Nutrients

15 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Risk of Metabolic and Adipose Tissue Dysfunctions in Adult Male Progeny, Due to Prenatal and Adulthood Malnutrition Induced by Fructose Rich Diet

by Ana Alzamendi¹, Guillermina Zubiría¹, Griselda Moreno², Andrea Portales¹, Eduardo Spinedi³ and Andrés Giovambattista^1,*

¹ IMBICE (CICPBA-CONICET La Plata-National University of La Plata (UNLP)), La Plata 1900, Argentina

² IIFP (CONICET La Plata) School of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata1900, Argentina

³ CENEXA (CONICET La Plata-UNLP, a PAHO/WHO (Collaborating Centre for Diabetes)), School of Medicine, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata1900, Argentina

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030178 - 22 Mar 2016

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7165

Abstract

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of a fructose rich diet (FRD) consumed by the pregnant mother on the endocrine-metabolic and in vivo and in vitro adipose tissue (AT) functions of the male offspring in adulthood. At 60 days [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of a fructose rich diet (FRD) consumed by the pregnant mother on the endocrine-metabolic and in vivo and in vitro adipose tissue (AT) functions of the male offspring in adulthood. At 60 days of age, rats born to FRD-fed mothers (F) showed impaired glucose tolerance after glucose overload and high circulating levels of leptin (LEP). Despite the diminished mass of retroperitoneal AT, this tissue was characterized by enhanced LEP gene expression, and hypertrophic adipocytes secreting in vitro larger amounts of LEP. Analyses of stromal vascular fraction composition by flow cytometry revealed a reduced number of adipocyte precursor cells. Additionally, 60 day-old control (C) and F male rats were subjected to control diet (CC and FC animals) or FRD (CF and FF rats) for three weeks. FF animals were heavier and consumed more calories. Their metabolic-endocrine parameters were aggravated; they developed severe hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia and augmented AT mass with hypertrophic adipocytes. Our study highlights that manipulation of maternal diet induced an offspring phenotype mainly imprinted with a severely unhealthy adipogenic process with undesirable endocrine-metabolic consequences, putting them at high risk for developing a diabetic state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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25 pages, 1356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macronutrient Distribution and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

by Emma Ruiz¹

, José Manuel Ávila¹, Teresa Valero¹

, Susana Del Pozo¹, Paula Rodriguez¹, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina², Ángel Gil³

, Marcela González-Gross⁴

, Rosa M. Ortega⁵

, Lluis Serra-Majem⁶

and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras^1,7,*

¹ Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), C/General Álvarez de Castro 20, 1 pta, Madrid 28010, Spain

² Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona 31008, Spain

³ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada. Campus de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento, Armilla, Granada 18100, Spain

⁴ ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, C/Martín Fierro 7, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁵ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain

⁶ Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, C/Doctor Pasteur s/n Trasera del Hospital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35016, Spain

⁷ Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Urb. Montepríncipe, Crta. Boadilla Km 53, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid 28668, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030177 - 22 Mar 2016

Cited by 84 | Viewed by 18768

Abstract

Our aim was to analyze dietary macronutrient intake and its main sources according to sex and age. Results were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old). [...] Read more.

Our aim was to analyze dietary macronutrient intake and its main sources according to sex and age. Results were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old). Mean dietary protein intake was 74.5 ± 22.4 g/day, with meat and meat products as the main sources (33.0%). Mean carbohydrate intake was 185.4 ± 60.9 g/day and was higher in children and adolescents; grains (49%), mainly bread, were the main contributor. Milk and dairy products (23%) ranked first for sugar intake. Mean lipid intake was 78.1 ± 26.1 g/day and was higher in younger age groups; contributions were mainly from oils and fats (32.5%; olive oil 25.6%) and meat and meat products (22.0%). Lipid profiles showed relatively high monounsaturated fatty acid intake, of which olive oil contributed 38.8%. Saturated fatty acids were mainly (>70%) combined from meat and meat products, milk and dairy products and oils and fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly from oils and fats (31.5%). The macronutrient intake and distribution in the Spanish population is far from population reference intakes and nutritional goals, especially for children and adolescents. Full article

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13 pages, 1451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Response to Prolonged Every-Other-Day Feeding on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Hepatocytes in Mice

by Katarzyna Piotrowska^*

, Maciej Tarnowski, Katarzyna Zgutka and Andrzej Pawlik

Katarzyna Piotrowska, Department of Physiology Pomeranian Madical University in Szczecin, al. Powstańców, Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030176 - 19 Mar 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6517

Abstract

Intermittent fasting decreases glucose and insulin levels and increases insulin sensitivity and lifespan. Decreased food intake influences the liver. Previous studies have shown gender differences in response to various types of caloric restriction, including every-other-day (EOD) feeding, in humans and rodents. Our goal [...] Read more.

Intermittent fasting decreases glucose and insulin levels and increases insulin sensitivity and lifespan. Decreased food intake influences the liver. Previous studies have shown gender differences in response to various types of caloric restriction, including every-other-day (EOD) feeding, in humans and rodents. Our goal was to show the influence of prolonged EOD feeding on the morphology, proliferation and apoptosis of livers from male and female mice. After nine months of an EOD diet, the livers from male and female mice were collected. We examined their morphology on histological slides using the Hematoxilin and Eosine (H_E) method and Hoechst staining of cell nuclei to evaluate the nuclear area of hepatocytes. We also evaluated the expression of mRNA for proto-oncogens, pro-survival proteins and apoptotic markers using Real Time Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR). We noted increased lipid content in the livers of EOD fed female mice. EOD feeding lead to a decrease of proliferation and apoptosis in the livers of female and male mice, which suggest that tissue maintenance occurred during EOD feeding. Our experiment revealed sex-specific expression of mRNA for proto-oncogenes and pro-survival and pro-apoptotic genes in mice as well as sex-specific responses to the EOD treatment. Full article

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11 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Leukocyte Telomere Length in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

by Anne Barden^1,*, Nathan O’Callaghan², Valerie Burke¹, Emile Mas¹, Lawrence J. Beilin¹, Michael Fenech², Ashley B. Irish³, Gerald F. Watts¹, Ian B. Puddey¹, Rae-Chi Huang^4,† and Trevor A. Mori^1,†

¹ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia

² CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia

³ Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia

⁴ Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco 6008, Western Australia, Australia

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030175 - 19 Mar 2016

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7942

Abstract

DNA telomere shortening associates with the age-related increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Reducing oxidative stress, could modify telomere erosion during cell replication, and CVD risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) [...] Read more.

