we investigated the perception of microplastic pollution among different end users, delivered educational materials to K-12 teachers and practitioners, and identified key sampling points for assessing environmental microplastic concentrations in the Columbia River Basin, United States. Three community partner workshops identified regional issues and concerns associated with microplastic pollution and explored potential policy intervention strategies. The stakeholder survey, co-designed with community partners, identified varying perceptions around microplastic pollution across educators, government employees, non-profit employees, and industry practitioners. Pre- and post-test results of teacher workshops show increases in participants’ knowledge after taking a four-week summer class with the knowledge being translated to their students. Community partners also helped develop a unique passive sampling plan for atmospheric deposition of microplastics using synoptic moss samples and provided freshwater samples for microplastic quantification across the basin. Our study drew three major lessons for successfully conducting convergence environmental research—(1) communication and trust building, supported by the use of key-informants to expand networks; (2) co-creation through collaboration, where partners and students shaped research and education to enhance impact; and (3) change-making, as project insights were translated into policy discussions, community outreach, and classrooms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)
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16 pages, 1259 KiB  
Article
Enhancement in Lithium Recovery from Spent Lithium Batteries by Nanofiltration Membranes
by Giuseppe Prenesti, Antonio Tagarelli, Rosangela Elliani, Anna Napoli, Alessio Caravella, Elena Tocci, Gregorio Cappuccino and Alfredo Cassano
Environments 2025, 12(6), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060186 - 1 Jun 2025
Viewed by 669
Abstract
The recovery of lithium from extracts obtained from a black mass of spent lithium-ion batteries treated with a ternary solvent system at acidic pH was investigated using flat-sheet nanofiltration (NF) membranes operated according to a dead-end configuration. Specifically, four samples obtained at different [...] Read more.
The recovery of lithium from extracts obtained from a black mass of spent lithium-ion batteries treated with a ternary solvent system at acidic pH was investigated using flat-sheet nanofiltration (NF) membranes operated according to a dead-end configuration. Specifically, four samples obtained at different pH values (2.5 and 5) and extraction times (48, 96 and 168 h) were treated in selected operating conditions by using two commercial polymeric membranes (denoted DK and HL, with an approximate molecular weight cut-off of 150–300 Da) up to a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 4. Membrane performance was assessed in terms of productivity and selectivity towards specific ions, including lithium. For most treated samples, the HL membrane exhibited higher permeate fluxes in comparison to the DK membrane. However, the DK membrane performed better in terms of lithium rejection than the HL membrane, with a negative rejection at VRF 4 observed for all treated samples. More than 90% of multivalent ions were rejected by both membranes independently of the VRF. The membrane ability to retain multivalent ions led to their progressive concentration in the retentate as the VRF increased. The extraction time did not impact the NF performance of both membranes in terms of ion rejection. For the DK membrane conditions of extraction of 96 h and pH 5 represented the best trade-off between flux, ion rejection, and total lithium recovery. Full article
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13 pages, 5518 KiB  
Article
Remediating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)-Contaminated Water by Foam Fractionation and Electrochemical Oxidation
by Steve Comfort, Amanda Araújo da Silva, Jessica Powell, Rebecca Cain, Ashleigh McGreer and Renato F. Dantas
Environments 2025, 12(6), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060185 - 31 May 2025
Viewed by 851
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of synthetic chemicals that were used to improve the quality of several commercial products by making them resistant to heat, oil, stains, and grease. By containing a fluorinated carbon tail and a hydrophilic head (-COOH, [...] Read more.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of synthetic chemicals that were used to improve the quality of several commercial products by making them resistant to heat, oil, stains, and grease. By containing a fluorinated carbon tail and a hydrophilic head (-COOH, -SO3H), PFASs act as surfactants that are attracted to bubble–water interfaces. Foam fractionation is the process of facilitating PFAS–air bubble interactions for the purpose of removing contaminants from tainted water. In this paper, we report on the use of foam fractionation and electrochemical oxidation (EO) under stirred batch conditions (200 mL) to remediate PFAS-contaminated water. We used radiolabeled PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid; 14C-PFOA) as a representative surrogate to quickly screen treatment variables of flow rate, pH, temperature, and soap mass. Using radiolabeled PFASs eliminated the possibility of cross-contamination and greatly reduced analytical costs and processing time. The results showed that foam fractionation can remove 80 to 90 percent of PFOA from water within 30 min and that 90 to 100 percent of the PFOA in the concentrated foamate can be oxidized via electrochemical oxidation (-14COOH → 14CO2). We also tested the efficacy of the combined foam fractionation–EO treatment in natural waters by spiking 14C-PFOA and a cosolvent (CTAB) into PFAS-contaminated water obtained from two field sites with divergent PFAS concentrations and differing sources of PFAS contamination (natural drainage ditch vs. WWTP). Using a larger-scale tank (3500 mL), we observed that foam fractionation was 90% effective in removing 14C-PFOA from the WWTP effluent but only 50% effective for the drainage ditch water. Regardless, EO was highly effective in oxidizing 14C-PFOA in the foamate from both sources with half-lives (T1/2) ranging from 8.7 to 15 min. While water chemistry differences between source waters may have influenced foam fractionation and require additional investigations, tank experiments provide the first proof-of-concept experiment using 14C-PFASs that foam fractionation and electrochemical oxidation can be used in tandem to treat PFAS-contaminated water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Catalytic Processes and Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation)
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21 pages, 46714 KiB  
Article
Street-Level Sensing for Assessing Urban Microclimate (UMC) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects on Air Quality
by Lirane Kertesse Mandjoupa, Pradeep Behera, Kibria K. Roman, Hossain Azam and Max Denis
Environments 2025, 12(6), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060184 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 486
Abstract
During the intense heatwaves of late summer 2024, Washington, D.C.’s urban landscape revealed the powerful influence of urban morphology on microclimates and air quality. This study investigates the impact of building height-to-width (H/W) ratios on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, using a [...] Read more.
