Nutrients

15 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Behaviors and Skin Carotenoids in Pregnant Women: The Moderating Influence of Depressive Symptoms and Income

by Lenka H. Shriver, Jessica M. Dollar, Mali Hosseinzadeh, Cheryl Buehler, Laurie Wideman and Esther M. Leerkes

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040739 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Background: Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is critical for optimizing pregnancy outcomes. Several socio-demographic factors are associated with FV intake, but less is known about behavioral and mental health correlates. Furthermore, existing knowledge is largely based on self-reported FV intake. The current [...] Read more.

Background: Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is critical for optimizing pregnancy outcomes. Several socio-demographic factors are associated with FV intake, but less is known about behavioral and mental health correlates. Furthermore, existing knowledge is largely based on self-reported FV intake. The current cross-sectional study examined depressive symptoms and income as moderators of the association between eating behaviors and skin carotenoids (FV status biomarker) in pregnancy. Methods: Participants living in an urban area of the south-astern part of the U.S. (N = 299) and who were in their third trimester of pregnancy were recruited for lab visits between 2019 and 2022 and completed the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. FV status was assessed using a pressure-mediated reflection spectroscopy to determine skin carotenoids. Hypotheses were tested via multiple regression. Results: There was an interaction between dietary restraint and depressive symptomatology such that greater restraint predicted higher skin carotenoids at low levels of depressive but not high levels. There was an interaction between restrained eating and family income in predicting skin carotenoids that was significant at high- but not low-income level. External and emotional eating did not predict skin carotenoids. Conclusions: Restrained eating might positively influence skin carotenoids during pregnancy. However, those who suffer from higher levels of depressive symptoms and/or live in lower-income households face additional barriers that might impede FV status. Further research is warranted to advance our understanding of the interplay between mental health, restrained eating and income on FV status in pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Dining-Out Habits Among Beijing Residents: A Case of Fast Food

by Zhishan Liu, Wenqiang Chen, Aoran Cui, Kaibiao Gu and Shijun Lu

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040738 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

Background: With the continuous elevation of living standards, dining-out behavior has become increasingly prevalent among urban residents. The acceleration of lifestyle rhythms has prompted fast food to emerge as a frequently considered dietary option for urban residents when dining out. This study [...] Read more.

Background: With the continuous elevation of living standards, dining-out behavior has become increasingly prevalent among urban residents. The acceleration of lifestyle rhythms has prompted fast food to emerge as a frequently considered dietary option for urban residents when dining out. This study aims to investigate the current status and characteristics of dining-out habits for fast-food consumption among urban residents in Beijing. Methods: Urban residents in Beijing were selected using a stratified sampling method to survey restaurants. A database of fast-food items was created, and data were collected through a combination of field observations and qualitative interviews. Nutrient intake from fast food was systematically analyzed. Results: Residents consuming fast food while dining out exhibited high per-meal energy intake (737.5 kcal) and protein (44.8 g) consumption; however, the intakes of vitamin A (147.6 μg RAE), vitamin C (22 mg), vitamin E (3.2 mg), and calcium (89.5 mg) were inadequate. Western fast-food meals had higher protein (57.2 g) and sodium (251.5 mg) content compared to Chinese fast food. Conclusions: This study provides essential data to guide urban residents toward rational dining choices, offering key insights for the fast-food industry to develop balanced meal options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Dietary Assessment)

19 pages, 3729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Alters Gut Microbiome in Mice with Obesity-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy

by Mohamed H. Noureldein, Amy E. Rumora, Samuel J. Teener, Diana M. Rigan, John M. Hayes, Faye E. Mendelson, Andrew D. Carter, Whitney G. Rubin, Masha G. Savelieff and Eva L. Feldman

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040737 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background: Peripheral neuropathy (PN), a complication of diabetes and obesity, progresses through a complex pathophysiology. Lifestyle interventions to manage systemic metabolism are recommended to prevent or slow PN, given the multifactorial risks of diabetes and obesity. A high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty [...] Read more.

Background: Peripheral neuropathy (PN), a complication of diabetes and obesity, progresses through a complex pathophysiology. Lifestyle interventions to manage systemic metabolism are recommended to prevent or slow PN, given the multifactorial risks of diabetes and obesity. A high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) induces PN, which a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) rescues, independent of weight loss, suggesting factors beyond systemic metabolism impact nerve health. Interest has grown in gut microbiome mechanisms in PN, which is characterized by a distinct microbiota signature that correlates with sciatic nerve lipidome. Methods: Herein, we postulated that SFA- versus MUFA-rich diet would impact gut microbiome composition and correlate with PN development. To assess causality, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from donor mice fed SFA- versus MUFA-rich diet to lean recipient mice and assessed metabolic and PN phenotypes. Results: We found that the SFA-rich diet altered the microbiome community structure, which the MUFA-rich diet partially reversed. PN metrics correlated with several microbial families, some containing genera with feasible mechanisms of action for microbiome-mediated effects on PN. SFA and MUFA FMT did not impact metabolic phenotypes in recipient mice although SFA FMT marginally induced motor PN. Conclusions: The involvement of diet-mediated changes in the microbiome on PN and gut–nerve axis may warrant further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Gut Microbiota and Obesity)

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14 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gestational Weight Gain as a Modifiable Risk Factor in Women with Extreme Pregestational BMI

by Chiara Lubrano, Federica Locati, Francesca Parisi, Gaia Maria Anelli, Manuela Wally Ossola and Irene Cetin

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040736 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

The global rise in obesity presents serious concerns, particularly due to its association with pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and fetal macrosomia. Maternal obesity also contributes to intergenerational health risks, increasing the likelihood of long-term issues in offspring. Preconception [...] Read more.

