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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 93 articles

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12 pages, 590 KB  
Article
Brief and Valid? Testing the SDQ for Measuring General Psychopathology in Children
by Victòria Copoví-Gomila, Alfonso Morillas-Romero, Raül López-Penadés, María del Àngels Ollers-Adrover and Maria Balle
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101387 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: The general psychopathology factor (p factor) is central to understanding the shared variance across mental disorders, offering a dimensional alternative to traditional diagnostic models. The early identification of this factor in childhood is key for improving prevention and intervention strategies. This study [...] Read more.
Background: The general psychopathology factor (p factor) is central to understanding the shared variance across mental disorders, offering a dimensional alternative to traditional diagnostic models. The early identification of this factor in childhood is key for improving prevention and intervention strategies. This study evaluated the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) as a brief measure to assess p factor in children. Methods: A community sample of 284 children, ages 6 to 12, was assessed using parent-reported SDQ and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Confirmatory Factor Analyses compared two models of psychopathology: a higher-order model and a first-order bifactor model. Results: Results showed that the bifactor model provided a better fit for both instruments, with the SDQ showing particularly strong fit indices. Moreover, SDQ-derived p factor scores were strongly correlated with key CBCL scales, particularly attention and externalizing problems, supporting its concurrent validity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the SDQ, due to its brevity and psychometric robustness, is a valid alternative to the CBCL for assessing general psychopathology in children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)
17 pages, 735 KB  
Article
The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Malevolent Creativity in Chinese Middle School Students: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model
by Tiancheng Li, Jiantao Han, Zhendong Wan, Xiaohan Pan, Ruoxi Li and Chunyan Yao
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101386 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Bullying victimization is a common phenomenon that can affect middle school students’ malevolent creativity. However, the underlying mechanisms between the two remain unclear. This study integrates the social hostility model and the Conservation of Resources theory to further explore the relationship [...] Read more.
Background: Bullying victimization is a common phenomenon that can affect middle school students’ malevolent creativity. However, the underlying mechanisms between the two remain unclear. This study integrates the social hostility model and the Conservation of Resources theory to further explore the relationship between bullying victimization and malevolent creativity, the mediating roles of trait anger and social mindfulness, and the moderating role of emotion regulation, thereby advancing the research and filling the relevant gaps. Method: Using validated Chinese versions of the Olweus Bullying Scale, Trait Anger Scale, Social Mindfulness Self-Report Scale, malevolent Creativity Behavior Scale, and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, N = 860 students were surveyed in a cross-sectional design. Results: The results showed that bullying victimization was positively related to malevolent creativity (total effect size β = 0.44), with a direct effect of size β = 0.17 and significant indirect effects via social mindfulness (β = 0.05; 11%), trait anger (β = 0.18; 41%), and the sequential path (β= 0.04; 9%). Emotion regulation moderated the links of social mindfulness and trait anger with malevolent creativity, such that higher emotion regulation strengthened the negative association for social mindfulness and weakened the positive association for trait anger. Implications: These findings suggest that school-based programs targeting emotion regulation and social mindfulness, alongside anger management components, may help mitigate the harmful impact of bullying on malevolent creativity. Full article
21 pages, 1172 KB  
Article
Enhancing Athlete Resilience: Preliminary Validation of the Sports Mind Inventory and the Impact of Yoga of Immortals on Sports-Related Stress
by Ishan Shivanand, Naakesh Dewan, Himanshu Kathuria and Sadhna Verma
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101385 - 12 Oct 2025
Abstract
The mental and emotional health of an athlete is crucial for their performance and well-being. Sports-related stress can significantly impair their mental health. Further, there were minimal tools available to measure Sports resilience, specifically during COVID-19 restrictions or earlier. This study reports the [...] Read more.
The mental and emotional health of an athlete is crucial for their performance and well-being. Sports-related stress can significantly impair their mental health. Further, there were minimal tools available to measure Sports resilience, specifically during COVID-19 restrictions or earlier. This study reports the preliminary validation of the Sports Mind Inventory (SMI) in athletes from different geographical areas (n = 66), with the majority of participants from Mauritius, and tests the SMI in elite athletes practicing the Yoga of Immortals (YOI). YOI is a unique combination of specific yogic postures, breathing exercises, sound therapy & meditation, which has demonstrated benefit in improving measures of mental health. The exploratory factor analysis of the 24-item SMI resulted in a six-factor inventory. The confirmatory factor analysis of these six-factor SMI showed goodness-of-fit index (0.935), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) of 0.949, showing good fit and reliability. The correlation between overall scale and individual factors showed diverse degree of positive correlations. This validated SMI was then tested to investigate whether YOI can enhance athletes’ resilience to sports-related stress. Participants were a diverse set of athletes based in Mauritius who routinely engage in a wide range of athletic activities. Participants were randomly assigned to receive four weeks of YOI or no intervention. Both groups completed the SMI questionnaire at baseline and again after four weeks. The YOI intervention significantly increased (p = 0.002) the total mean SMI scores, and underlying factors, i.e., Factor 1: Positive and Competitive sports mindset (p = 0.014), Factor 2: Social relatedness and adaptability (p = 0.008), Factor 3: Resilient mindset and self-confidence (p = 0.036), Factor 4: Sports Resilience and Emotional Responses (p = 0.001). This indicated improved sports resilience and psychological health. No improvement was observed in the control group. The correlation analysis in YOI group at week-4 showed positive correlation between overall scales and underlying construct. In conclusion, SMI showed acceptable fitness to measure sport resilience. This YOI intervention helped in improving sports-related stress and improved athletes’ resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bridging Behavioral Sciences and Sports Sciences Second Edition)
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30 pages, 531 KB  
Article
Differences in Online Consumer Behavior: A Multi-Dimensional Comparative Study in the Context of European Digital Commerce
by Radovan Madlenak, Roman Chinoracky, Natalia Stalmasekova and Lucia Madlenakova
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101384 - 12 Oct 2025
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze international differences in online consumer behavior. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 763 participants from the countries of Spain, France, Poland and Russia. Online consumer behavior was examined from the perspective of [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to analyze international differences in online consumer behavior. The analysis was carried out on a sample of 763 participants from the countries of Spain, France, Poland and Russia. Online consumer behavior was examined from the perspective of seven dimensions: shipping-related concerns and preferences, price sensitivity and perceived cost advantage, quality perception, security concerns, time-related benefits, availability and quality of information, and shopping service satisfaction. Data were verified using Average inter-item correlation, the Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene Statistic. Subsequently, Welch’s ANOVA and one-way ANOVA and the Games–Howell and Tukey HSD post hoc tests were applied. Statistically significant differences were fully identified in all examined dimensions. The largest differences were recorded in price sensitivity, shipping-related concerns and security concerns. The effect measurements, in addition to ANOVA and post hoc tests, confirm the significance of these differences. National context, shaped by culture, institutional trust and digital infrastructure, continues to influence online consumer behavior. The strategies that the businesses should adopt should focus on approaches that are tailor-made for a specific market. This means that adapting pricing models, strengthening trust (e.g., through secure payments and strengthening safe return policies), and adapting delivery options to local preferences can lead to improved customer satisfaction in cross-border e-commerce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Dynamics of Consumer Behavior in Digital Commerce)
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21 pages, 606 KB  
Article
The Role of Religion and Culture in Intergenerational Transnational Caregiving: Perspectives from Nigerian Christian Immigrants in Northern BC
by Chibuzo Stephanie Okigbo, Shannon Freeman, Dawn Hemingway, Jacqueline Holler and Glen Schmidt
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101383 - 12 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Rationale: Transnational caregiving may be influenced by religious beliefs and cultural traditions that frame elder care as both a moral and religious obligation. While migration alters caregiving dynamics, religious teachings and cultural expectations remain central in guiding transnational caregiving practices. This study examines [...] Read more.