During the intense heatwaves of late summer 2024, Washington, D.C.’s urban landscape revealed the powerful influence of urban morphology on microclimates and air quality. This study investigates the impact of building height-to-width (H/W) ratios on the urban heat island (UHI) effect, using a combination of field measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to understand the dynamics. Street-level data collected from late August to November 2024 across three sites in Washington, D.C., indicate that high H/W ratios (1.5–2.0) increased temperatures by approximately 2–3 °C and reduced wind speeds to around 0.8 m/s. These conditions led to elevated pollutant concentrations, with ozone (O3) ranging from 1.8 to 7.3 ppb, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from 0.3 to 0.5 ppm, and carbon monoxide (CO) remaining relatively constant at approximately 2.1 ppm. PM2.5 concentrations fluctuated between 2.8 and 0.4 μg/m3. Meanwhile, lower H/W ratios (less than 1.5) demonstrated better air circulation and lower pollution levels. The CFD simulations are in agreement with the experimental data, yielding an RMSE of 0.75 for temperature, demonstrating its utility for forecasting UHI effects under varying urban layouts. These results demonstrate the potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics in not only modeling but also predicting UHI dynamics. Full article
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27 pages, 739 KiB  
Review
The Fate of Chemical Contaminants in Soil with a View to Potential Risk to Human Health: A Review
by Gianniantonio Petruzzelli, Beatrice Pezzarossa and Francesca Pedron
Environments 2025, 12(6), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060183 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 1016
Abstract
This review reports some aspects of soil contaminant chemistry and its fundamental role in shaping the soil–human health relationship. Exposure to soil contaminants can occur through direct pathways, such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, as well as indirect pathways, including food chain [...] Read more.
This review reports some aspects of soil contaminant chemistry and its fundamental role in shaping the soil–human health relationship. Exposure to soil contaminants can occur through direct pathways, such as ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, as well as indirect pathways, including food chain contamination via plant uptake or groundwater leaching. The mobility and persistence of organic and inorganic pollutants in soil are primarily controlled by sorption–desorption processes, which involve a complex interplay of physical and chemical mechanisms. Soil properties, such as pH, organic matter content, clay minerals, and oxide hydroxides, play a crucial role in regulating these processes and determining contaminant behavior. A high sorption capacity enhances the soil’s ability to mitigate pollutant mobility, thereby reducing their infiltration into groundwater and accumulation in the food chain. Soils rich in organic matter and fine-textured minerals, such as clay, can effectively immobilize contaminants, limiting their bioavailability and potential harm to human health. A deeper understanding of how soil characteristics influence contaminant mobility and bioavailability is critical to addressing the hazards of soil pollution for human health. Beyond merely assessing contaminant concentrations, it is essential to consider the dynamic processes governing pollutant fate in soil, as they ultimately shape exposure pathways and health risks. This knowledge is the key to developing more effective strategies for mitigating soil contamination and protecting public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)
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23 pages, 3044 KiB  
Review
The Sustainable Management of Nitrogen Fertilizers for Environmental Impact Mitigation by Biochar Applications to Soils: A Review from the Past Decade
by Yudai Kohira, Desalew Fentie, Mekuanint Lewoyehu, Tassapak Wutisirirattanachai, Ashenafei Gezahegn, Milkiyas Ahmed, Shinichi Akizuki, Solomon Addisu and Shinjiro Sato
Environments 2025, 12(6), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060182 - 30 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 610
Abstract
This review assesses biochar’s potential to mitigate nitrogen (N) losses when co-applied with N fertilizers, emphasizing mechanisms linked to its measurable physicochemical properties. The mitigation of ammonia (NH3) volatilization shows variable effects from its cation exchange capacity (−21.7% to 20.4%) and [...] Read more.