The global rise in obesity presents serious concerns, particularly due to its association with pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and fetal macrosomia. Maternal obesity also contributes to intergenerational health risks, increasing the likelihood of long-term issues in offspring. Preconception counseling is an essential preventive measure to reduce complications; however, many women miss this opportunity due to unplanned pregnancies. This study explores the impact of pregestational body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on pregnancy outcomes, underscoring the importance of routine monitoring of these parameters. Existing studies identify both BMI and GWG as independent risk factors for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, with elevated BMI combined with excessive GWG posing an even greater risk. Specifically, a BMI > 30 kg/m² doubles the risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and cesarean delivery. Additionally, a review of national and international guidelines highlights a lack of consensus on managing gestational weight gain in women with obesity, particularly regarding antepartum surveillance and timing of delivery. Similarly, no specific guidelines have been established for underweight pregnant women. Additionally, few studies have thoroughly assessed the maternal and fetal risks associated with underweight during pregnancy. Despite this, numerous studies have highlighted an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. This narrative review emphasizes the need for further research to develop tailored guidelines for managing pregnant women based on pregestational BMI, ultimately improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Diet, Body Composition and Offspring Health)

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19 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Contributing to Breastfeeding Cessation Among Arab Women in Israel

by Mahdi Tarabeih, Mohammad Sabbah, Orsan Yahya, Sana Bisharat and Khaled Awawdi

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040735 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding provides significant health benefits for both infants and mothers, but many women discontinue earlier than recommended. This study investigates the factors contributing to early breastfeeding cessation among Arab women in Israel, focusing on multiple factors, such as socio-demographic, work-related, cultural, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding provides significant health benefits for both infants and mothers, but many women discontinue earlier than recommended. This study investigates the factors contributing to early breastfeeding cessation among Arab women in Israel, focusing on multiple factors, such as socio-demographic, work-related, cultural, and religious, impacting breastfeeding duration and shaping breastfeeding practices. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 349 Arab women, 65% of whom were Muslim and 35% Christian. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify key predictors of breastfeeding cessation. Results: Findings showed that Christian Arab women were more likely to stop breastfeeding earlier than their Muslim counterparts. Mothers with four or more children and those balancing work demands were at higher risk of early cessation. Contrary to expectations, higher levels of religiosity were associated with a greater likelihood of stopping breastfeeding. Additionally, mothers who received personal breastfeeding guidance were more likely to discontinue, suggesting potential gaps in the quality of support provided. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of tailoring interventions to address the unique cultural and socio-economic challenges faced by Arab women in Israel. Recommendations include improving breastfeeding guidance quality, workplace support for breastfeeding mothers, and culturally sensitive interventions that consider the role of religiosity and family dynamics. This research provides valuable insights for healthcare providers and policymakers aiming to promote sustained breastfeeding practices in diverse populations. The study highlights the complexity of factors affecting breastfeeding cessation among Arab women in Israel, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions that address socio-demographic, cultural, and religious influences to promote sustained breastfeeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Personalized and Sustainable Nutrition for Children and Adolescents: An Important Step for the 2030 Agenda)

14 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age Difference in the Association Between Nutritional Status and Dynapenia in Older Adults

by Chih-Ching Chang, Ting-Fu Lai, Jiaren Chen, Yung Liao, Jong-Hwan Park and Yen-Jung Chang

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040734 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Background: Although nutritional status plays a critical role in maintaining muscle strength, limited evidence exists regarding its association with dynapenia. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between different nutritional statuses and dynapenia among Taiwanese older adults, and assessed whether age modifies this [...] Read more.

Background: Although nutritional status plays a critical role in maintaining muscle strength, limited evidence exists regarding its association with dynapenia. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between different nutritional statuses and dynapenia among Taiwanese older adults, and assessed whether age modifies this relationship. Methods: In this study, we enrolled individuals aged 65 years and older living in community settings through convenience sampling from 2020 to 2021, following a cross-sectional design. The Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) was used to assess whether the participants were at nutritional risk. Standardized assessments measured muscle strength (handgrip measurement), physical performance (6 m walking test), and muscle mass (bioelectrical impedance analysis) to confirm dynapenia classifications. The interaction terms were tested using likelihood ratio tests to examine for dynapenia between nutritional status and age. For overall sample and subgroup analyses, binary logistic regression was employed. Results: Among 211 participants (mean age: 80.7 ± 7.1 years), after adjusting for potential confounders, those at nutritional risk (OR: 3.11; 95% CI: 1.31–7.36) were positively associated with dynapenia, whereas higher MNA-SF scores (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93) were negatively associated. Interactions regarding dynapenia were observed between nutritional status and age group (p = 0.014), with nutritional risk significantly associated with dynapenia only in the old–old group (≥75 years) (OR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.39–12.15). Conclusions: Age is a potential moderator of nutritional status and dynapenia among older populations. Nutritional status appeared to be more profound in the old–old group in terms of the risk of dynapenia. These findings offer insights for monitoring nutritional status and implementing targeted interventions to prevent dynapenia in those aged over 75 years. Future studies using prospective designs should explore the underlying mechanisms linking nutritional status to dynapenia and assess the effectiveness of nutritional interventions in preventing muscle strength decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies for Prevention of Geriatric Diseases and Exploring the Mechanism of Aging)

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19 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moderate Highland Barley Intake Affects Anti-Fatigue Capacity in Mice via Metabolism, Anti-Oxidative Effects and Gut Microbiota

by Liangxing Zhao, Qingyu Zhao, Sameh Sharafeldin, Luman Sang, Chao Wang, Yong Xue and Qun Shen

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040733 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

Objectives: this study aimed to explore the effects of different intake levels (20–80%) of highland barley on the anti-fatigue capacity of ICR mice, focusing on energy metabolism, metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and changes in the gut microbiota. Methods: male ICR mice were assigned [...] Read more.

Objectives: this study aimed to explore the effects of different intake levels (20–80%) of highland barley on the anti-fatigue capacity of ICR mice, focusing on energy metabolism, metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress, and changes in the gut microbiota. Methods: male ICR mice were assigned to five groups: control (normal diet) and four experimental groups with highland barley supplementation at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of total dietary energy. Anti-fatigue performance was assessed by behavioral experiments (rotarod, running, and exhaustive swimming tests), biochemical markers, and gut microbiota analysis. Results: the results showed that moderate supplementation (20%) significantly enhanced exercise endurance and anti-fatigue capacity, as evidenced by increased liver glycogen (134.48%), muscle glycogen (87.75%), ATP content (92.07%), Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity (48.39%), and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (103.31%), catalase (87.75%), glutathione peroxidase (81.14%). Post-exercise accumulation of blood lactate, quadriceps muscle lactate, serum urea nitrogen, and the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde was significantly reduced, with differences of 31.52%, 21.83%, 21.72%, and 33.76%, respectively. Additionally, 20% supplementation promoted the growth of beneficial gut microbiota associated with anti-fatigue effects, including unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, g_norank_f_Peptococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Colidextribacter, and Turicibacter. However, when intake reached 60% or more, anti-fatigue effects diminished, with decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, increased accumulation of metabolic waste, and a rise in potentially harmful microbiota (Allobaculum, Desulfovibrio, and norank_f_norank_o_RF39). Conclusions: moderate highland barley supplementation (20% of total dietary energy) enhances anti-fatigue capacity, while excessive intake (≥60%) may have adverse effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Grains on Human Health)