DNA telomere shortening associates with the age-related increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Reducing oxidative stress, could modify telomere erosion during cell replication, and CVD risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) on telomere length was studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial in CKD. Eighty-five CKD patients were randomized to: n-3 fatty acids (4 g); CoQ (200 mg); both supplements; or control (4 g olive oil), daily for 8 weeks. Telomere length was measured in neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at baseline and 8 weeks, with and without correction for cell counts. Main and interactive effects of n-3 fatty acids and CoQ on telomere length were assessed adjusting for baseline values. F₂-isoprostanes were measured as markers of oxidative stress. There was no effect of n-3 fatty acids or CoQ on neutrophil or PBMC telomere length. However, telomere length corrected for neutrophil count was increased after n-3 fatty acids (p = 0.015). Post-intervention plasma F₂-isoprostanes were negative predictors of post-intervention telomere length corrected for neutrophil count (p = 0.025).The effect of n-3 fatty acids to increased telomere length corrected for neutrophil count may relate to reduced oxidative stress and increased clearance of neutrophils with shorter telomeres from the circulation. This may be a novel mechanism of modifying CVD risk in CKD patients. Full article

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20 pages, 1012 KiB

Open AccessReview

Probiotics and Prebiotics: Present Status and Future Perspectives on Metabolic Disorders

by Ji Youn Yoo¹

and Sung Soo Kim^2,*

¹ Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea

² Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030173 - 18 Mar 2016

Cited by 262 | Viewed by 28506

Abstract

Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), present an increasing public health concern and can significantly undermine an individual’s quality of life. The relative risk of CVD, the primary cause of death in T2DM patients, is two to four [...] Read more.

Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), present an increasing public health concern and can significantly undermine an individual’s quality of life. The relative risk of CVD, the primary cause of death in T2DM patients, is two to four times higher in people with T2DM compared with those who are non-diabetic. The prevalence of metabolic disorders has been associated with dynamic changes in dietary macronutrient intake and lifestyle changes over recent decades. Recently, the scientific community has considered alteration in gut microbiota composition to constitute one of the most probable factors in the development of metabolic disorders. The altered gut microbiota composition is strongly conducive to increased adiposity, β-cell dysfunction, metabolic endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Probiotics and prebiotics can ameliorate T2DM and CVD through improvement of gut microbiota, which in turn leads to insulin-signaling stimulation and cholesterol-lowering effects. We analyze the currently available data to ascertain further potential benefits and limitations of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, including T2DM, CVD, and other disease (obesity). The current paper explores the relevant contemporary scientific literature to assist in the derivation of a general perspective of this broad area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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12 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Urinary Iodine Concentrations Associated with Dyslipidemia in US Adults

by Kyung Won Lee

, Dayeon Shin and Won O. Song^*

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, Trout FSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030171 - 17 Mar 2016

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7173

Abstract

Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormone which plays crucial roles in healthy thyroid function and lipid metabolism. However, the association between iodine status and dyslipidemia has not been well established at a population level. We aimed to test the hypothesis [...] Read more.

Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormone which plays crucial roles in healthy thyroid function and lipid metabolism. However, the association between iodine status and dyslipidemia has not been well established at a population level. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the odds of dyslipidemia including elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, and lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL/LDL ratio are associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in a population perspective. Data of 2495 US adults (≥20 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2012 were used in this study. Two subgroups (i.e., UIC below vs. above the 10th percentile) were compared of dyslipidemia as defined based on NCEP ATP III guidelines. The differences between the groups were tested statistically by chi-square test, simple linear regressions, and multiple logistic regressions. Serum lipid concentrations differed significantly between two iodine status groups when sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates were controlled (all, p < 0.05). Those with the lowest decile of UIC were more likely to be at risk for elevated total cholesterol (>200 mg/dL) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–2.23) and elevated LDL cholesterol (>130 mg/dL) (AOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.11–2.23) and lowered HDL/LDL ratio (<0.4) (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.18–2.33), compared to those with UIC above the 10th percentile. In US adults, low UIC was associated with increased odds for dyslipidemia. Findings of the present cross-sectional study with spot urine samples highlight the significant association between UIC and serum lipids at population level, but do not substantiate a causal relationship. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship among iodine intakes, iodine status, and serum lipid profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

14 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tomato Sauce Enriched with Olive Oil Exerts Greater Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors than Raw Tomato and Tomato Sauce: A Randomized Trial

by Palmira Valderas-Martinez^1,2, Gemma Chiva-Blanch^1,2, Rosa Casas^1,2, Sara Arranz^1,2, Miriam Martínez-Huélamo^2,3, Mireia Urpi-Sarda³, Xavier Torrado³, Dolores Corella^2,4

, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós^2,3

and Ramon Estruch^1,2,*

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain

² Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain

³ Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain

⁴ Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030170 - 16 Mar 2016

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 17591

Abstract

Epidemiological studies have observed a negative association between tomato intake and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. As tomato sauces are usually cooked with the addition of oil, some studies have pointed out that both processes may increase the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. [...] Read more.

Epidemiological studies have observed a negative association between tomato intake and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. As tomato sauces are usually cooked with the addition of oil, some studies have pointed out that both processes may increase the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. However, the effect of consumption of raw tomatoes and tomato sauces on inflammation biomarkers and adhesion molecules related to atherosclerosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test the postprandial effects of a single dose of raw tomatoes (RT), tomato sauce (TS) and tomato sauce with refined olive oil (TSOO) on cardiovascular disease risk factors. We performed an open, prospective, randomized, cross-over, controlled feeding trial in 40 healthy subjects who randomly received: 7.0 g of RT/kg of body weight (BW), 3.5 g of TS/kg BW, 3.5 g of TSOO/Kg BW and 0.25 g of sugar solved in water/kg BW on a single occasion on four different days. Biochemical parameters and cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at baseline and 6 h after each intervention. The results indicate that, compared to control intervention, a single tomato intake in any form decreased plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and several cellular and plasma inflammatory biomarkers, and increased plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol and interleukine (IL) 10 concentrations. However, the changes of plasma IL-6 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) from T-lymphocytes and CD36 from monocytes were significantly greater after TSOO than after RT and TS interventions. We concluded that tomato intake has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, especially cooked and enriched with oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavonoids, Inflammation and Immune System)

11 pages, 1024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of 12.5% and 25% Salt Reduction in Bread in a Remote Indigenous Australian Community

by Emma McMahon^1,2,*, Rozlynne Clarke³, Rachael Jaenke^1,2 and Julie Brimblecombe¹

¹ Wellbeing and Chronic Disease Division, Menzies School of Health Research, John Mathews Building, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Rocklands Dr, Darwin NT 0810, Australia

² Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, 101 Currie St, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

³ Goodman Fielder, 39 Delhi Rd, North Ryde NSW 2113, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030169 - 16 Mar 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7024

Abstract

Food reformulation is an important strategy to reduce the excess salt intake observed in remote Indigenous Australia. We aimed to examine whether 12.5% and 25% salt reduction in bread is detectable, and, if so, whether acceptability is changed, in a sample of adults [...] Read more.