Background/Rationale: Transnational caregiving may be influenced by religious beliefs and cultural traditions that frame elder care as both a moral and religious obligation. While migration alters caregiving dynamics, religious teachings and cultural expectations remain central in guiding transnational caregiving practices. This study examines how Christian Nigerians who have immigrated to Canada navigate caregiving responsibilities within a transnational context, integrating their religion, cultural values, and the practical realities of crossing borders. Methods: This study employed a predominantly qualitative narrative approach, drawing on in-depth interviews with Nigerian Christian immigrants (N = 10) providing transnational care. Data collection involved a pre-interview survey and semi-structured interviews, providing the opportunity for participants to share their lived experiences. Thematic analysis was used to identify recurring themes related to the role of religion and culture in caregiving, ensuring a comprehensive exploration of participants’ perspectives. Findings: Caregiving is shaped by religious duty and cultural obligation, reinforced by biblical teachings and cultural values. Participants view elder care as a moral responsibility, tied to spiritual rewards and familial duty. Despite migration demands, family-based care remains preferred over institutional care, with social stigma attached to neglecting elders. Conclusions: Religion and culture remain integral to transnational caregiving practices, sustaining caregiving responsibilities despite migration-related realities. While religious teachings provide moral guidance and emotional support, cultural expectations reinforce caregiving as a collective and intergenerational duty. Policies and resources are needed that support transnational caregivers, ensuring they can fulfill their caregiving roles while adapting to new sociocultural environments. Policymakers should prioritize the implementation of policies and programs to support transnational caregivers, including family reunification measures, caregiving-related travel provisions, culturally tailored eldercare services, diaspora–local collaborations, organized caregiver support groups, and financial mechanisms such as tax incentives for remittances dedicated to elder care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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13 pages, 259 KB  
Review
Neural Mechanisms Underlying Reading Impairment in Children Learning a Second Language: A Review
by Jia Zhang, Bingkun Li and Hehui Li
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101382 - 11 Oct 2025
Abstract
With the growing prevalence of bilingual education, second language (L2) reading impairment has garnered increasing attention. While extensive research has focused on reading impairment in the first language (L1), the neural mechanisms underlying L2 reading impairment have not been systematically and adequately explored. [...] Read more.
With the growing prevalence of bilingual education, second language (L2) reading impairment has garnered increasing attention. While extensive research has focused on reading impairment in the first language (L1), the neural mechanisms underlying L2 reading impairment have not been systematically and adequately explored. Neuroimaging studies have identified functional abnormalities in regions such as the occipitotemporal and temporoparietal cortices in children with L2 reading impairment. These neural patterns exhibit both commonalities and differences compared to those observed in L1 reading impairment. In this review, we summarized the neurocognitive characteristics of reading impairment in a L2 by comparing them with those in L1. Additionally, we proposed potential mechanisms driving these cross-linguistic differences and commonalities. Finally, we highlighted directions for future research to advance the neurocognitive understanding of L2 reading impairment. Full article
18 pages, 748 KB  
Article
Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in the Relationship Between Caregiver Contribution and Resilience in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
by Mattia Bozzetti, Ilaria Marcomini, Alessio Lo Cascio, Maria Rosaria Magurano, Eleonora Ribaudi, Monica Petralito, Ilaria Milani, Simone Amato, Nicoletta Orgiana, Simone Parello, Pierluigi Puca, Franco Scaldaferri, Marianna Mazza, Giuseppe Marano and Daniele Napolitano
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101381 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 39
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects not only patients but also their informal caregivers. Enhancing caregiver resilience may improve both caregiver well-being and patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess resilience levels in caregivers of individuals with IBD and identify key psychological and contextual [...] Read more.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects not only patients but also their informal caregivers. Enhancing caregiver resilience may improve both caregiver well-being and patient outcomes. This study aimed to assess resilience levels in caregivers of individuals with IBD and identify key psychological and contextual predictors, including caregiver contributions to self-care, self-efficacy, and perceived care load. A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted across nine IBD outpatient clinics in Italy. Caregiver resilience was measured using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 25). Additional tools included the Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory (CC-SC-CII) and Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contributing to Patient Self-Care Scale (CSE-CSC). Robust regression models identified predictors of total resilience and its subdomains. Among 275 caregivers (median age 53; 58.2% female) CD-RISC-25 levels were moderately high (median = 74 [IQR = 65–84]), with no significant differences between those caring for patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. SEM analyses showed that self-efficacy significantly predicted contributions to disease monitoring and management, but not maintenance. In turn, the management dimension was significantly associated with higher levels of resilience across four of five domains (trust, control, acceptance of change, and spirituality), while maintenance was uniquely associated with personal competence. Predictors including education and employment status showed no significant direct or indirect effects on CC-SC-CII. In conclusion, caregiver resilience in IBD is positively associated with self-efficacy and active engagement in disease management. Targeted support strategies may strengthen caregiver resources and promote sustainable care. Full article
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14 pages, 473 KB  
Article
How Self-Stigma Fuels Negative Coping Strategies During COVID-19: Behavioral Pathways Through Negative Emotions and Motivational Impairment
by Yifeng Wang, Kan Shi and Shuhui Xu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101380 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 92
Abstract
From a social epidemiology perspective, this study examines self-stigma among COVID-19 quarantine populations and its influence on negative coping strategies. An online survey of 292 residents from quarantine and non-quarantine zones assessed self-stigma, negative emotions, inspirational motivation, and coping behaviors. Results showed that [...] Read more.