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15 pages, 510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Obesity: An Observational Study

by Juan Carlos Lopez-Delgado, Laura Sanchez-Ales, Jose Luis Flordelis-Lasierra, Esther Mor-Marco, M Luisa Bordeje-Laguna, Esther Portugal-Rodriguez, Carol Lorencio-Cardenas, Paula Vera-Artazcoz, Sara Aldunate-Calvo, Beatriz Llorente-Ruiz, Rayden Iglesias-Rodriguez, Diana Monge-Donaire, Juan Francisco Martinez-Carmona, Rosa Gastaldo-Simeón, Lidón Mateu-Campos, Maria Gero-Escapa, Laura Almorin-Gonzalvez, Beatriz Nieto-Martino, Clara Vaquerizo-Alonso, Teodoro Grau-Carmona, Javier Trujillano-Cabello, Lluis Servia-Goixart and the ENPIC Study Group Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040732 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background: Critically ill patients with obesity (PwO) have anthropometric characteristics that can be associated with different nutritional-metabolic requirements than other critically ill patients. However, recommendations regarding nutrition delivery in PwO are not clearly established among the different published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Our [...] Read more.

Background: Critically ill patients with obesity (PwO) have anthropometric characteristics that can be associated with different nutritional-metabolic requirements than other critically ill patients. However, recommendations regarding nutrition delivery in PwO are not clearly established among the different published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Our main aim was to evaluate the impact of energy and protein intake in critically ill PwO. Methods: A multicenter (n = 37) prospective observational study was performed. Adult patients requiring medical nutrition therapy (MNT) were included, and PwO (BMI ≥ 30 Kg·m⁻²) were analyzed. Demographic data, comorbidities, nutritional status, and the average caloric and protein delivery administered in the first 14 days, including complications and outcomes, were recorded in a database. Patients were classified and analyzed based on the adequacy of energy and protein intake according to CPG recommendations. Results: 525 patients were included, of whom 150 (28.6%) had obesity. The energy delivery was considered inadequate (<11 Kcal/Kg/d) in 30.7% (n = 46) and adequate (≥11 Kcal/Kg/d) in 69.3% (n = 104) of cases. PwO who received adequate energy delivery had greater use of the parenteral route and longer mean hospital stays (28.6 ± 26.1 vs. 39.3 ± 28.1; p = 0.01) but lower ICU mortality (32.6% vs. 16.5%; p = 0.02). Protein delivery was inadequate (<0.8 g/Kg/d) in 63.3% (n = 95), insufficient (0.8–1.2 g/Kg/d) in 31.33% (n = 47), and adequate (≥1.2 g/Kg/d) in only 5.4% (n = 8) of patients. PwO with inadequate protein delivery—compared with insufficient delivery—had higher use of the parenteral route and lower mortality in the ICU (25.5% vs. 14.9%; p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that PwO who received adequate energy delivery (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.398; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.180–0.882; p = 0.023) had better survival, while patients with insufficient protein delivery (HR: 0.404; CI 95%: 0.171–0.955; p = 0.038) had better survival than those with inadequate delivery. Conclusion: PwO can frequently receive inadequate energy and protein delivery from MNT during an ICU stay, which may impact the short-term mortality of these critically ill patients. It is emerging to develop strategies to optimize MNT delivery in these patients, which may improve their outcomes. NCT Registry: 03634943. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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8 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Dietary Protein Intake Is a Determining Factor for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Japanese Older People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Shota Moyama, Yuji Yamazaki, Takuya Takahashi, Noboru Makabe, Yoshiyuki Hamamoto, Takeshi Kurose, Yuichiro Yamada, Hitoshi Kuwata and Yutaka Seino

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040731 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In this study, we investigated the free-living nutritional intake of older people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and examined the relationship between nutritional intake and skeletal muscle mass. Methods: Subjects aged 65 years or older with T2D who visited the Kansai [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In this study, we investigated the free-living nutritional intake of older people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and examined the relationship between nutritional intake and skeletal muscle mass. Methods: Subjects aged 65 years or older with T2D who visited the Kansai Electric Power Hospital between 2015 and 2017 and had not yet received nutritional guidance or intervention at our hospital comprised the study group. Nutritional intake (energy, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate intake) was calculated from a 3-day dietary diary by the participants, and the relationship between nutritional intake and the skeletal muscle index (SMI) was retrospectively investigated. Results: In total, 91 subjects were recruited (53 males and 38 females, aged 70.3 ± 5.5 years). The energy and protein intakes were 28.7 ± 6.1 kcal/kg/day and 1.2 ± 0.3 g/kg/day, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the SMI and energy and protein intake (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis with the SMI as the dependent variable and age, gender, protein intake, lipid intake, and carbohydrate intake as the independent variables revealed protein intake to be an independent determinant of the SMI. Conclusions: In older people with T2D, the energy and protein intakes are likely to be lower than the recommended levels. Appropriate interventions for protein intake and energy intake are recommended to prevent loss of muscle mass in Japanese older people with type 2 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Patterns, Nutrition, and Lifestyle on Aging and Elderly Health)

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14 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Additive Psychosocial Effects of Binge Eating and Food Insecurity Among Midlife and Older Women

by Lisa Smith Kilpela, Taylur Loera, Salomé Adelia Wilfred, Jessica Salinas, Sabrina E. Cuauro and Carolyn Black Becker

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040730 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 368