Food reformulation is an important strategy to reduce the excess salt intake observed in remote Indigenous Australia. We aimed to examine whether 12.5% and 25% salt reduction in bread is detectable, and, if so, whether acceptability is changed, in a sample of adults living in a remote Indigenous community in the Northern Territory of Australia. Convenience samples were recruited for testing of reduced-salt (300 and 350 mg Na/100 g) versus Standard (~400 mg Na/100 g) white and wholemeal breads (n = 62 for white; n = 72 for wholemeal). Triangle testing was used to examine whether participants could detect a difference between the breads. Liking of each bread was also measured; standard consumer acceptability questionnaires were modified to maximise cultural appropriateness and understanding. Participants were unable to detect a difference between Standard and reduced-salt breads (all p values > 0.05 when analysed using binomial probability). Further, as expected, liking of the breads was not changed with salt reduction (all p values > 0.05 when analysed using ANOVA). Reducing salt in products commonly purchased in remote Indigenous communities has potential as an equitable, cost-effective and sustainable strategy to reduce population salt intake and reduce risk of chronic disease, without the barriers associated with strategies that require individual behaviour change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2015 Joint Scientific Meeting of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand and Nutrition Society of Australia)

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18 pages, 719 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of the Traditional Mediterranean-Style Diet on Metabolic Risk Factors: A Meta-Analysis

by Marissa Garcia¹

, Jessica D. Bihuniak², Julia Shook¹, Anne Kenny³, Jane Kerstetter¹ and Tania B. Huedo-Medina^1,*

¹ Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

² NYU Steinhardt, Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA

³ Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT06030, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030168 - 15 Mar 2016

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 10809

Abstract

The Mediterranean-style diet (MedSD) has gained attention for its positive effects on health outcomes, including metabolic risk factors. However, it is unknown as to which components of MedSD interventions are most beneficial in reducing risk. The objective of this meta-analysis was to obtain [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean-style diet (MedSD) has gained attention for its positive effects on health outcomes, including metabolic risk factors. However, it is unknown as to which components of MedSD interventions are most beneficial in reducing risk. The objective of this meta-analysis was to obtain effect sizes for metabolic risk factors and explain the variability across the current literature based on study design, sample, and diet characteristics. Six electronic databases were searched from inception until 9 February 2016. Data from 29 studies (N = 4133) were included. There were significant effects in favor of the MedSD for waist circumference, triglycerides, blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure (d₊ = −0.54; d₊ = −0.46; d₊ = −0.50; d₊ = −0.72; d₊ = −0.94, respectively). The MedSD was significantly beneficial when the intervention was longer in duration, was conducted in Europe, used a behavioral technique, and was conducted using small groups. The traditional MedSD had significant beneficial effects on five of the six metabolic risk factors. Results from this study provide support for population specific dietary guideline for metabolic risk reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction)

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14 pages, 666 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity

by Yao Li^1,*, Jiaying Yao¹, Chunyan Han¹, Jiaxin Yang¹, Maria Tabassum Chaudhry¹, Shengnan Wang¹, Hongnan Liu^2,* and Yulong Yin^2,*

¹ Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China

² Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy, Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167 - 15 Mar 2016

Cited by 1506 | Viewed by 70142

Abstract

In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on [...] Read more.

In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties, dietary sources, absorption, bioavailability and metabolism of quercetin, especially main effects of quercetin on inflammation and immune function. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for quercetin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavonoids, Inflammation and Immune System)

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11 pages, 2626 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparison of the ISU, NCI, MSM, and SPADE Methods for Estimating Usual Intake: A Simulation Study of Nutrients Consumed Daily

by Greice H. C. Laureano^1,*, Vanessa B. L. Torman², Sandra P. Crispim³

, Arnold L. M. Dekkers⁴ and Suzi A. Camey²

¹ Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90000-000, Brazil

² Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Department of Statistics—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90000-000, Brazil

³ Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 80000-000, Brazil

⁴ Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3720, The Netherlands

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030166 - 15 Mar 2016

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 8187

Abstract

Various methods are available for estimating usual dietary intake distributions. Hence, there is a need for simulation studies to compare them. The methods Iowa State University (ISU), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Multiple Source Method (MSM) and Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure (SPADE) [...] Read more.

Various methods are available for estimating usual dietary intake distributions. Hence, there is a need for simulation studies to compare them. The methods Iowa State University (ISU), National Cancer Institute (NCI), Multiple Source Method (MSM) and Statistical Program to Assess Dietary Exposure (SPADE) were previously compared in another study, but some results were inconclusive due to the small number of replications used in the simulation. Seeking to overcome this limitation, the present study used 1000 simulated samples for 12 different scenarios to compare the accuracy of estimates yielded by the aforementioned methods. The focus is on scenarios that exhibited the most uncertainty in the conclusions of the mentioned study above, i.e., scenarios with small sample sizes, skewed intake distributions, and large ratios of the between- and within-person variances. Bias was used as a measure of accuracy. For scenarios with small sample sizes (n = 150), the ISU, MSM and SPADE methods generally achieved more accurate estimates than the NCI method, particularly for the 10th and 90th percentiles. The differences between methods became smaller with larger sample sizes (n = 300 and n = 500). With few exceptions, the methods were found to perform similarly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Nutrient Intakes)

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16 pages, 4175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fish Oil-Based Fat Emulsion Reduces Acute Kidney Injury and Inflammatory Response in Antibiotic-Treated Polymicrobial Septic Mice

by Juey-Ming Shih^1,2, Yao-Ming Shih^1,2, Man-Hui Pai³, Yu-Chen Hou⁴, Chiu-Li Yeh⁵ and Sung-Ling Yeh^1,4,*

¹ School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan

² Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 11073, Taiwan

³ Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan

⁴ Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan

⁵ Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030165 - 15 Mar 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6939

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in sepsis. This study compared the effects of a fish oil-based with a mixed oil fat emulsion on remote renal injury in an antibiotic-treated septic murine model. Mice were randomly assigned to a normal control [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in sepsis. This study compared the effects of a fish oil-based with a mixed oil fat emulsion on remote renal injury in an antibiotic-treated septic murine model. Mice were randomly assigned to a normal control (NC) group and three septic groups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The antibiotic was injected intraperitoneally (IP) after CLP and then daily till the time of sacrifice. Three hours after antibiotic treatment, one of the septic groups was injected IP with a fish oil-based emulsion (FO), while the other two groups were given either a mixed oil emulsion (MO) or saline (SC). The septic groups were further divided into two separate time groups, with blood and kidneys samples collected at 24 h or 72 h post-CLP. The results showed that sepsis leads to the activation of neutrophils, T helper (Th)1/Th-2/Th-17 and Treg cells (p < 0.05). Plasma NGAL and mRNA expressions of renal MyD88 and TLR4 were also enhanced (p < 0.05). Compared to the SC group, the group given the fish oil-based emulsion had decreased plasma NGAL by 22% and Treg by 33%. Furthermore, renal gene expressions of MyD88 and TLR4 reduced by 46% and 62%, respectively, whereas heat shock protein 70 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ increased by 158% and 69%, respectively (p < 0.05), at Day 3 after CLP. These results suggest that administration of a fish oil-based emulsion has favorable effects, maintaining blood T cell percentage, downregulating Treg expression, attenuating systemic and local inflammation and offering renal protection under conditions of antibiotic-treated polymicrobial sepsis. Full article

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15 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance as Compared to Impaired Fasting Glucose

by Gijs H. Goossens^1,*, Chantalle C. M. Moors¹, Johan W. E. Jocken¹, Nynke J. Van der Zijl², Anneke Jans¹, Ellen Konings¹, Michaela Diamant^2,† and Ellen E. Blaak¹

¹ Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre⁺, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands

² Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands

^† Deceased on Date.