This review assesses biochar’s potential to mitigate nitrogen (N) losses when co-applied with N fertilizers, emphasizing mechanisms linked to its measurable physicochemical properties. The mitigation of ammonia (NH3) volatilization shows variable effects from its cation exchange capacity (−21.7% to 20.4%) and specific surface area (SSA; −23.8% to 39.1%). However, the biochar pH (influencing mitigation from −45.0% to −9.0%) and application rate are key factors, with clayey soils exhibiting the greatest mitigation (−52.2%), potentially due to their high bulk density. High SSA biochar, often from high pyrolysis temperatures, reduces nitrate-N (NO3−-N) leaching (up to −26.6%) by improving the soil’s water-holding capacity. A co-application with organic fertilizers shows a pronounced mitigation (up to −39.0%) due to a slower N release coupled with biochar adsorption. A high SSA also plays an important role in mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (up to −25.9%). A higher biochar C/N ratio promotes microbial N immobilization, contributing to N2O reductions (+1.5% to −34.2%). Mitigation is greater in sandy/loamy soils (−18.7% to −7.9%) than in clayey soils, where emissions might increase (+18.0%). Overall, biochar applications demonstrate significant potential to mitigate N losses and improve N use efficiency, thereby supporting sustainable agriculture; however, its effectiveness is optimized when biochar properties (e.g., high SSA and appropriate C/N ratio) and application strategies are tailored to specific soil types and N sources. Full article
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13 pages, 916 KiB  
Article
Environment Friendly Biodegradable Sprayable Shrimp Waste Fertilizer and Low-Cost Crab Waste Carbon Fixer
by Viral Sagar and Joan G. Lynam
Environments 2025, 12(6), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060181 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 1128
Abstract
Seafood waste is often landfilled and/or discarded into water, raising microbiological pollution and environment policy concerns. Repurposing this low-cost biomass collected at point-source processing centers can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support industrial progress in developing economies. Safe alternative methods to utilize [...] Read more.
Seafood waste is often landfilled and/or discarded into water, raising microbiological pollution and environment policy concerns. Repurposing this low-cost biomass collected at point-source processing centers can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support industrial progress in developing economies. Safe alternative methods to utilize seafood waste were investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization-enriched shrimp shell waste was converted into higher-value products, such as sprayable fertilizer and dry biochar fertilizer pellets. Environment friendly sprayable fertilizer from shrimp and crab shell waste as an inexpensive carbon fixer is a potential solution. An average spray coverage area of 0.12 m2 from only 300 mL of 1:10 shrimp shell waste to water mixture is reported. Characterization using N:P:K ratios from elemental analysis showed crustacean shell waste to comprise long-term organic carbon fixers in the soil with minor mineral enrichment, demonstrating potential for long-term soil care. Additionally, hydrothermally carbonized mineral rich shrimp shell and untreated crab shell waste were pelletized to test their friability and feasibility in transportation. Such a bio-investigation to promote economic goals for sustainability can improve biomass waste handling locally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Biochar (Second Edition))
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14 pages, 762 KiB  
Review
Drivers of Mercury Accumulation in Juvenile Antarctic Krill, Epipelagic Fish and Adélie Penguins in Different Regions of the Southern Ocean
by Roberto Bargagli and Emilia Rota
Environments 2025, 12(6), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12060180 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 1246
Abstract
Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern [...] Read more.
Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern Ocean, higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg have typically been reported in the coastal waters of the Ross and Amundsen Seas, where katabatic winds can transport Hg from the Antarctic Plateau and create coastal polynyas, which results in spring depletion events of atmospheric Hg. However, some studies on MeHg biomagnification in Antarctic marine food webs have reported higher Hg concentrations in penguins from sub-Antarctic waters and, unexpectedly, higher levels in juvenile krill than those in adult Antarctic krill. In light of recent estimates of the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and distribution in the Southern Ocean, this review suggests that although most studies on MeHg biomagnification refer to the short diatom–krill–vertebrate food chain, alternative and more complex pelagic food webs exist in the Southern Ocean. Thus, juvenile krill and micro- and mesozooplankton grazing on very small autotrophs and heterotrophs, which have high surface-to-volume ratios for MeHg ad-/absorption, may accumulate more Hg than consumers of large diatoms, such as adult krill. In addition, the increased availability of Hg and the different diet contribute to a greater metal accumulation in the feathers of Adélie penguins from the Ross Sea than that of those from the sub-Antarctic. Full article
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