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Evidence suggests that food insecurity (FI) is a risk factor for eating disorder (ED) symptoms, especially binge eating (BE), yet research focusing on the psychosocial effects among midlife/older women is lacking. Midlife/older women living with FI experience intersectional disadvantage, thus highlighting [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Evidence suggests that food insecurity (FI) is a risk factor for eating disorder (ED) symptoms, especially binge eating (BE), yet research focusing on the psychosocial effects among midlife/older women is lacking. Midlife/older women living with FI experience intersectional disadvantage, thus highlighting the need for an independent investigation of the cultural and contextual factors of this population. The current study examined the difference in psychological health and quality of life (QOL) among women living with BE and FI (BE + FI) versus FI without BE. Method: Female clients of a food bank, aged 50+ (N = 295; M age = 62.1 years, SD = 8.2) living with FI completed measures of BE and psychosocial comorbidities. The measures were provided in English and Spanish. Results: A multivariate analysis of covariance compared women living with BE and FI (BE + FI) versus FI without BE on outcomes related to mental health and wellbeing. Covarying for age, FI severity, and ethnicity, the results indicated that women living with BE + FI reported worsened anxiety, depression, ED-related psychosocial impairment, internalized weight stigma, and QOL versus women living with FI without BE (all ps < 0.001). Effect sizes ranged from small to medium to large. Conclusions: Midlife/older women living with BE + FI report poorer psychological health and QOL than those living with FI without BE, demonstrating a critical need for mental healthcare in this population. Innovative solutions—and likely a portfolio of interventional approaches with various entry points and delivery modalities—are warranted, if we are to make significant strides in addressing ED symptoms in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

20 pages, 3284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Asiatic Acid Improves Cognitive Function and Modulates Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Pathways in Female 5xFAD Mice

by Samantha Varada, Stephen R. Chamberlin, Lillie Bui, Mikah S. Brandes, Noah Gladen-Kolarsky, Christopher J. Harris, Wyatt Hack, Cody J. Neff, Barbara H. Brumbach, Amala Soumyanath, Joseph F. Quinn and Nora E. Gray

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040729 - 19 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Extracts of the plant Centella asiatica can enhance mitochondrial function, promote antioxidant activity and improve cognitive deficits. Asiatic acid (AA) is one of the constituent triterpene compounds present in the plant. In this study, we explore the effects of AA on brain [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Extracts of the plant Centella asiatica can enhance mitochondrial function, promote antioxidant activity and improve cognitive deficits. Asiatic acid (AA) is one of the constituent triterpene compounds present in the plant. In this study, we explore the effects of AA on brain mitochondrial function, antioxidant response and cognition in a beta-amyloid (Aβ)-overexpressing 5xFAD mouse line. Methods: Six- to seven-month-old 5xFAD mice were treated with 1% AA for 4 weeks. In the last week of treatment, associative memory was assessed along with mitochondrial bioenergetics and the expression of mitochondrial and antioxidant response genes from isolated cortical synaptosomes. The Aβ plaque burden was also evaluated. Results: AA treatment resulted in improvements in associative memory in female 5xFAD mice without altering the Aβ plaque burden. Cortical mitochondrial function and mitochondrial gene expression were increased in the AA-treated female 5xFAD mice, as was the expression of antioxidant genes. More modest effects of AA on cortical mitochondrial function and mitochondrial and antioxidant gene expression were observed in male 5xFAD mice. Conclusions: Oral AA treatment improved cognitive and mitochondrial function and activated antioxidant in Aβ-overexpressing mice. These changes occurred independent of alterations in Aβ plaque burden, suggesting that AA could have translational therapeutic relevance in later-stage AD when plaques are well established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Emerging Approaches to the Fight Against Aging and Aging-Related Diseases)

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14 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Status in Children with Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus—A Narrative Review

by Daniela Pop, Edita Gabriela Ichim and Dorin Farcău

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040728 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 379

Abstract

In children with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD), malabsorption could add to a deficient nutritional status, resulting in impaired growth and weight and height deficits, as well as deficiencies in vitamins and micronutrients. This narrative review aims to assess [...] Read more.

In children with type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD), malabsorption could add to a deficient nutritional status, resulting in impaired growth and weight and height deficits, as well as deficiencies in vitamins and micronutrients. This narrative review aims to assess the current evidence regarding the consequences of the concomitant diagnoses of CD and T1DM on the nutritional status of children. Results regarding the influence of CD and T1DM weight, height, and BMI are controversial, especially if we consider that most of the studies have a small number of patients and that adherence to a gluten-free diet is not adequately assessed. There is a lack of studies considering specific dietary habits and ethnic and cultural differences. Children with T1DM and longer time with positive serology for CD have lower levels of ferritin, vitamin D 25OH, and folate and also lower bone mineral density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Assessment and the Effect of Gluten-Free Diets in Celiac Disease)

29 pages, 2281 KiB

Open AccessReview

Balancing Health and Sustainability: Assessing the Benefits of Plant-Based Diets and the Risk of Pesticide Residues

by Alexandra Andreea Botnaru, Ancuta Lupu, Paula Cristina Morariu, Oana Lelia Pop, Alin Horatiu Nedelcu, Branco Adrian Morariu, Oana Cioancă, Maria Luisa Di Gioia, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Liliana Avasilcai, Oana Maria Dragostin, Madalina Vieriu and Ionela Daniela Morariu

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040727 - 19 Feb 2025

Viewed by 820

Abstract

The increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for moving towards a healthier and more sustainable diet. Vegetarian diets are gaining in popularity due to their environmental and health implications; however, there is a need for additional research investigating pesticide residues in [...] Read more.

The increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is essential for moving towards a healthier and more sustainable diet. Vegetarian diets are gaining in popularity due to their environmental and health implications; however, there is a need for additional research investigating pesticide residues in these foods. It is increasingly recognized that the global food system must prioritize nutritional quality, health, and environmental impact over quantity. Food contaminants, including pesticides, mycotoxins, and heavy metals, pose a substantial threat to food safety due to their persistent nature and harmful effects. We conducted a literature search utilizing four distinct databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH, ScienceDirect) and several combinations of keywords (pesticides, food, vegetarian diet, toxicity, sustainable, removal). Consequently, we selected recent and relevant studies for the proposed topic. We have incorporated articles that discuss pesticide residues in food items, particularly in plant-based products. This study rigorously analyzes the harmful environmental impacts of pesticides and ultimately provides sustainable solutions for their elimination or reduction, along with environmentally sound alternatives to pesticide use. This study concludes that the transition towards sustainable agriculture and food production is essential for reducing pesticide residues in food, thereby protecting human health, wildlife populations, and the environment. This paper argues for the urgent need to transform global food systems to prioritize health and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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29 pages, 1342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malnutrition Risk in Older Adults: Evaluating the Diagnostic Relevance of Serum Biomarkers: SIRT-1, CCK-8, Melatonin, and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)

by Karolina Kujawowicz, Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska, Monika Cyuńczyk and Anna Maria Witkowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040726 - 18 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 387