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030164 - 14 Mar 2016

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7214

Abstract

Altered skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism contributes to insulin resistance. Here, we compared skeletal muscle FA handling between subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12 (7 males)) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 14 (7 males)) by measuring arterio-venous [...] Read more.

Altered skeletal muscle fatty acid (FA) metabolism contributes to insulin resistance. Here, we compared skeletal muscle FA handling between subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG; n = 12 (7 males)) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 14 (7 males)) by measuring arterio-venous concentration differences across forearm muscle. [²H₂]-palmitate was infused intravenously, labeling circulating endogenous triacylglycerol (TAG) and free fatty acids (FFA), whereas [U-¹³C]-palmitate was incorporated in a high-fat mixed-meal, labeling chylomicron-TAG. Skeletal muscle biopsies were taken to determine muscle TAG, diacylglycerol (DAG), FFA, and phospholipid content, their fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and degree of saturation, and gene expression. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Net skeletal muscle glucose uptake was lower (p = 0.018) and peripheral insulin sensitivity tended to be reduced (p = 0.064) in IGT as compared to IFG subjects. Furthermore, IGT showed higher skeletal muscle extraction of VLDL-TAG (p = 0.043), higher muscle TAG content (p = 0.025), higher saturation of FFA (p = 0.004), lower saturation of TAG (p = 0.017) and a tendency towards a lower TAG FSR (p = 0.073) and a lower saturation of DAG (p = 0.059) versus IFG individuals. Muscle oxidative gene expression was lower in IGT subjects. In conclusion, increased liver-derived TAG extraction and reduced lipid turnover of saturated FA, rather than DAG content, in skeletal muscle accompany the more pronounced insulin resistance in IGT versus IFG subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes)

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30 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessReview

Micronutrients in Oncological Intervention

by Uwe Gröber^1,*, Peter Holzhauer^1,2,3, Klaus Kisters^1,4, Michael F. Holick⁵

and Irenäus A. Adamietz⁶

¹ Akademie für Mikronährstoffmedizin, Essen, Zweigertstrasse 55, 45130 Essen, Germany

² Interdisziplinäres onkologisches Zentrum (IOZ), München, Nußbaumstrasse 12, München 80336, Germany

³ Klinik Bad Trissl, Innere Medizin II-Onkologie und Komplementärmedizin, Oberaudorf 83080, Germany

⁴ St. Anna Hospital, Medizinische Klinik I, Herne, Hospitalstrasse 19, Herne 44649, Germany

⁵ Boston University Medical Center, 85 East Newton Street M-1033, Boston, MA 02118, USA

⁶ Klinik für Strahlentherapie und Radio-Onkologie, Ruhr Universität Bochum (RUB), Hölkeskampring 40, Herne 44625, Germany

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030163 - 12 Mar 2016

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 17558

Abstract

Nutritional supplements are widely used among patients with cancer who perceive them to be anticancer and antitoxicity agents. Depending on the type of malignancy and the gender 30%–90% of the cancer patients supplement their diets with antioxidant and immuno-stabilizing micronutrients, such as selenium, [...] Read more.

Nutritional supplements are widely used among patients with cancer who perceive them to be anticancer and antitoxicity agents. Depending on the type of malignancy and the gender 30%–90% of the cancer patients supplement their diets with antioxidant and immuno-stabilizing micronutrients, such as selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin D, often without the knowledge of the treating physician. From the oncological viewpoint, there are justifiable concerns that dietary supplements decrease the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent studies, however, have provided increasing evidence that treatment is tolerated better—with an increase in patient compliance and a lower rate of treatment discontinuations—when micronutrients, such as selenium, are added as appropriate to the patient’s medication. Nutritional supplementation tailored to an individual’s background diet, genetics, tumor histology, and treatments may yield benefits in subsets of patients. Clinicians should have an open dialogue with patients about nutritional supplements. Supplement advice needs to be individualized and come from a credible source, and it is best communicated by the physician. Full article

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12 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Pregnancy Weight Status Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutritional Biomarkers during Pregnancy

by Dayeon Shin, Kyung Won Lee

and Won O. Song^*

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Road, G. Malcolm Trout FSHN Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030162 - 11 Mar 2016

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 9765

Abstract

Although the positive association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity with excessive gestational weight gain is well known, it is not clear how pre-pregnancy weight status is associated with gestational weight gain through maternal diet during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the relationship [...] Read more.

Although the positive association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity with excessive gestational weight gain is well known, it is not clear how pre-pregnancy weight status is associated with gestational weight gain through maternal diet during pregnancy. This study aimed to examine the relationship between pre-pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional biomarkers during pregnancy. Our study included 795 U.S. pregnant women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2012. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and height. The cutoff points of <18.5 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 (normal), 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and 30 kg/m² (obese) were used to categorize pregnant women’s weight status. Diet quality during pregnancy was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 based on a 24-h recall. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For all pregnant women included in this study, the mean HEI-2010 (±standard error of the mean (SEM)) was 50.7 (±0.9). Women with obese pre-pregnancy BMI demonstrated significantly lower HEI-2010 compared to those with underweight and normal pre-pregnancy BMI, respectively. In an unadjusted model, women with pre-pregnancy obesity BMI had increased odds for being in the lowest tertile of HEI-2010 (33.4 ± 0.5) compared to those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI (OR 5.0; 95% CI 2.2–11.4). The inverse association between pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity status and diet quality during pregnancy persisted even after we controlled for physical activity levels (adjusted OR (AOR) 3.8; 95% CI 1.2–11.7, AOR 5.4; 95% CI 2.0–14.5, respectively). Serum folate concentration (ng/mL) was significantly higher in underweight women compared to overweight women (23.4 ± 1.7 vs. 17.0 ± 0.8, p < 0.05). Serum iron concentration (ng/dL) was significantly higher in normal weight women compared to overweight women (86.2 ± 5.0 vs. 68.9 ± 3.0, p < 0.05). An inverse association was found between pre-pregnancy weight status and diet quality and maternal nutritional biomarkers during pregnancy. Poor diet quality as measured by HEI-2010 was shown among overweight and obese women. Nutrition education and interventions need to be targeted to those women entering pregnancy as overweight and obese. Full article

15 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Diabetic Activities of Gastrodia elata Blume Water Extracts Are Mediated Mainly by Potentiating Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion and Increasing β-Cell Mass in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Animals

by Hye Jeong Yang¹, Min Jung Kim¹, Dae Young Kwon¹, Da Sol Kim², Young Hyun Lee³, Ji Eun Kim² and Sunmin Park^2,3,*

¹ Food Functional Research Division, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam 463-746, Korea

² Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Center, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea

³ Department of Nanobiomechatronics, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Korea

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030161 - 11 Mar 2016

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7467

Abstract

The brain is an important modulator of glucose metabolism, and is known to respond Gastrodia elata Blume water extract (GEB). Therefore, we examined whether long-term administration of GEB has hypoglycemic activity, and its action mechanism was explored in partially-pancreatectomized rats that exhibit similar [...] Read more.