From a social epidemiology perspective, this study examines self-stigma among COVID-19 quarantine populations and its influence on negative coping strategies. An online survey of 292 residents from quarantine and non-quarantine zones assessed self-stigma, negative emotions, inspirational motivation, and coping behaviors. Results showed that quarantined individuals experienced higher negative emotions and lower inspirational motivation than non-quarantined individuals. Self-stigma was positively linked to negative emotions and maladaptive coping, and negatively linked to inspirational motivation. Mediation analysis revealed that negative emotions and inspirational motivation partially explained the effect of self-stigma on negative coping strategies. These findings highlight self-stigma as a significant social determinant affecting emotional and behavioral responses during quarantine. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating stigma assessment into mental health monitoring and suggests implementing stigma-reduction interventions to enhance psychological resilience in pandemic settings. Full article
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17 pages, 704 KB  
Article
The Relationship Between Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Fear of Missing Out, and University Student Depression: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study
by Xintong Zhao, Zixian Ren and Tao Xin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101379 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 106
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional studies have explored associations between basic psychological need satisfaction, fear of missing out (FoMO), and depression. However, the longitudinal nature of these relationships and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to utilize longitudinal tracking methods to investigate the relationships [...] Read more.
Previous cross-sectional studies have explored associations between basic psychological need satisfaction, fear of missing out (FoMO), and depression. However, the longitudinal nature of these relationships and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to utilize longitudinal tracking methods to investigate the relationships among basic psychological need satisfaction, fear of missing out, and depression in university students. Longitudinal data collection was conducted among 750 university students (mean age = 18.12 ± 0.73) in China over two years at three time points. Participants were investigated using paper–pencil survey versions of the Basic Psychological Needs Scale, the Fear of Missing Out scale, and The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The results revealed that, over the two-year study period, basic psychological need satisfaction (β = −6.239, p < 0.001) among university students demonstrated a declining trend, while FoMO (β = 1.360, p < 0.001) and depression (β = 3.602, p < 0.001) demonstrated an upward trend. The initial levels and development rates of basic psychological need satisfaction directly predicted the initial levels (β = −0.236, p = 0.031) and development rates of depression (β = −0.144, p < 0.001; β = −0.181, p = 0.005). The initial level of FoMO mediated the relationship between basic psychological need satisfaction and depression (β = −0.132, p = 0.007; β = −0.104, p = 0.036), and this mediating effect did not exhibit significant gender differences. These findings help to reveal the temporal relationships among the three variables from a dynamic perspective, providing important practical guidance for mental health education in universities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Educational and Health Development of Children and Youths)
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16 pages, 541 KB  
Article
Aggressive Behavior in Adolescents and Emerging Adults: The Psychometrics of the Portuguese Brief Peer Conflict Scale (Brief-PCS)
by Paula Vagos, Pedro F. S. Rodrigues, Josefa N. S. Pandeirada and Monica A. Marsee
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101378 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 97
Abstract
The Brief Peer Conflict Scale (Brief-PCS) has been shown to be psychometrically suitable for assessing the combination of the forms and functions of aggressive behavior in adolescence. However, its validity, invariance, and utility across other age groups remains unexplored. The current study aims [...] Read more.
The Brief Peer Conflict Scale (Brief-PCS) has been shown to be psychometrically suitable for assessing the combination of the forms and functions of aggressive behavior in adolescence. However, its validity, invariance, and utility across other age groups remains unexplored. The current study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brief-PCS in community samples of adolescents and emerging adults, and to compare self-reported aggression across these age groups and by sex. A sample of 891 individuals (58.4% female, Mage = 16.69) completed the Brief-PCS and additional measures assessing psychopathy characteristics, forms of aggression, and overall aggression. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the four-factor measurement model (i.e., proactive overt, reactive overt, proactive relational, and reactive relational aggression) as the best fit for the data. Evidence also supported the scales’ internal consistency and convergent validity. This four-factor measurement model proved to be invariant across age groups and sex. Males reported being overall more aggressive than females, and adolescents reported more aggressive behaviors than emerging adults, except for proactive relational aggression. These findings extend prior research by confirming the Brief-PCS as a psychometrically sound and developmentally invariant tool, enhancing its value for examining both theoretical and applied aspects of aggression throughout the lifespan. Full article
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18 pages, 286 KB  
Article
Cute Communication: Can Cute Discourse Be Used in Risk Communication?
by Lu Zhang and Guohua Wang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101377 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 153
Abstract
The development of social media has brought new challenges to government risk communication, and the public has put forward higher requirements for emotionality, novelty, and interactivity in communicating risk information. Based on this, the Chinese emergency government has adopted a new expression on [...] Read more.
The development of social media has brought new challenges to government risk communication, and the public has put forward higher requirements for emotionality, novelty, and interactivity in communicating risk information. Based on this, the Chinese emergency government has adopted a new expression on social media platforms—cute discourse. The emergency government’s use of cute discourse to mitigate negative public emotions and enhance information attraction. Although there is a large number of studies on government risk communication on social media, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of using this new expression. In this study, we analyzed the 11,152 emergency government’s posts on Weibo in China and assessed the impact of the use of cute discourse on risk communication effect under a mixed research method. The results show that within the range of sample values, the use and degree of the emergency government’s cute discourse improves communication effectiveness. Additionally, the driving effect of the use and degree of the emergency government’s cute discourse on risk communication varied across crisis types, risk stages, and risk themes. These results provide novel approaches and new perspectives for the study of governmental risk communication discourse. Full article
18 pages, 660 KB  
Article
The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Team Job Insecurity on Team Resilience
by Jingli Xue and Chunhong Liu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101376 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 192
Abstract
While previous research has examined the role of team resources on team resilience from a resource-based perspective, the underlying mechanisms of team resilience emergence from a process perspective remain insufficiently discussed. Drawing on team stress appraisal theory, we explore the mechanism through which [...] Read more.