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Addressing the risk of malnutrition at an early stage is crucial to preventing its development, which can have a detrimental impact on physical and mental health status. This study investigates the potential role of biochemical biomarkers such as sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), melatonin, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Addressing the risk of malnutrition at an early stage is crucial to preventing its development, which can have a detrimental impact on physical and mental health status. This study investigates the potential role of biochemical biomarkers such as sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), melatonin, cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in identifying the risk of malnutrition. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed malnutrition risk in 153 community-dwelling older adults using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Serum levels of SIRT-1, melatonin, and CCK-8 were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) method. Results: Serum levels of TAC and CCK-8 were significantly positively correlated with grip strength and visceral adipose tissue, with TAC levels also showing associations with appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), total body water, total energy expenditure, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index (p < 0.001). CCK-8 emerged as a strong predictor of malnutrition risk (AUC = 0.58 in females, AUC = 0.64 in males), whereas SIRT-1 (AUC = 0.57 for both sexes), melatonin (AUC = 0.46 for females, AUC = 0.51 for males), and TAC (AUC = 0.42 for females, AUC = 0.54 for males) exhibited weaker predictive abilities. A multivariate model incorporating CCK-8 demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.77–0.90) and indicated a potential association between elevated CCK-8 levels and a higher risk of malnutrition. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study highlights the effectiveness of a multi-parameter model incorporating CCK-8 as a reliable approach for assessing malnutrition risk in older adults, offering a comprehensive evaluation of the condition. However, further research is needed to confirm its applicability and accuracy in diverse elderly populations and clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Risk in Older Adults in Different Healthcare Settings)

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28 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium and Migraine

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Shaun Sabico, Nasser M. Al-Daghri and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040725 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1436

Abstract

Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and [...] Read more.

Migraine is a widespread and intricate neurological condition that involves various factors and is marked by recurring headache episodes. Migraine is among the ten neurological conditions accounting for the greatest disability in the whole population, the leading cause of disability for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years, and the second cause of disability for adults aged 20–59 years. Magnesium deficiency is also a very common condition resulting from diverse reasons, including insufficient dietary consumption or increased loss through the gastrointestinal or renal system. Accumulated evidence from case reports, case–control studies, observational studies, and randomized, placebo-controlled trials has shown the effectiveness of magnesium supplementation in alleviating migraine, both acutely and chronically. Mechanisms that may help explain these results include the potential link between magnesium deficit and spreading cortical depression, vascular changes, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, nervous excitation, neurotransmitter release, and electrolyte imbalances. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available evidence on the links between magnesium and migraine, considering the role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of migraine and the utility of magnesium in its prevention and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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23 pages, 8037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alteration of Gastrointestinal Function and the Ameliorative Effects of Hericium erinaceus Polysaccharides in Tail Suspension Rats

by Peng Zang, Pu Chen, Junli Chen, Jingchao Sun, Haiyun Lan, Haisheng Dong, Wei Liu, Nan Xu, Weiran Wang, Lingwei Hou, Bowen Sun, Lujia Zhang, Jiaqiang Huang, Pengjie Wang, Fazheng Ren and Siyuan Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040724 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 455

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Long-term spaceflight in a microgravity environment frequently results in gastrointestinal dysfunction, presenting substantial challenges to astronauts’ health. Hericium erinaceus, a plant recognized for its dual use as food and medicine, contains a key functional component called Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP), [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Long-term spaceflight in a microgravity environment frequently results in gastrointestinal dysfunction, presenting substantial challenges to astronauts’ health. Hericium erinaceus, a plant recognized for its dual use as food and medicine, contains a key functional component called Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP), which is purported to promote gastrointestinal health. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of HEP against gastrointestinal disturbances induced by simulated weightlessness and to elucidate its regulatory mechanisms. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats subjected to a tail suspension model were administered either a standard diet or a diet supplemented with 0.125% HEP over a period of 4 weeks (the intake of HEP is approximately 157.5 mg/kg bw/d, n = 8), metagenomics and targeted metabolomics to investigate the effects of HEP on gastrointestinal hormone secretion disorders, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier damage induced by simulated weightlessness. Results: Dietary supplementation with HEP was observed to significantly alleviate weightlessness-induced gastrointestinal hormone disruptions, enhancing motility and intestinal barrier function while reducing inflammation. In addition, HEP improved gut microbiota by boosting beneficial bacteria as Oscillibacter sp.1-3, Firmicutes bacterium ASF500, and Lactobacillus reuteri, while reducing harmful bacteria like Escherichia coli and Mucispirillum schaedleri at the species level. Furthermore, HEP altered the serum metabolic profile of the rats, reducing inflammation by upregulating the tryptophan metabolism pathway and enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids. Conclusions: HEP effectively protects against gastrointestinal dysfunction induced by simulated weightlessness by regulating hormone secretion and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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12 pages, 880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Effect of Lecithin-Based Delivery Form of Curcuma and Boswellia Extracts on Irritable Bowel Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection

by Attilio Giacosa, Gaetan Claude Barrile, Clara Gasparri, Simone Perna and Mariangela Rondanelli

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040723 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Background: Post-COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome (PCIBS) is a frequent finding and is frequently associated with enteral dysbiosis. This pilot study compared the effects of extracts from curcuma and boswellia on PCIBS and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in individuals who had never had [...] Read more.