The brain is an important modulator of glucose metabolism, and is known to respond Gastrodia elata Blume water extract (GEB). Therefore, we examined whether long-term administration of GEB has hypoglycemic activity, and its action mechanism was explored in partially-pancreatectomized rats that exhibit similar characteristics as Asian type 2 diabetes, non-obese insulin-insufficient diabetes. The rats were provided high-fat diets supplemented with either of (1) 0.5% GEB (GEB-L), (2) 2% GEB (GEB-H), (3) 2% dextrin (control), or (4) 2% dextrin with rosiglitazone (20 mg/kg body weight; positive-control) for eight weeks. GEB dose-dependently improved hypothalamic insulin signaling, enhanced whole-body insulin sensitivity during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, and reduced hepatic glucose output in a hyperinsulinemic state. GEB dose-dependently increased the area under the curve of the serum insulin levels at the first and second phases during hyperglycemic clamp compared to the control, whereas the positive control had no effect. Insulin sensitivity during the hyperglycemic state also improved, dose-dependently, in response to GEB compared with that of the control, but was less than the positive control. GEB-H increased the mass of β-cells by potentiating proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. In conclusion, GEB could be a therapeutic agent for treating Asian type 2 diabetes. Full article

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12 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Revised Australian Dietary Guideline Index and Its Association with Key Sociodemographic Factors, Health Behaviors and Body Mass Index in Peri-Retirement Aged Adults

by Maree G. Thorpe^*, Catherine M. Milte, David Crawford and Sarah A. McNaughton

Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030160 - 11 Mar 2016

Cited by 79 | Viewed by 11402

Abstract

The Dietary Guideline Index, a measure of diet quality, was updated to reflect the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. This paper describes the revision of the index (DGI-2013) and examines its use in older adults. The DGI-2013 consists of 13 components reflecting food-based daily [...] Read more.

The Dietary Guideline Index, a measure of diet quality, was updated to reflect the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines. This paper describes the revision of the index (DGI-2013) and examines its use in older adults. The DGI-2013 consists of 13 components reflecting food-based daily intake recommendations of the Australian Dietary Guidelines. In this cross-sectional study, the DGI-2013 score was calculated using dietary data collected via an 111-item food frequency questionnaire and additional food-related behaviour questions. The DGI-2013 score was examined in Australian adults (aged 55–65 years; n = 1667 men; 1801 women) according to sociodemographics, health-related behaviours and BMI. Women scored higher than men on the total DGI-2013 and all components except for dairy. Those who were from a rural area (men only), working full-time (men only), with lower education, smoked, did not meet physical activity guidelines, and who had a higher BMI, scored lower on the DGI-2013, highlighting a group of older adults at risk of poor health. The DGI-2013 is a tool for assessing compliance with the Australian Dietary Guidelines. We demonstrated associations between diet quality and a range of participant characteristics, consistent with previous literature. This suggests that the DGI-2013 continues to demonstrate convergent validity, consistent with the original Dietary Guideline Index. Full article

12 pages, 1563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimation Fat-Free Mass in the Army Cadets

by Raquel D. Langer^*

, Juliano H. Borges, Mauro A. Pascoa, Vagner X. Cirolini, Gil Guerra-Júnior

and Ezequiel M. Gonçalves

Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030121 - 11 Mar 2016

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 8352

Abstract

Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a fast, practical, non-invasive, and frequently used method for fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. The aims of this study were to validate predictive equations of BIA to FFM estimation in Army cadets and to develop and validate a [...] Read more.

Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a fast, practical, non-invasive, and frequently used method for fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. The aims of this study were to validate predictive equations of BIA to FFM estimation in Army cadets and to develop and validate a specific BIA equation for this population. Methods: A total of 396 males, Brazilian Army cadets, aged 17–24 years were included. The study used eight published predictive BIA equations, a specific equation in FFM estimation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Student’s t-test (for paired sample), linear regression analysis, and Bland–Altman method were used to test the validity of the BIA equations. Results: Predictive BIA equations showed significant differences in FFM compared to DXA (p < 0.05) and large limits of agreement by Bland–Altman. Predictive BIA equations explained 68% to 88% of FFM variance. Specific BIA equations showed no significant differences in FFM, compared to DXA values. Conclusion: Published BIA predictive equations showed poor accuracy in this sample. The specific BIA equations, developed in this study, demonstrated validity for this sample, although should be used with caution in samples with a large range of FFM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Populations)

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12 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Intake and Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Elderly Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Nicola P. Bondonno^1,*, Joshua R. Lewis^2,3,4, Richard L. Prince^4,5, Wai H. Lim^4,6, Germaine Wong^2,3, John T. Schousboe^7,8, Richard J. Woodman⁹

, Douglas P. Kiel¹⁰, Catherine P. Bondonno¹, Natalie C. Ward^1,11, Kevin D. Croft¹ and Jonathan M. Hodgson¹

¹ Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia

² Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, New South Wales, Australia

³ School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia

⁴ Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia

⁵ Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia

⁶ Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia

⁷ Park Nicollet Osteoporosis Centre and HealthPartners Institute, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA

⁸ Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA

⁹ Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia

¹⁰ Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew Senior Life, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA

¹¹ School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Western Australia, Perth 6102, Australia

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Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030159 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 10963

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There is a consistent inverse relationship between fruit intake with CVD events and mortality in cross-sectional and prospective observational studies, but the relationship of fruit intake with measurements of atherosclerosis in humans is [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There is a consistent inverse relationship between fruit intake with CVD events and mortality in cross-sectional and prospective observational studies, but the relationship of fruit intake with measurements of atherosclerosis in humans is less clear. Nutritional effects on abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), a marker for subclinical intimal and medial atherosclerotic vascular disease, have not been studied previously. The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional relationship of total and individual fruit (apple, pear, orange and other citrus, and banana) intake with AAC, scored between 0 and 24. The current study assessed baseline data for a cohort of 1052 women over 70 years of age who completed both a food frequency questionnaire assessing fruit intake, and underwent AAC measurement using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. AAC scores were significantly negatively correlated with total fruit and apple intakes (p < 0.05), but not with pear, orange or banana intakes (p > 0.25). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression, each standard deviation (SD; 50 g/day) increase in apple intake was associated with a 24% lower odds of having severe AAC (AAC score >5) (odd ratio OR): 0.76 (0.62, 0.93), p = 0.009). Total and other individual fruit intake were not associated with increased odds of having severe AAC. Apple but not total or other fruit intake is independently negatively associated with AAC in older women. Full article

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19 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Indicators Are Independently Associated with Nutrient Intake in French Adults: A DEDIPAC Study

by Wendy Si Hassen^1,*, Katia Castetbon^2,3, Philippe Cardon^4,5, Christophe Enaux⁶, Mary Nicolaou⁷