While previous research has examined the role of team resources on team resilience from a resource-based perspective, the underlying mechanisms of team resilience emergence from a process perspective remain insufficiently discussed. Drawing on team stress appraisal theory, we explore the mechanism through which team job insecurity influences team resilience and the contextual effects of team task characteristics. Through a three-wave questionnaire conducted with 464 employees from 96 teams, we found that team job insecurity was positively related to team challenge appraisal, which in turn was positively related to team resilience. Meanwhile, team job insecurity was positively related to team hindrance appraisal, which in turn was negatively related to team resilience. Furthermore, ream task interdependence reinforced the positive effect of team job insecurity on team resilience via challenge appraisal, while weakening the negative effect of team job insecurity on team resilience via hindrance appraisal. Both theoretical and practical contributions were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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13 pages, 1472 KB  
Article
Using Network Analysis to Identify Central Facets of Androgynous Development Between Sexes in Chinese Adolescents
by Xisha Liu and Weijun Liu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101375 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 130
Abstract
Androgyny, characterized by high levels of both masculinity and femininity traits, is linked to adaptive psychological outcomes. However, existing research has typically examined these traits at the latent variable level, obscuring the specific trait facets that are central to androgynous development. Using network [...] Read more.
Androgyny, characterized by high levels of both masculinity and femininity traits, is linked to adaptive psychological outcomes. However, existing research has typically examined these traits at the latent variable level, obscuring the specific trait facets that are central to androgynous development. Using network analysis, this study investigated the androgynous structure network at the level of trait facets to identify the most influential facets and explore sex-specific structures. A convenience sample of 1270 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 15.41, SD = 0.88; 611 females) completed the validated Chinese Sex-Role Inventory, which measures 32 facets of masculinity and femininity traits. In the full sample, “calm” exhibited the highest expected influence (EI = 1.11). Crucially, the masculinity facet “magnanimous” was the most powerful bridge to the femininity network (bridge EI = 1.56), particularly for males (bridge EI = 1.18); the femininity facet “thoughtful” (bridge EI = 0.97) was the most powerful bridge to the masculinity network, especially for females (bridge EI = 0.86). Significant sex differences were observed in global EI, with females showing greater global network activation (p = 0.008). The sex difference was additionally evident in “thoughtful” (male < female, p = 0.022) and “magnanimous” (male > female, p = 0.043). Such findings highlight the pivotal roles of “magnanimous” for males and “thoughtful” for females in fostering androgyny. The study advances the understanding of androgyny by delineating its facet-level structure and underscores the value of sex-specific strategies in fostering balanced gender-typed trait development. The convenience sample may limit the generalizability of these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
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17 pages, 768 KB  
Article
Exploratory Pre–Post Study of School-Based Stress Interventions in Primary School Children
by Isabelle May
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101374 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Background: This exploratory, non-randomized pre–post study compares three school-based stress interventions—Yoga, Climbing, and Social–Emotional Learning—in primary school children. Methods: We compared three low-threshold interventions delivered during regular lessons: (1) a six-week video-guided Yoga sequence (n = 64; grade 3), (2) a 2.5-week [...] Read more.
Background: This exploratory, non-randomized pre–post study compares three school-based stress interventions—Yoga, Climbing, and Social–Emotional Learning—in primary school children. Methods: We compared three low-threshold interventions delivered during regular lessons: (1) a six-week video-guided Yoga sequence (n = 64; grade 3), (2) a 2.5-week social–emotional learning (SEL) module focused on emotion recognition and regulation (n = 60; grade 3), and (3) a two-week Climbing program implemented with a small special-education sample (n = 12). Parallel class-matched controls were included for Yoga and SEL (n = 64 and n = 60, respectively). A quasi-experimental pre–post design was used. Primary outcomes were overall stress and the emotion subdomains of anger, anxiety, and sadness (SSKJ 3–8); the secondary outcome for the Climbing pilot was general self-efficacy (SWE). Non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann–Whitney U) and rank-biserial effect sizes (r) were reported with Holm-adjusted α = 0.05. Results: Yoga and SEL produced significant within-group reductions in overall stress and all emotional subdomains (all p < 0.001; r = 0.59–0.75) and outperformed their respective controls at post-test (p ≤ 0.038; r = 0.22–0.48). Change-score comparisons between Yoga and SEL were not statistically different (p ≥ 0.44). In the exploratory Climbing group, self-efficacy increased significantly (V = 64.5, p = 0.006, r = 0.80); stress outcomes mirrored Yoga/SEL trends but were under-powered. Conclusions: A brief classroom Yoga routine and a condensed SEL module each yielded clinically meaningful reductions in stress among primary-school pupils, offering flexible options for post-pandemic recovery. Preliminary evidence suggests that Climbing may enhance self-efficacy in older students with psychological challenges; however, larger samples are required. Integrating cost-effective physical and emotional strategies can help schools promote resilience and well-being amid ongoing educational disruptions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue School-Based Intervention for Stress in Children and Adolescents)
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17 pages, 297 KB  
Article
Psychosocial Representations of Gender-Based Violence Among University Students from Northwestern Italy
by Ilaria Coppola, Marta Tironi, Elisa Berlin, Laura Scudieri, Fabiola Bizzi, Chiara Rollero and Nadia Rania
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101373 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 312
Abstract
The aim of the study was to explore the psychosocial perceptions that young adults have regarding gender-based violence, including those based on their personal experiences, and to highlight perceptions related to social media and how its use might be connected to gender-based violence. [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to explore the psychosocial perceptions that young adults have regarding gender-based violence, including those based on their personal experiences, and to highlight perceptions related to social media and how its use might be connected to gender-based violence. The participants were 40 university students from Northwestern Italy with an average age of 21.8 years (range: 19–25); 50% were women. Sampling was non-probabilistic and followed a purposive convenience strategy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted online and audio-recorded, and data were analyzed using the reflective thematic approach. The results revealed that young adults are very aware, at a theoretical level, of “offline” physical, psychological, and verbal gender-based violence and its effects, while they do not give much consideration to online violence, despite often being victims of it, as revealed by their accounts, for example, through unsolicited explicit images or persistent harassment on social media. Therefore, the results of this research highlight the need to develop primary prevention programs focused on increasing awareness and providing young people with more tools to identify when they have been victims of violence, both online and offline, and to process the emotional experiences associated with such events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)
20 pages, 447 KB  
Article
Making Sense of Action Bias in Higher Education: Pedagogical Insights on Critical Thinking
by Faith Jeremiah and Robert Istvan Radics
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101372 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Action bias, the cognitive tendency to favor action over inaction regardless of its necessity, has been extensively studied across domains such as behavioral economics, organizational behavior, and policy development. However, its manifestation in educational contexts remains critically underexplored. In the digital age, with [...] Read more.