Background: Post-COVID-19 irritable bowel syndrome (PCIBS) is a frequent finding and is frequently associated with enteral dysbiosis. This pilot study compared the effects of extracts from curcuma and boswellia on PCIBS and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in individuals who had never had a COVID-19 infection (controls). Methods: A total of 16 subjects with PCIBS and 28 controls with evidence of IBS gastrointestinal symptoms and with enteral dysbiosis were recruited and supplemented for 30 days with sunflower-lecithin-based formulations of extracts of Curcuma longa (500 mg) and Boswellia serrata (150 mg) b.i.d. and with low-FODMAP diet. Abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, enteral dysbiosis (as increased urinary indican), and the global assessment of efficacy (GAE) were evaluated at the end of the study. Results: In both cohorts, intra-cohort changes revealed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in bloating and abdominal pain. The GAE showed similar and relevant satisfactory rates in both groups. On the contrary, urinary indican values showed a significant decrease only in the IBS group. Conclusions: Supplementation with Curcuma and Boswellia has favorable effects on abdominal bloating and abdominal pain of subjects with PCIBS and with IBS, while enteral dysbiosis is significantly decreased only in patients with IBS. Additional studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to clarify the reasons for the persistence of dysbiosis in PCIBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Health Benefits of Plant Extracts in Reduction of Rescue Medication)

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31 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Power of Environment: A Comprehensive Review of the Exposome’s Role in Healthy Aging, Longevity, and Preventive Medicine—Lessons from Blue Zones and Cilento

by Silvana Mirella Aliberti and Mario Capunzo

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040722 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1007

Abstract

Aging and longevity are shaped by the exposome, a dynamic network of environmental, social, and biological factors. Understanding how these exposures interact with biological mechanisms can inform strategies for healthier aging. Background/Objectives: This review explores the exposome as a dynamic system encompassing [...] Read more.

Aging and longevity are shaped by the exposome, a dynamic network of environmental, social, and biological factors. Understanding how these exposures interact with biological mechanisms can inform strategies for healthier aging. Background/Objectives: This review explores the exposome as a dynamic system encompassing both protective and risk factors, with a specific focus on how beneficial environmental exposures, microbiome diversity, lifestyle behaviors, and resilience mechanisms contribute to successful aging. By analyzing high-longevity populations, such as the Blue Zones and Cilento, it aims to identify common determinants of successful aging. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted, combining a systematic review of the English literature (2003–2024) with a comparative analysis of longevity regions. A structured search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords such as “longevity”, “Blue Zones”, “Cilento”, “microbiome”, “environmental factors”, and related terms. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative analysis were applied to assess key protective factors across different aging models. Results: This study identified key factors contributing to successful aging in longevity hotspots, including sustained exposure to biodiverse natural environments, adherence to Mediterranean or plant-based diet rich in polyphenols and probiotics, regular physical activity, strong social networks, and psychological resilience. A novel aspect of this review is the role of the gut microbiome as a mediator between environmental exposures and immune–metabolic health, influencing inflammation modulation and cellular aging. Despite geographic and cultural differences, case studies reveal a shared pattern of protective factors that collectively enhance lifespan and healthspan. Conclusions: The exposome is a critical determinant of aging trajectories, acting through complex interactions between environmental and biological mechanisms. By integrating insights from high-longevity populations, this mixed-method study proposes a comprehensive framework for optimizing microbiome health, enhancing resilience, and promoting protective environmental exposures. These findings provide a translational perspective to guide future interventions in aging research and global health initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interdependence of Nutrition and Mental Well-Being)

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10 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Safety of Phase 1 of Very Low Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) in Subjects with Obesity and Mild Renal Impairment

by Ludovica Verde, Luigi Barrea, Martina Galasso, Stefania Lucà, Elisabetta Camajani, Antonio Pisani, Annamaria Colao, Massimiliano Caprio and Giovanna Muscogiuri

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040721 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Background: Obesity impairs renal function through direct mechanisms, such as proinflammatory adipocytokine production, and indirect mechanisms, including obesity-related comorbidities. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD), clinical guidelines for their combined management remain lacking. Very Low Energy Ketogenic Therapy [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity impairs renal function through direct mechanisms, such as proinflammatory adipocytokine production, and indirect mechanisms, including obesity-related comorbidities. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD), clinical guidelines for their combined management remain lacking. Very Low Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT) has demonstrated efficacy in weight loss, but evidence on its safety and efficacy in individuals with obesity and mild renal impairment is limited. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Phase 1 of VLEKT in individuals with obesity and mild renal impairment. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 73 individuals with overweight or obesity (mean age 53.7 ± 8.8 years; BMI 35.3 ± 4.2 kg/m²) and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of at least 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (evaluated using the CKD-EPI equation). Anthropometric (weight, BMI, and waist circumference) and biochemical parameters (fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol profile, triglycerides, AST, ALT, and urea) were collected at baseline and after 45 (±2) days of Phase 1 of VLEKT. Results: At baseline, 54.8% of participants had an eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m², while 45.2% had an eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m², with no significant differences in sex distribution. After 45 (±2) days of Phase 1 of VLEKT, both groups showed significant reductions in BMI (p < 0.001), waist circumference (p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (p ≤ 0.004), insulin (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (p < 0.001), LDL/HDL ratio (p ≤ 0.002), triglycerides (p ≤ 0.009), AST (p ≤ 0.034), and ALT (p ≤ 0.009). Notably, the eGFR significantly increased in participants with an eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m² (p < 0.001), while no changes were observed in those with an eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m². Conclusions: Phase 1 of VLEKT could effectively promote weight loss and metabolic improvements without compromising renal function, even in individuals with obesity and mild renal impairment. Further research is warranted to confirm the efficacy and safety of VLEKT and to assess outcomes across all protocol phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Impact of Ketogenic Diet)

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18 pages, 3039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

L-Theanine Mitigates Acute Alcoholic Intestinal Injury by Activating the HIF-1 Signaling Pathway to Regulate the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α Axis in Mice

by Simin Tan, Jiayou Gu, Jiahao Yang, Xuhui Dang, Kehong Liu, Zhihua Gong and Wenjun Xiao

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040720 - 18 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 442

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute alcohol consumption can cause intestinal dysfunction, whereas L-theanine (LTA) has shown the potential to support intestinal health. We explored L-theanine’s ability to protect against acute alcohol-induced injury. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were administered LTA for 28 d and then underwent acute [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute alcohol consumption can cause intestinal dysfunction, whereas L-theanine (LTA) has shown the potential to support intestinal health. We explored L-theanine’s ability to protect against acute alcohol-induced injury. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were administered LTA for 28 d and then underwent acute alcohol intestinal injury modeling for 8 days. Results: The results revealed that LTA ameliorated alcohol-induced pathological damage in the duodenum and gut permeability, improved secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content, and reduced oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content in mice. Furthermore, LTA restored the composition of the intestinal flora, increasing the abundance of Alloprevotella, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Muribaculum, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001. Additionally, LTA increased beneficial metabolites, such as oxyglutaric acid and L-ascorbic acid, in the HIF-1 pathway within the enrichment pathway. Further investigation into the HIF-1 signaling pathway identified up-regulation of claudin-1, HIF-1α, occludin, and ZO-1, and down-regulation of TLR4, PHD2, p65 NF-κB, TNF-α, and IFN-γ mRNA and protein levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that LTA may enhance the intestinal barrier by activating the HIF-1 signaling pathway to regulate the TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α axis, thereby reducing acute alcoholic intestinal injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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9 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nutritional Pathway Between Tooth Loss and Healthy Ageing: A Longitudinal Study of Older American Adults

by Lujain Sahab, Jonathon Timothy Newton and Wael Sabbah

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040719 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 360