, Nanna Lien⁸, Laura Terragni⁹, Michelle Holdsworth¹⁰

, Karien Stronks¹¹, Serge Hercberg^1,2,12

and Caroline Méjean¹

¹ U1153 National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1125 National Institute for Agricultural Research, National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 13 University, Paris 7 and 5, Bobigny 93017 Cedex, France

² Department of Chronic Diseases and Injuries, French Institute for Health Surveillance, Nutritional Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 13 University, Bobigny 93017 Cedex, France

³ School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles B-1070, Belgium

⁴ National Institute for Agricultural Research, UR 1303 ALISS, Ivry sur Seine 94200, France

⁵ Lille 3 University—EA CeRies, Villeneuve-d’Ascq 59650, France

⁶ University of Strasburg, UMR LIVE 7362, Strasbourg 67000, France

⁷ Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1100DD, The Netherlands

⁸ Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway

⁹ Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0130, Norway

¹⁰ Public Health section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK

¹¹ Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1100 DD, The Netherlands

¹² Department of Public Health, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny 93300, France

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Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030158 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 9007

Abstract

Studies have suggested differential associations of specific indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) with nutrient intake and a cumulative effect of these indicators on diet. We investigated the independent association of SEP indicators (education, income, occupation) with nutrient intake and their effect modification. This [...] Read more.

Studies have suggested differential associations of specific indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) with nutrient intake and a cumulative effect of these indicators on diet. We investigated the independent association of SEP indicators (education, income, occupation) with nutrient intake and their effect modification. This cross-sectional analysis included 91,900 French adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Nutrient intake was estimated using three 24-h records. We investigated associations between the three SEP factors and nutrient intake using sex-stratified analysis of covariance, adjusted for age and energy intake, and associations between income and nutrient intake stratified by education and occupation. Low educated participants had higher protein and cholesterol intakes and lower fibre, vitamin C and beta-carotene intakes. Low income individuals had higher complex carbohydrate intakes, and lower magnesium, potassium, folate and vitamin C intakes. Intakes of vitamin D and alcohol were lower in low occupation individuals. Higher income was associated with higher intakes of fibre, protein, magnesium, potassium, beta-carotene, and folate among low educated persons only, highlighting effect modification. Lower SEP, particularly low education, was associated with lower intakes of nutrients required for a healthy diet. Each SEP indicator was associated with specific differences in nutrient intake suggesting that they underpin different social processes. Full article

16 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diagnosing and Treating Intolerance to Carbohydrates in Children

by Roberto Berni Canani^1,2,3,*, Vincenza Pezzella¹, Antonio Amoroso¹, Tommaso Cozzolino¹, Carmen Di Scala¹ and Annalisa Passariello¹

¹ Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy

² European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy

³ CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030157 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 26302

Abstract

Intolerance to carbohydrates is relatively common in childhood, but still poorly recognized and managed. Over recent years it has come to the forefront because of progresses in our knowledge on the mechanisms and treatment of these conditions. Children with intolerance to carbohydrates often [...] Read more.

Intolerance to carbohydrates is relatively common in childhood, but still poorly recognized and managed. Over recent years it has come to the forefront because of progresses in our knowledge on the mechanisms and treatment of these conditions. Children with intolerance to carbohydrates often present with unexplained signs and symptoms. Here, we examine the most up-to-date research on these intolerances, discuss controversies relating to the diagnostic approach, including the role of molecular analysis, and provide new insights into modern management in the pediatric age, including the most recent evidence for correct dietary treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lactose Intolerance: Biology, Genetics and Dietary Management)

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23 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Liver Cancer

by Yue Zhou¹, Ya Li¹, Tong Zhou¹, Jie Zheng¹, Sha Li³ and Hua-Bin Li^1,2,*

¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China

² South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China

³ School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030156 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 242 | Viewed by 27115

Abstract

Liver cancer is the most common malignancy of the digestive system with high death rate. Accumulating evidences suggests that many dietary natural products are potential sources for prevention and treatment of liver cancer, such as grapes, black currant, plum, pomegranate, cruciferous vegetables, French [...] Read more.

Liver cancer is the most common malignancy of the digestive system with high death rate. Accumulating evidences suggests that many dietary natural products are potential sources for prevention and treatment of liver cancer, such as grapes, black currant, plum, pomegranate, cruciferous vegetables, French beans, tomatoes, asparagus, garlic, turmeric, ginger, soy, rice bran, and some edible macro-fungi. These dietary natural products and their active components could affect the development and progression of liver cancer in various ways, such as inhibiting tumor cell growth and metastasis, protecting against liver carcinogens, immunomodulating and enhancing effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the potential prevention and treatment activities of dietary natural products and their major bioactive constituents on liver cancer, and discusses possible mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Promoting Components of Fruits and Vegetables in Human Health)

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17 pages, 2588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus fermentum Suo Attenuates HCl/Ethanol Induced Gastric Injury in Mice through Its Antioxidant Effects

by Huayi Suo^1,2,†, Xin Zhao^3,4,5,†

, Yu Qian^3,4,5,†, Peng Sun^3,4,5, Kai Zhu^3,4,5, Jian Li^6,* and Baozhong Sun^1,*

¹ Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China

² College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

³ Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China

⁴ Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China

⁵ Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China

⁶ Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China

^† These authors contributed equally to this work.

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030155 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 8530

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Suo (LF-Suo) on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury in ICR (Institute for Cancer Research) mice and explain the mechanism of these effects through the molecular biology activities of LF-Suo. The [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to determine the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Suo (LF-Suo) on HCl/ethanol induced gastric injury in ICR (Institute for Cancer Research) mice and explain the mechanism of these effects through the molecular biology activities of LF-Suo. The studied mice were divided into four groups: healthy, injured, LF-Suo-L and LF-Suo-H group. After the LF-Suo intragastric administration, the gastric injury area was reduced compared to the injured group. The serum MOT (motilin), SP (substance P), ET (endothelin) levels of LF-Suo treated mice were lower, and SS (somatostatin), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) levels were higher than the injured group mice. The cytokine IL-6 (interleukin 6), IL-12 (interleukin 12), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ) serum levels were decreased after the LF-Suo treatment. The gastric tissues SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), NO (nitric oxide) and activities of LF-Suo treated mice were increased and MDA (malondialdehyde) activity was decreased compared to the injured group mice. By the RT-PCR assay, LF-Suo raised the occludin, EGF (epidermal growth factor), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), Fit-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), IκB-α (inhibitor kappaB-α), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase), Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT (catalase) mRNA or protein expressions and reduced the COX-2, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappaB), and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expressions in gastric tissues compared to the gastric injured group mice. A high concentration (1.0 × 10⁹ CFU/kg b.w.) of LF-Suo treatment showed stronger anti-gastric injury effects compared to a low concentration of (0.5 × 10⁹ CFU/kg b.w.) of LF-Suo treatment. LF-Suo also showed strong survival in pH 3.0 man-made gastric juice and hydrophobic properties. These results indicate that LF-Suo has potential use as probiotics for its gastric injury treatment effects. Full article

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13 pages, 2337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sources of Caffeine in Diets of US Children and Adults: Trends by Beverage Type and Purchase Location

by Adam Drewnowski^* and Colin D. Rehm

Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030154 - 10 Mar 2016

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 19769

Abstract

New sources of caffeine, besides coffee and tea, have been introduced into the US food supply. Data on caffeine consumption age and purchase location can help guide public health policy. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to estimate population-level caffeine [...] Read more.