Action bias, the cognitive tendency to favor action over inaction regardless of its necessity, has been extensively studied across domains such as behavioral economics, organizational behavior, and policy development. However, its manifestation in educational contexts remains critically underexplored. In the digital age, with an abundance of both factual and misleading information, the persistence of action bias within education jeopardizes the cultivation of initial critical thinking capable of addressing multifaceted global challenges. The analysis indicates how institutional norms may foster a performative academic identity that conflates speed and compliance with intellectual competence. Through workshops conducted with university students ranging from undergraduate to PhD levels, participants were tasked with solving a practical yet ambiguous problem to highlight potential cognitive differences across educational stages. Despite prior training in critical thinking, participants consistently defaulted to immediate ideation, bypassing fundamental inquiries into the problem’s legitimacy or broader implications. Using a sensemaking approach, this study demonstrates that reflexive actions are not interpreted as merely cognitive shortcuts but behaviors shaped by educational systems prioritizing visible outputs over critical inquiry. The findings reveal how institutional norms foster a performative academic identity, conflating speed and compliance with intellectual competence. This research challenges traditional pedagogical models, advocating for educational reforms that emphasize assessing the process of learning. By situating action bias within the broader framework of active learning, this study offers actionable insights for educators, policy makers and researchers to foster critical innovative thinking, essential in an increasingly digital future. Full article
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27 pages, 1793 KB  
Article
Parental Language Mixing in Montreal: Rates, Predictors, and Relation to Infants’ Vocabulary Size
by Alexandra Paquette and Krista Byers-Heinlein
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101371 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 151
Abstract
Language mixing is a common feature of bilingual communication, yet its predictors and effects on children’s vocabulary development remain debated. Most research has been conducted in contexts with clear societal and heritage languages, leaving open questions about language mixing in environments with two [...] Read more.
Language mixing is a common feature of bilingual communication, yet its predictors and effects on children’s vocabulary development remain debated. Most research has been conducted in contexts with clear societal and heritage languages, leaving open questions about language mixing in environments with two societal languages. Montreal provides a unique opportunity to examine this question, as both French and English hold societal status, while many families also maintain heritage languages. Using archival data from 398 bilingual children (7–34 months), we looked at French-English bilinguals (representing societal bilingualism) and heritage-language bilinguals within the same sociolinguistic environment. We assessed the prevalence, predictors, and motivations of parental language mixing and its relationship with vocabulary development. Results revealed that mixing was less frequent among French-English bilinguals compared to heritage-language bilinguals in the same city. The direction of mixing differed between groups: French-English bilinguals mixed based on language dominance, while heritage-language bilinguals mixed based on societal language status. Primary motivations included uncertainty about word meanings, lack of suitable translations, and teaching new words. Mixing showed minimal associations with vocabulary size across participants. These findings suggest that parental mixing practices reflect adaptive strategies that vary by sociolinguistic context rather than detrimental influences on early language acquisition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Bilingual Children)
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25 pages, 690 KB  
Article
Trust Formation, Error Impact, and Repair in Human–AI Financial Advisory: A Dynamic Behavioral Analysis
by Jihyung Han and Daekyun Ko
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101370 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Understanding how trust in artificial intelligence evolves is crucial for predicting human behavior in AI-enabled environments. While existing research focuses on initial acceptance factors, the temporal dynamics of AI trust remain poorly understood. This study develops a temporal trust dynamics framework proposing three [...] Read more.
Understanding how trust in artificial intelligence evolves is crucial for predicting human behavior in AI-enabled environments. While existing research focuses on initial acceptance factors, the temporal dynamics of AI trust remain poorly understood. This study develops a temporal trust dynamics framework proposing three phases: formation through accuracy cues, single-error shock, and post-error repair through explanations. Two experiments in financial advisory contexts tested this framework. Study 1 (N = 189) compared human versus algorithmic advisors, while Study 2 (N = 294) traced trust trajectories across three rounds, manipulating accuracy and post-error explanations. Results demonstrate three temporal patterns. First, participants initially favored algorithmic advisors, supporting “algorithmic appreciation.” Second, single advisory errors resulted in substantial trust decline (η2 = 0.141), demonstrating acute sensitivity to performance failures. Third, post-error explanations significantly facilitated trust recovery, with evidence of enhancement beyond baseline. Financial literacy moderated these patterns, with higher-expertise users showing sharper decline after errors and stronger recovery following explanations. These findings reveal that AI trust follows predictable temporal patterns distinct from interpersonal trust, exhibiting heightened error sensitivity yet remaining amenable to repair through well-designed explanatory interventions. They offer theoretical integration of appreciation and aversion phenomena and practical guidance for designing inclusive AI systems. Full article
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18 pages, 322 KB  
Article
Dark Triad, Depression, Anhedonia and Alexithymia: The Role of Sex Differences
by Daniel French, Gwenolé Loas and Matthieu Hein
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101369 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 861
Abstract
The Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) has been traditionally associated with externalizing behaviors and a lack of empathy. However, emerging evidence suggests that these traits also relate to internal emotional vulnerabilities (such as depression, alexithymia, and anhedonia). This study aimed to examine [...] Read more.
