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Water, Volume 17, Issue 10 (May-2 2025) – 2 articles

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26 pages, 3778 KiB  
Review
A Systematic Review on the Influence of Drainage Systems on the Environment
by Diana Kalibatienė, Rasa Stankevičienė and Oksana Survilė
Water 2025, 17(10), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101408 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2025
Abstract
Environmental research has become increasingly important due to the human impact on ecosystems, with a particular need to study how different drainage systems affect water quality. Improperly functioning drainage can result in significant losses of biogenic substances, soil erosion, eutrophication, and declining biological [...] Read more.
Environmental research has become increasingly important due to the human impact on ecosystems, with a particular need to study how different drainage systems affect water quality. Improperly functioning drainage can result in significant losses of biogenic substances, soil erosion, eutrophication, and declining biological capacity. This study addresses the existing knowledge gap by consolidating and critically analyzing the recent scientific literature on controlled and free draining types over forty years (1986–2024) using the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The objective of this systematic review is to collect and summarize information on various drainage systems, their advantages and disadvantages, and their effect on environmental water quality. A review of 144 selected papers from the past four decades indicates that the installation, use, and upgrading of drainage systems remains a subject of extensive debate within the scientific community, particularly regarding their impact on the leaching of biogenic substances into open water bodies. The results obtained from this study indicate that nitrogen (N) (found in 54 papers) and phosphorus (P) (found in 48 papers) are the primary biogenic elements affecting aquatic ecosystems and eutrophication processes. Also, compared to mathematical tools (found in 42 articles), there is a lack of application of AI tools for modeling and predicting the impact of drainage systems on water quality and climate change. Consequently, ongoing research in this area is crucial, offering researchers, practitioners, and wild society with significant insights into the overall effect of drainage on the environment, opportunities for improvement and unexplored research directions for drainage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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15 pages, 15917 KiB  
Article
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Fly-Ash-Based Grouting Materials in Different Aqueous Environments
by Jianwei Chen, Yan Qin, Fengdan Hu, Nengxiong Xu, Yuxi Guo, Jiayu Qin and Guangming Ren
Water 2025, 17(10), 1407; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101407 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2025
Abstract
Grouting is widely used in the treatment works of goaf, which can enhance the foundation bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and ensure the stability of the construction of goaf. As the goaf is located below the water table line, the mechanical properties and microscopic [...] Read more.
Grouting is widely used in the treatment works of goaf, which can enhance the foundation bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and ensure the stability of the construction of goaf. As the goaf is located below the water table line, the mechanical properties and microscopic changes of the stone body in the water-rich environment have not been revealed, which leads to the effect of grouting treatment in water-rich goaf being difficult to achieve in terms of the expected goal. This paper used uniaxial compression, electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the mechanical properties and microscopic changes of the nodular body under natural, pure water, and tap water curing and revealed the deterioration mechanism of the nodular body’s mechanical properties under water curing. The research results show that under identical material proportions and curing durations, compared to naturally cured specimens, the specimens cured in purified water and tap water exhibited a significant increase in the content of unreacted fly ash, a reduction in the amount of hydration products such as C-S-H gel and ettringite, and a looser microstructure, resulting in average decreases in uniaxial compressive strength of 35.7% and 49.9%, respectively. In addition, the presence of chloride ions and Friedel’s induced decalcification of the C-S-H gel under tap water curing conditions led to a significant deterioration in the physical strength of the grouted stones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Problems Caused by Water Action)
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