New sources of caffeine, besides coffee and tea, have been introduced into the US food supply. Data on caffeine consumption age and purchase location can help guide public health policy. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to estimate population-level caffeine intakes, using data from 24-h dietary recall. First, caffeine intakes by age-group and beverage type were estimated using the most recent 2011–2012 data (n = 7456). Second, fourteen years trends in caffeine consumption, overall and by beverage type, were evaluated for adults and children. Trend analyses were conducted by age groups. Last, trends in caffeine intakes by purchase location and beverage type were estimated. In 2011–2012, children aged four to eight years consumed the least caffeine (15 mg/day), and adults aged 51–70 years consumed the most (213 mg/day). The population mean (age ≥ four years) was 135 mg/day, driven largely by coffee (90 mg/day), tea (25 mg/day), and soda (21 mg/day). For the 14–19 years and 20–34 years age-groups, energy drinks contributed 6 mg/day (9.9%) and 5 mg/day (4.5%), respectively. The bulk of caffeine came from store-bought coffee and tea. Among both children and adults combined, caffeine intakes declined from 175 mg/day (1999–2000) to 142 mg/day (2011–2012), largely driven by a drop in caffeine from soda (41 mg/day to 21 mg/day). Store-bought coffee and tea remain principal drivers of caffeine intake in the US. Sodas and energy drinks make minor contributions to overall caffeine intakes. Full article

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8 pages, 1434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Maintains Muscle Electromyographic Activity and Increases Time to Exhaustion during Moderate but not High-Intensity Cycling Exercise

by Victor José Bastos-Silva¹, Alan De Albuquerque Melo¹, Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva², Felipe Arruda Moura³

, Rômulo Bertuzzi⁴ and Gustavo Gomes De Araujo^1,*

¹ Research Group Applied to Sport Science—GPCAE, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió-AL 57072-900, Brazil

² Sport Science Research Group—GPCE, Federal University of Pernambuco, Alto do Reservatório street, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão-PE 608-680, Brazil

³ Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, State University of Londrina, Avenue Gil de Abreu e Souza, 2335, Unidade 1121, Esperança, Londrina 86058-100, Brazil

⁴ Endurance Performance Research Group, University of São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Mello de Morais, 65, São Paulo SP 05508-030, Brazil

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030049 - 9 Mar 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8174

Abstract

The aim was to investigate the influence of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) electromyographic activity (EMG) and time to exhaustion (TE) during moderate (MIE) and high-intensity cycling exercise (HIE). Thirteen participants cycled at 80% [...] Read more.

The aim was to investigate the influence of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) electromyographic activity (EMG) and time to exhaustion (TE) during moderate (MIE) and high-intensity cycling exercise (HIE). Thirteen participants cycled at 80% of their respiratory compensation point and at 110% of their peak power output to the point of exhaustion. Before the trials and every 15 min during MIE, participants rinsed with the CHO or Placebo (PLA) solutions. The root mean square was calculated. CHO had no effect on the TE during HIE (CHO: 177.3 ± 42.2 s; PLA: 163.0 ± 26.7 s, p = 0.10), but the TE was increased during MIE (CHO: 76.6 ± 19.7 min; PLA: 65.4 ± 15.2 min; p = 0.01). The EMG activity in the VL was higher than PLA at 30 min (CHO: 10.5% ± 2.6%; PLA: 7.7% ± 3.3%; p = 0.01) and before exhaustion (CHO: 10.3% ± 2.5%; PLA: 8.0% ± 2.9%; p = 0.01) with CHO rinsing. There was no CHO effect on the EMG activity of RF during MIE or for VL and RF during HIE. CHO mouth rinse maintains EMG activity and enhances performance for MIE but not for HIE. Full article

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10 pages, 821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health-Care Costs, Glycemic Control and Nutritional Status in Malnourished Older Diabetics Treated with a Hypercaloric Diabetes-Specific Enteral Nutritional Formula

by Alejandro Sanz-Paris^1,*, Diana Boj-Carceller¹, Beatriz Lardies-Sanchez¹, Leticia Perez-Fernandez¹ and Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft²

¹ Nutrition Unit, Universitary Hospital Miguel Servet, Isabel the Catholic 1-3, Zaragoza 50009, Spain

² Geriatric Department, Universitary Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal de Sanitary Investigation Institution (IRYCIS), Madrid 28034, Spain

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030153 - 9 Mar 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 7951

Abstract

Diabetes-specific formulas are an effective alternative for providing nutrients and maintaining glycemic control. This study assesses the effect of treatment with an oral enteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diabetes-specific formula (HDSF) for one year, on health-care resources use, health-care costs, glucose control and [...] Read more.

Diabetes-specific formulas are an effective alternative for providing nutrients and maintaining glycemic control. This study assesses the effect of treatment with an oral enteral nutrition with a hypercaloric diabetes-specific formula (HDSF) for one year, on health-care resources use, health-care costs, glucose control and nutritional status, in 93 type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) malnourished patients. Changes in health-care resources use and health-care costs were collected the year before and during the year of intervention. Glucose status and nutritional laboratory parameters were analyzed at baseline and one-year after the administration of HDSF. The administration of HDSF was significantly associated with a reduced use of health-care resources, fewer hospital admissions (54.7%; p < 0.001), days spent at hospital (64.1%; p < 0.001) and emergency visits (57.7%; p < 0.001). Health-care costs were reduced by 65.6% (p < 0.001) during the intervention. Glycemic control (short- and long-term) and the need of pharmacological treatment did not change, while some nutritional parameters were improved at one year (albumin: +10.6%, p < 0.001; hemoglobin: +6.4%, p = 0.026). In conclusion, using HDSF in malnourished older type-2 diabetic patients may allow increasing energy intake while maintaining glucose control and improving nutritional parameters. The use of health-care resources and costs were significantly reduced during the nutritional intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Older People)

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11 pages, 241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Folic Acid Fortified Flour for Prevention of Neural Tube Defects in a High Risk Region

by Haochen Wang¹, Hans De Steur²

, Gong Chen¹, Xiaotian Zhang¹, Lijun Pei¹, Xavier Gellynck² and Xiaoying Zheng^1,*

¹ Institute of Population Research/WHO Collaborating Center on Reproductive Health and Population Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

² Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bio-Science engineering, Ghent University. Ghent 9000, Belgium

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030152 - 9 Mar 2016

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7983

Abstract

Despite efforts to tackle folate deficiency and Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) through folic acid fortification, its implementation is still lacking where it is needed most, highlighting the need for studies that evaluate the effectiveness of folic acid fortified wheat flour in a poor, [...] Read more.