The Dark Triad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) has been traditionally associated with externalizing behaviors and a lack of empathy. However, emerging evidence suggests that these traits also relate to internal emotional vulnerabilities (such as depression, alexithymia, and anhedonia). This study aimed to examine the association between Dark Triad traits and emotional variabilities (alexithymia and anhedonia) in the general population, with a particular focus on sex differences. A total of 492 French-speaking adults completed a battery of validated self-report measures online, including the SD3fr, BDI-II, TAS-20, and PAS. Comparative and multivariate analyses were conducted separately for males and females. High SD3 scores were associated with greater depression, alexithymia (especially difficulty in identifying feelings), and anhedonia in the overall sample. These associations remained significant after adjusting for depression severity. Sex differences emerged: in females, high Dark Triad traits were strongly linked to emotional dysfunction, while no such associations were observed in males. These findings support the presence of sex-specific emotional correlates of the Dark Triad, particularly in females, where Machiavellianism and psychopathy were linked to emotional distress. Clinical implications are discussed in light of hormonal, sociocultural, and emotional regulation differences. Full article
14 pages, 285 KB  
Article
Syntactic Awareness Skills in Children with Dyslexia: The Contributions of Phonological Awareness and Morphological Awareness
by Kyriakoula M. Rothou and Constantinos Symeon A. Nisiotis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101368 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
Research has shown that children with dyslexia have syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers. Considering the theoretical connections among phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness, the present study explored (a) whether Greek-speaking children with dyslexia face syntactic awareness difficulties [...] Read more.
Research has shown that children with dyslexia have syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers. Considering the theoretical connections among phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and syntactic awareness, the present study explored (a) whether Greek-speaking children with dyslexia face syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to typically developing readers, and (b) to what extent phonological and non-phonological language skills contribute to syntactic awareness performance. Measures of syntactic awareness, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and receptive vocabulary were administered among 8.7-year-old children with and without dyslexia. The children with dyslexia had syntactic awareness difficulties in comparison to the typically developing readers. Phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and reading status were significant predictors of syntactic awareness performance. Phonological and morphological awareness made a more substantial contribution to syntactic awareness performance in the typically developing readers. Notably, reading status (i.e., children with dyslexia versus typically developing readers) was highlighted as a significant mediator of the relationship between phonological awareness and syntactic awareness and between morphological awareness and syntactic awareness. Taken together, it could be suggested that both phonological awareness difficulties and morphological awareness difficulties of Greek-speaking children with dyslexia might explain syntactic awareness difficulties. These findings are discussed in light of current research on the nature of syntactic deficits in dyslexia. Full article
16 pages, 874 KB  
Article
Factors Influencing Telemedicine Adoption Among Healthcare Professionals in Geriatric Medical Centers: A Technology Acceptance Model Approach
by Tammy Porat-Packer, Gizell Green, Cochava Sharon and Riki Tesler
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101367 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 169
Abstract
Background: Telemedicine has gained significance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering remote healthcare solutions. However, its adoption in geriatric medical centers (GMCs) remains limited. Understanding the factors influencing telemedicine acceptance among care teams in geriatric medical centers is crucial for successful implementation. Aim: [...] Read more.
Background: Telemedicine has gained significance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering remote healthcare solutions. However, its adoption in geriatric medical centers (GMCs) remains limited. Understanding the factors influencing telemedicine acceptance among care teams in geriatric medical centers is crucial for successful implementation. Aim: This study examines behavioral factors influencing telemedicine adoption among care teams in Israeli geriatric medical centers through the lens of the Technology Acceptance Model. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 406 healthcare professionals from four geriatric medical centers in Israel. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire measuring self-efficacy, subjective norms, anxiety, resistance to change, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use telemedicine. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results: Perceived ease of use mediated the associations between self-efficacy and perceived usefulness and between subjective norms and perceived usefulness, demonstrating how confidence shapes technology acceptance. Perceived usefulness mediated the association between perceived ease of use and intention to use. Perceived ease of use did not mediate the relationship between anxiety or resistance to technological changes and perceived usefulness. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of perceived ease of use and usefulness in promoting telemedicine adoption among geriatric medical center care teams, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance these perceptions. Full article
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14 pages, 573 KB  
Article
Effects of Suppression and Expression of Academic Emotions on Peer Acceptance in Outperformance and Underperformance Situations
by Ying Liu and Biao Sang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101366 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the cross-situational differences in the effect of the suppression and expression of academic emotions on peer acceptance in situations involving outperformance and underperformance. A total of 81 adolescents were randomly selected to evaluate a target classmate’s [...] Read more.
The current study was conducted to investigate the cross-situational differences in the effect of the suppression and expression of academic emotions on peer acceptance in situations involving outperformance and underperformance. A total of 81 adolescents were randomly selected to evaluate a target classmate’s acceptance level when underperforming or outperforming in a predetermined hypothetical setting using two questionnaires. The results obtained from the paired sample t-test showed that the relationship between the suppression or expression of academic emotions and peer acceptance has situational specificity; that is, compared with adolescents expressing positive academic emotions when outperforming others, adolescents expressing negative academic emotions when underperforming achieve higher levels of peer acceptance. In addition, in outperformance, peer acceptance was higher when positive academic emotions were suppressed rather than expressed; in underperformance, acceptance was significantly higher when negative academic emotions were suppressed rather than expressed. These findings underscore the significance of situations involving outperformance and underperformance in shaping the effectiveness of academic emotion regulation strategies, and support the different adaptive values of emotional expression and expressive suppression in both types of situations. Full article
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23 pages, 874 KB  
Article
School Belonging and STEM Career Interest in Chinese Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Science Identity
by Yuling Li and Yan Kong
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101365 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
Adolescents’ sustained engagement in STEM fields is critical for cultivating future scientific talent. While school belonging—a key form of emotional support perceived by students within the school environment—has been widely studied, its specific influence on STEM career interest, particularly within non-Western educational systems, [...] Read more.