Abstract

Objectives: This study examines the mediating role of nutritional intake in the relationship between tooth loss and healthy ageing in older American adults. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a longitudinal survey of American older [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study examines the mediating role of nutritional intake in the relationship between tooth loss and healthy ageing in older American adults. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a longitudinal survey of American older adults aged 50 years and over. Data from six waves from 2006 to 2016 were used. Nutritional intake was assessed in 2013 using ten essential nutrients, categorised as adequate or inadequate based on national dietary recommendations. Healthy ageing was an aggregate variable composed of freedom from cognitive impairment, freedom from disability, and high physical functioning. Tooth loss was measured as a dichotomous variable (edentate/dentate). Structural equation modelling was used to assess the associations between tooth loss in 2012, nutrition in 2013, and healthy ageing in 2016, accounting for demographic/socioeconomic factors and behaviours. Results: A total of 3665 participants were included on the analysis. A significant association was found between being dentate in 2012 and nutritional intake in 2013 (coefficient 0.63: 95% CI: 0.62, 0.54, p < 0.001). Healthy ageing in 2016 was significantly influenced by socioeconomic factors in 2006 (coefficient 0.84: 95% CI: 1.38, 1.42, p < 0.001) and nutrition in 2013 (coefficient 0.05: 95% CI: 0.04, 0.05, p < 0.001). Non-Black individuals showed a significant association with healthy ageing. Conclusions: The findings underscore the complex interplay of nutrition, socioeconomic status, health behaviours, and oral health in predicting healthy ageing trajectories. This study highlights the importance of oral health to maintaining adequate nutritional intake, which in turn promotes healthy ageing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding the Link between Oral Health, Nutrition, and Health Outcomes in Older Adults)

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12 pages, 1786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Care of Hospitalized Children in Belgium: A Follow-Up Survey

by Marlies Destoop, Yvan Vandenplas, Marc Raes, Bruno Hauser, Elisabeth De Greef and Koen Huysentruyt

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040718 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Background: A 2014 survey showed nutritional management could be improved in Belgian pediatric departments. This follow-up survey aimed to: (1) list allied health resources/staffing in Belgian pediatric departments, (2) survey nutritional screening and follow-up, and (3) identify barriers. Methods: A nationwide [...] Read more.

Background: A 2014 survey showed nutritional management could be improved in Belgian pediatric departments. This follow-up survey aimed to: (1) list allied health resources/staffing in Belgian pediatric departments, (2) survey nutritional screening and follow-up, and (3) identify barriers. Methods: A nationwide survey (February–April 2021) via national and regional pediatric associations. Results: 61/90 (67.8%) of Belgian pediatric departments responded (80.1% of all Belgian pediatric hospital beds); 60.7% of the respondents were from larger centers (LCs, ≥20 beds). A dietitian was present in 80.3% of all responding units (LCs vs. smaller centers (SCs): p = 0.133), compared to 46.5% in the 2014 survey. Most dietitians seldom or never participate in ward rounds (86.9%) and participate only ad hoc to case discussions (72.1%). Systematic nutritional screening is implemented in 32.8% of pediatric departments. The screening tool STRONGkids is used in 30% of responding centers, compared to 21% in 2014. The most common barriers to conducting nutritional screening were lack of time (59.0%), a lack of knowledge (47.5%), and a lack of staff (42.6%). In French-speaking centers (FrCs), a positive screening result most often led to referral to a dietitian (86.7%), whereas in Dutch-speaking centers (DuCs), it more frequently resulted in a discussion with the pediatrician about nutritional management (54.3%) than referral to a dietitian (34.8%). Nutritional follow-up after discharge is most often conducted by a physician, with or without the involvement of a dietitian (95.1%), rather than a dietitian alone (3.3%). Malnutrition management barriers included “no barriers” (50.8%), a lack of knowledge (34.4%), a lack of reimbursement (24.6%), and a lack of time (24.6%). The barriers remain largely unchanged compared to 2014. Conclusions: The increasing availability of dietitians and the use of a screening tool in pediatric departments suggest an encouraging but limited improvement in nutritional care in Belgium. Persistent barriers that have remained unchanged since 2014 continue to hinder substantial advancements in nutritional care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Consumer Behaviour and Healthy Food Consumption)

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12 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)-Induced Metabolic Disruption in Mice Is Mitigated by Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin (SCC)

by Jack H. Radford, Ethan P. Evans, Isaac T. Edwards, Juan A. Arroyo, Benjamin T. Bikman and Paul R. Reynolds

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040717 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders underscores the need for effective interventions to mitigate environmental stressors such as diesel particulate matter (DPM), a major urban air pollutant. DPM is composed of fine carbonaceous particles that can induce systemic inflammation. This phenomenon results [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders underscores the need for effective interventions to mitigate environmental stressors such as diesel particulate matter (DPM), a major urban air pollutant. DPM is composed of fine carbonaceous particles that can induce systemic inflammation. This phenomenon results in metabolic dysfunction such as adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial impairment in body tissues. Methods: This study investigated the impact of DPM exposure on murine lung, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues and evaluated the protective effects of supplementation with sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Results: Compared to controls, DPM-exposed mice exhibited significantly elevated oxidative stress markers (* p ≤ 0.05), systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-1β (* p ≤ 0.05), and adipocyte hypertrophy of both subcutaneous and visceral fat depots, supporting prior findings of DPM-induced metabolic dysfunction. SCC supplementation restored pulmonary ATP levels (* p ≤ 0.05), significantly reduced ROS production in lung and muscle tissue (* p ≤ 0.05), and significantly attenuated DPM-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion (* p ≤ 0.05), while lessening DPM-induced adipocyte hypertrophy. Conclusions: These effects highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of SCC, which likely mitigates systemic metabolic compromise by modulating mitochondrial function and inflammatory pathways. This study further demonstrated that SCC supplementation may be an effective intervention for alleviating the adverse effects of DPM exposure on metabolic and inflammatory compromise. Additional research may clarify a role for SCC in reducing systemic health risks associated with air pollution and offer a foundation for future translational research in human populations exposed to environmental pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status in Bariatric Surgery Candidates—A Cross-Sectional Study

by Kamila Sobas, Edyta Suliga, Piotr Bryk and Stanislaw Gluszek

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040716 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 476