Despite efforts to tackle folate deficiency and Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) through folic acid fortification, its implementation is still lacking where it is needed most, highlighting the need for studies that evaluate the effectiveness of folic acid fortified wheat flour in a poor, rural, high-risk, NTD region of China. One of the most affected regions, Shanxi Province, was selected as a case study. A community intervention was carried out in which 16,648 women of child-bearing age received fortified flour (eight villages) and a control group received ordinary flour (three villages). NTD birth prevalence and biological indicators were measured two years after program initiation at endline only. The effect on the NTD burden was calculated using the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) method. In the intervention group, serum folate level was higher than in the control group. NTDs in the intervention group were 68.2% lower than in the control group (OR = 0.313, 95% CI = 0.207–0473, p < 0.001). In terms of DALYs, burden in intervention group was approximately 58.5% lower than in the control group. Flour fortification was associated with lower birth prevalence and burden of NTDs in economically developing regions with a high risk of NTDs. The positive findings confirm the potential of fortification when selecting an appropriate food vehicle and target region. As such, this study provides support for decision makers aiming for the implementation of (mandatory) folic acid fortification in China. Full article

14 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evaluation of Effects of Chronic Resveratrol Supplementation on Cerebrovascular Function, Cognition, Mood, Physical Function and General Well-Being in Postmenopausal Women—Rationale and Study Design

by Hamish Michael Evans, Peter Ranald Charles Howe

and Rachel Heloise Xiwen Wong^*

Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030150 - 9 Mar 2016

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9501

Abstract

Background: This methodological paper presents both a scientific rationale and a methodological approach for investigating the effects of resveratrol supplementation on mood and cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, which may be at [...] Read more.

Background: This methodological paper presents both a scientific rationale and a methodological approach for investigating the effects of resveratrol supplementation on mood and cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, which may be at least partly due to loss of beneficial effects of estrogen on the cerebrovasculature. We hypothesise that resveratrol, a phytoestrogen, may counteract this risk by enhancing cerebrovascular function and improving regional blood flow in response to cognitive demands. A clinical trial was designed to test this hypothesis. Method: Healthy postmenopausal women were recruited to participate in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled (parallel comparison) dietary intervention trial to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation (75 mg twice daily) on cognition, cerebrovascular responsiveness to cognitive tasks and overall well-being. They performed the following tests at baseline and after 14 weeks of supplementation: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Cambridge Semantic Memory Battery, the Double Span and the Trail Making Task. Cerebrovascular function was assessed simultaneously by monitoring blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Conclusion: This trial provides a model approach to demonstrate that, by optimising circulatory function in the brain, resveratrol and other vasoactive nutrients may enhance mood and cognition and ameliorate the risk of developing dementia in postmenopausal women and other at-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Resveratrol Regional Meeting 2015)

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13 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin Status among Breastfed Infants in Bhaktapur, Nepal

by Manjeswori Ulak^1,*, Ram K. Chandyo², Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman^3,4, Sigrun Henjum⁵

, Per M. Ueland⁶, Øivind Midttun⁷, Prakash S. Shrestha¹, Wafaie W. Fawzi^3,8, Lauren Graybill⁸ and Tor A. Strand^2,9

¹ Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, P.O. Box 1524, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal

² Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway

³ Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁴ World Fish, Malaysia, GPO 10670, Bayan Lepas, Penang 11960, Malaysia

⁵ Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway

⁶ Section for Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway

⁷ Bevital AS, c/o Helse Bergen, Jonas Lies veg 87, 5020 Bergen, Norway

⁸ Department of Epidemiology and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA

⁹ Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2629 Lillehammer, Norway

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030149 - 8 Mar 2016

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 7727

Abstract

Vitamin deficiencies are known to be common among infants residing in low- and middle-income countries but relatively few studies have assessed several biochemical parameters simultaneously. The objective of the study was to describe the status of vitamins (A, D, E, B₆, [...] Read more.

Vitamin deficiencies are known to be common among infants residing in low- and middle-income countries but relatively few studies have assessed several biochemical parameters simultaneously. The objective of the study was to describe the status of vitamins (A, D, E, B₆, B₁₂ and folate) in breastfed infants. We measured the plasma concentrations of trans retinol, 25 hydroxy vitamin D, α-tocopherol, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, hemoglobin and C-reactive protein from 467 randomly selected infants. One in five (22%) was deficient in at least one vitamin. Mean (SD) plasma folate concentration was 73 (35) nmol/L, and no infant in the sample was folate deficient. Vitamin B₆ deficiency and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was found in 22% and 17% of the infants, respectively. Elevated plasma methylmalonic acid or total homocysteine concentration was found in 82% and 62% of infants, respectively. Fifteen percent of infants were vitamin A deficient and 65% were marginally deficient in vitamin A. Fewer than 5% of infants had low plasma vitamin D concentration or vitamin E concentration (α-tocopherol <9.3 µmol/L). Our results illustrate the importance of continued supplementation campaigns and support the expansion of food fortification and dietary diversification programs that target children and women in Nepal. Full article

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11 pages, 235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of an Oil and Wheat Flour Fortification Program on Pre-School Children and Women of Reproductive Age Living in Côte d’Ivoire, a Malaria-Endemic Area

by Fabian Rohner^1,2,*

, Giovanna Raso^3,4,5, Sassor Odile P. Aké-Tano^6,7, Andreas B. Tschannen^3,†, Christopher Guy Nicholas Mascie-Taylor⁸ and Christine A. Northrop-Clewes²

¹ GroundWork LLC, 40 b Les Landes, Crans-près-Céligny 1299, Switzerland

² Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), PO Box 55, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

³ Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, PO Box 1303, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

⁴ Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box, Basel 4002, Switzerland

⁵ University of Basel, PO Box, Basel 4003, Switzerland

⁶ Institut National de Santé Publique, PO Box V 47, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

⁷ UFR des Sciences Médicales, Université Félix Houphouet-Boigny, PO Box V 34, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

⁸ Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG, UK

^† Currently affiliated with Barry Callebaut AG, Pfingstweidstrasse 60, Zürich 8005, Switzerland

Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030148 - 7 Mar 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7705

Abstract

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in [...] Read more.

Anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, but the impact of food fortification is still debated. The objective of this study was to estimate the iron and vitamin A status of preschool children (PSC) and women of reproductive age (WRA) in households consuming fortified oil and wheat flour. The survey was cross-sectional in a rural and an urban area. Data on demographics, socioeconomic status, and fortified foods were collected at households. Hemoglobin (Hb), retinol binding protein (RBP), ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), subclinical inflammation, and Plasmodium spp. infection data were collected. In PSC, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was prevalent, but for each 1 mg retinol equivalents (RE)/kg of oil consumed, RBP increased by 0.37 μmol/L (p = 0.03). In WRA, there was no significant VAD in the population (0.7%). Anemia was found in 92.2% of rural and 56.3% of urban PSC (p < 0.001). PSC with access to adequately fortified flour had Hb concentrations 15.7 g/L higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Hb levels increased by +0.238 g/L per mg/kg increase in iron fortification levels (p < 0.001). The national program fortifying vegetable oil with vitamin A and wheat flour with iron and folic acid may have contributed to improved micronutrient status of PSC from two areas in Côte d’Ivoire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fortification to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies)

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Nutrients, Volume 8, Issue 3 (March 2016) – 70 articles

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