Adolescents’ sustained engagement in STEM fields is critical for cultivating future scientific talent. While school belonging—a key form of emotional support perceived by students within the school environment—has been widely studied, its specific influence on STEM career interest, particularly within non-Western educational systems, remains insufficiently understood. Drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), this study examines how school belonging, as a contextual affordance, shapes STEM career interest among Chinese high school students, and whether science identity, as a person input, mediates this relationship. Utilizing data from 451 students in a science-focused Chinese high school, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that school belonging significantly predicts higher STEM career interest. Science identity partially mediated this relationship, with science interest emerging as the strongest mediating component, followed by competence/performance beliefs; external recognition had a comparatively weaker effect. These findings suggest that fostering school belonging in science-oriented environments may support adolescents’ interest in STEM careers, both directly and indirectly through the development of science identity. From a cultural perspective, the study further sheds light on the mechanisms underlying students’ interest in STEM careers, and highlights the potential of inclusive environments that support the development of students’ sense of belonging and identity in promoting their long-term engagement in STEM fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Educational and Health Development of Children and Youths)
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24 pages, 1555 KB  
Systematic Review
The Effectiveness of Professional Development in the Self-Efficacy of In-Service Teachers in STEM Education: A Meta-Analysis
by Jiao Liu, Ke Wang and Zilong Pan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101364 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 476
Abstract
This meta-analysis reports on the effect of professional development (PD) on K-12 in-service STEM teachers’ self-efficacy. There were 18 selected empirical studies in this study. Overall, PD had a modest positive effect on self-efficacy (Hedges’g = 0.551, 95% CI [0.285, 0.704], SE [...] Read more.
This meta-analysis reports on the effect of professional development (PD) on K-12 in-service STEM teachers’ self-efficacy. There were 18 selected empirical studies in this study. Overall, PD had a modest positive effect on self-efficacy (Hedges’g = 0.551, 95% CI [0.285, 0.704], SE = 0.107) under the random-effects model. Furthermore, the findings show that (1) participant size of PD significantly contributed to the effect size of PD; (2) training hours of PD significantly contributed to the effect size of PD; (3) PD using the Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument or other scales of self-efficacy showed larger significant effect sizes than PD using the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale. This study offers insights into the design of effective PD to improve STEM teachers’ self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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14 pages, 789 KB  
Systematic Review
Contraceptive Barriers and Psychological Well-Being After Repeat Induced Abortion: A Systematic Review
by Bogdan Dumitriu, Alina Dumitriu, Flavius George Socol, Ioana Denisa Socol and Adrian Gluhovschi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101363 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 290
Abstract
Background: Repeat induced abortion (defined as ≥two lifetime procedures) is becoming more common worldwide, yet its independent influence on women’s psychological health remains contested, particularly in settings where access to modern contraception is restricted. Objectives: This review sought to quantify the burden of [...] Read more.
Background: Repeat induced abortion (defined as ≥two lifetime procedures) is becoming more common worldwide, yet its independent influence on women’s psychological health remains contested, particularly in settings where access to modern contraception is restricted. Objectives: This review sought to quantify the burden of depression, anxiety, stress, and generic quality of life (QoL) among women with repeat abortions and to determine how barriers to contraceptive access alter those outcomes. Methods: Following the preregistered PRISMA-2020 protocol, PubMed, Embase and Scopus were searched from inception to 31 June 2025. Results: Eight eligible studies comprising approximately 262,000 participants (individual sample sizes up to 79,609) revealed wide variation in psychological morbidity. Prevalence of clinically significant symptoms ranged from 5.5% to 24.8% for depression, 8.3% to 31.2% for anxiety, and 18.8% to 27% for perceived stress; frequent mental distress affected 12.3% of women in neutral policy environments but rose to 21.9% under highly restrictive abortion legislation. Having three or more abortions, compared with none or one, increased the odds of depressive symptoms by roughly one-third (pooled OR ≈ 1.37, 95% CI 1.13–1.67). Contextual factors exerted comparable or stronger effects: abortions sought for socioeconomic reasons elevated depression odds by 34%, unwanted disclosure of the abortion episode increased depressive scores by 0.62 standard deviations, and low partner support raised them by 0.67 SD. At the structural level, every standard deviation improvement in a state’s reproductive rights index reduced frequent mental distress odds by 5%, whereas enactment of a near-total legal ban produced an absolute increase of 6.8 percentage points. QoL outcomes were less frequently reported; where measured, denied or heavily delayed abortions were associated with a 0.41-unit decrement on a seven-point life satisfaction scale. Conclusions: Psychological morbidity after abortion clusters where legal hostility, financial hardship, or interpersonal coercion constrain contraceptive autonomy while, in comparison, the mere number of procedures is a weaker predictor. Interventions that integrate stigma-free mental health support with confidential, affordable, and rights-based contraception are essential to protect well-being in women who experience repeat abortions. Full article
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33 pages, 5980 KB  
Article
Developing Speaking Skills in Third-Grade Students Through the Analysis of Visual Material in Two Languages (Lithuanian and English)
by Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė and Guostė Streikutė
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101362 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 817
Abstract
In language classes, speaking skills are often taken for granted, and not enough attention is paid to developing these skills in a targeted way. In our study, the speaking skills of third-grade students (N = 46) are developed in integrated Lithuanian and English [...] Read more.
In language classes, speaking skills are often taken for granted, and not enough attention is paid to developing these skills in a targeted way. In our study, the speaking skills of third-grade students (N = 46) are developed in integrated Lithuanian and English lessons through the analysis of visual material. Visual material is an aid and a means for expanding students’ vocabulary and developing their ability to express their thoughts verbally. The students are aged 9–10 years old. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of third-grade students’ speaking skills using visual material analysis in two languages. The Action Research was conducted in a school in one of Lithuania’s major cities. During the Action Research, students completed mind maps and analyzed visual material by answering questions in two languages. The questions were designed to cover different groups of thinking skills (knowledge and understanding, drawing conclusions, interpretation, and evaluation). The students spoke their prepared answers to the questions. The accuracy and correctness of the answers, English pronunciation, and the ability to speak in complete sentences were evaluated. Full article
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17 pages, 382 KB  
Article
Dyadic Coping and Communication as Predictors of 10-Year Relationship Satisfaction Subgroup Trajectories in Stable Romantic Couples
by Michelle Roth, Fridtjof W. Nussbeck, Selina A. Landolt, Mirjam Senn, Thomas N. Bradbury, Katharina Weitkamp and Guy Bodenmann
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1361; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101361 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 323
Abstract
Given the importance of relationship satisfaction and the detrimental effects of its decline in romantic couples, it is crucial to understand how relationship satisfaction develops over time in long-term stable relationships and to identify predictors that explain such long-term changes. Building upon previously [...] Read more.
Given the importance of relationship satisfaction and the detrimental effects of its decline in romantic couples, it is crucial to understand how relationship satisfaction develops over time in long-term stable relationships and to identify predictors that explain such long-term changes. Building upon previously identified subgroups with distinct trajectories of relationship satisfaction, our objective was to examine whether two types of relationship skills—dyadic coping and communication—predict subgroup trajectories. We followed 300 mixed-gender couples over 10 years in annual assessments and applied Dyadic Latent Class Growth models with predictors. Our results suggest that subgroups of relationship satisfaction trajectories can be differentiated by both baseline levels and changes in relationship skills. Couples with high and relatively stable satisfaction were distinguished from those with declining satisfaction primarily by baseline negative communication (women’s report) and a deterioration in dyadic coping. Couples with the lowest initial satisfaction exhibited the least beneficial relationship skills but increased their satisfaction over time, likely due to observed improvements in their skills. These findings have important public health implications, as modifiable relationship skills can be targeted in prevention, counseling, or therapy to help couples develop and sustain improvements in their relationship skills to protect their relational well-being in the long term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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20 pages, 2232 KB  
Article
Leveraging Learning Analytics to Model Student Engagement in Graduate Statistics: A Problem-Based Learning Approach in Agricultural Education
by Zhihong Xu, Fahmida Husain Choudhury, Shuai Ma, Theresa Pesl Murphrey and Kim E. Dooley
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101360 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 732
Abstract
Graduate students often experience difficulties in learning statistics, particularly those who have limited mathematical backgrounds. In recent years, Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) have been widely adopted to support instruction, yet little research has explored how these tools relate to [...] Read more.
Graduate students often experience difficulties in learning statistics, particularly those who have limited mathematical backgrounds. In recent years, Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) have been widely adopted to support instruction, yet little research has explored how these tools relate to learning outcomes using mixed methods design. Limited studies have employed machine learning methods such as clustering analysis in Learning Analytics (LA) to explore different behavior of clusters based on students log data. This study followed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design to examine student engagement patterns on Canvas and learning outcomes of students in a graduate-level statistics course. LMS log data and surveys were collected from 31 students, followed by interviews with 19 participants. K-means clustering revealed two groups: a high-performing group with lower LMS engagement and a low-performing group with higher LMS engagement. Six themes emerged from a thematic analysis of interview transcripts: behavioral differences in engagement, the role of assessment, emotional struggle, self-efficacy, knowledge or skill gain, and structured instructional support. Results indicated that low-performing students engaged more frequently and benefited from structured guidance and repeated exposure. High-performing students showed more proactive and consistent engagement habits. These findings highlight the importance of intentional course design that combines PBL with LMS features to support diverse learners. Full article
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15 pages, 314 KB  
Article
The Field of Gender Through Metaphors: The Dilemma of Female and Male Referees in the Minds of Football Fans
by Sabiha Gizem Engin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101359 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
The perception of football as a male-dominated sport by society, coupled with the socio-cultural and economic barriers faced by women, has constrained their presence in the domain of football and revealed the manifestation of gender norms within the sport. This exclusion further masculinizes [...] Read more.
The perception of football as a male-dominated sport by society, coupled with the socio-cultural and economic barriers faced by women, has constrained their presence in the domain of football and revealed the manifestation of gender norms within the sport. This exclusion further masculinizes sport, negatively affecting social unity and cohesion, and deepening inequality within sport. Within this context, the study seeks to reveal how football fans perceive female and male referees through metaphorical representations. Participants, selected using purposive sampling, are individuals who regularly attend football matches and have experience watching games officiated by female football referees. The research employed a phenomenological approach to analyse metaphors generated by 352 football fans regarding female and male referees. Data were collected online through the Google Forms platform, which was accessible only to the researcher via password-protected access. During the analysis process, metaphors were coded, categorized, and transformed into meaningful interpretative formats. Results indicate that female referees are predominantly described with metaphors associated with sexist objectification, such as “flower”, “rose”, and “queen.” Female referees are represented by social roles and stereotypes metaphors like “mother,” and “gold,” yet they are also confronted with violence and disparaging metaphors such as “trash” and “chaos.” Conversely, male referees are perceived through metaphors evoking strength, toughness, and authority, including “lion”, “stone”, “authority”, “king”, and “leader.” These metaphorical representations highlight the persistence of gender norms within sport, demonstrating how women’s professional competencies are overshadowed by societal codes. Moreover, they are depicted as figures of power and discipline, reflecting masculinity within the sporting context. Ultimately, the research seeks to raise awareness about gender-based perceptions and foster transformation towards greater gender equality in sport. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
19 pages, 632 KB  
Hypothesis
Engagement by Design: Belongingness, Cultural Value Orientations, and Pathways into Emerging Technologies
by Daisuke Akiba, Michael Perrone, Caterina Almendral and Rebecca Garte
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15101358 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
This theoretical article examines how belongingness, defined as the sense that one’s participation is legitimate and valued, interacts with cultural value orientations to help explain persistent disparities in U.S. technology engagement, including emerging technologies, across racial and ethnic groups. While structural barriers (e.g., [...] Read more.
This theoretical article examines how belongingness, defined as the sense that one’s participation is legitimate and valued, interacts with cultural value orientations to help explain persistent disparities in U.S. technology engagement, including emerging technologies, across racial and ethnic groups. While structural barriers (e.g., racism, poverty, linguistic bias, etc.) remain essential to understanding such inequity, we argue that engagement patterns in technology also reflect how different cultural communities may define and experience belongingness in relation to digital domains. Drawing on Triandis and Gelfand’s framework, and focusing specifically on educational contexts, we propose the Belongingness through Cultural Value Alignment (BCVA) model, whereby belongingness serves as a catalyst between cultural value orientations and technology engagement, with vertical collectivism deriving belongingness primarily through structured skill development and validation while horizontal collectivism focusing instead on belonging based on community integration. When technological environments value practices that are consistent with vertical collectivist norms, individuals from horizontal collectivist cultures may experience cultural misalignment not from disinterest in technology or exclusionary efforts but, instead, because dominant engagement modes conflict with their familiar frameworks for fostering a sense of belonging. By examining how cultural value orientations mediate the sense of belonging in contexts involving modern technologies, the proposed perspective offers a novel framework for understanding why access alone may have proven insufficient to address technological participation gaps, and suggests directions for creating technology spaces where individuals from a wider range of communities can experience the authentic sense of belonging. Full article
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