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Observing a patient’s dietary behaviour before bariatric surgery may help to predict their diet (and indirectly, the rate of weight loss) after the procedure. Consequently, the aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DPs) in bariatric surgery candidates, as well [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Observing a patient’s dietary behaviour before bariatric surgery may help to predict their diet (and indirectly, the rate of weight loss) after the procedure. Consequently, the aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DPs) in bariatric surgery candidates, as well as to assess the relationship between DPs, degree of obesity, and body composition. Methods: The participants were comprised of 117 bariatric surgery candidates. Data concerning their diet, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status was collected using the KomPAN^® questionnaire. The following three DPs were identified using a principal component analysis: ‘Sandwiches & Sweets’, ‘Fast Food, Convenience Food & Alcohol’ and ‘Prudent’. Baseline nutritional status and body composition using electric bioimpedance were assessed. Results: Differences were found between the DPs, degree of obesity, and body composition. The Prudent DP primarily involved a high consumption of healthy products. Following the Prudent DP, differentiated the degree of obesity and the patient’s body composition the most. In turn, the Fast Food, Convenience Food & Alcohol DP was associated with a higher likelihood of Degree III obesity and a very high visceral fat level (VFL). The Sandwiches & Sweets DP included the most participants with a very high VFL. Conclusions: The bariatric surgery candidates were shown to follow different diets, and different DPs could be identified. Patients with a higher degree of obesity followed a more beneficial DP, which was likely due to their higher awareness of the risks of morbidity in obesity and of post-surgical complications. Socioeconomic factors may attenuate the association between diet and the degree of obesity and body composition in bariatric surgery candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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13 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ethical Issues and Challenges Regarding the Use of Mental Health Questionnaires in Public Health Nutrition Research

by Karim Khaled, Fotini Tsofliou and Vanora Hundley

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040715 - 18 Feb 2025

Viewed by 608

Abstract

Background: The use of mental health questionnaires is common in desk-based public health epidemiological research; however, the burden this might put on participants and researchers has been questioned and has not been previously addressed. This paper delves into the ethical issues and challenges [...] Read more.

Background: The use of mental health questionnaires is common in desk-based public health epidemiological research; however, the burden this might put on participants and researchers has been questioned and has not been previously addressed. This paper delves into the ethical issues and challenges of using such scales and questionnaires, providing a real-life case study where the Beck’s Depression Inventory-II was used. Methods/Results: The ethical considerations raised by using mental health questionnaires in public health epidemiological research include incorrectly identifying participants as depressed or non-depressed; inability to identify participants for referral procedures due to the anonymous nature of some research studies; an increased burden on participants through depression and suicidal questions; and the high expectation of participants towards the researcher. Preventative measures to reduce these challenges include choosing appropriate cut-off scores for correctly identifying participants; highlighting whether the mental health questionnaires used may elicit negative emotional or psychological reactions related to suicidality; specifying the criteria for referral to clinical services; detailing the intended referral processes; including approaches where the researcher directly connects participants with a psychological service provider; and including a passive referral method such as contact details for participants to initiate their own referrals to clinical care. Conclusions: This paper serves as a guide for researchers aiming to collect data on mental health through questionnaires. The ethical challenges discussed in this paper should be considered and reviewed at all stages of the research project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interdependence of Nutrition and Mental Well-Being)

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17 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship of Body Composition and Somatotype with Physical Activity Level and Nutrition Knowledge in Elite and Non-Elite Orienteering Athletes

by Héctor Esteve-Ibáñez, Eraci Drehmer, Vladimir Schuindt da Silva, Israel Souza, Diego Augusto Santos Silva and Filomena Vieira

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040714 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Objectives: The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to identify the physical characteristics (anthropometric, somatotype, body composition) of orienteering athletes (OAs) and to compare them with nutrition knowledge (NK) and physical activity level (PAL). Methods: Data were collected from [...] Read more.

Objectives: The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to identify the physical characteristics (anthropometric, somatotype, body composition) of orienteering athletes (OAs) and to compare them with nutrition knowledge (NK) and physical activity level (PAL). Methods: Data were collected from 58 subjects of seven countries, including Angola (n = 1), Brazil (n = 5), Poland (n = 1), Portugal (n = 26), South Africa (n = 1), Spain (n = 22) and Sweden (n = 2). The subjects included 10 elite (E) female (F) OAs [age: 25.5 ± 6.4 years, body mass: 59.5 ± 7.7 kg, stature: 168.1 ± 6.5 cm, body mass index (BMI): 21.0 ± 1.9 kg/m²], 13 E male (M) OAs (age: 24.3 ± 5.0 years, body mass: 65.0 ± 5.5 kg, stature: 175.1 ± 6.0 cm, BMI: 21.3 ± 2.2 kg/m²), 18 non-elite (NE) FOAs (age: 41.7 ± 10.3 years, body mass: 60.6 ± 8.5 kg, stature: 161.3 ± 11.7 cm, BMI: 23.4 ± 3.7 kg/m²), and 17 NEMOAs (age: 37.2 ± 14.6 years, body mass: 71.5 ± 14.2 kg, stature: 174.0 ± 8.8 cm, BMI: 23.6 ± 4.1 kg/m²). The participants were selected to ensure a diverse and representative sample of international-level orienteering athletes. Measurements were taken at two IOF world ranking events, the “Portugal “O” Meeting (POM)” and the “35° Trofeo Internacional Murcia Costa Cálida”, where only top-ranked orienteers compete. The selected participants from these seven countries were among the registered athletes in these international competitions. The OAs were measured according to the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). NK was evaluated using the updated Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A—NSKQ). PAL was assessed using the short version of the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ—SF). Results: The percentage of body fat (p < 0.01) in MOAs was significantly lower than in FOAs. Endomorphy (p = 0.037) and mesomorphy (p = 0.025) in EOAs were significantly lower than in NEOAs, but ectomorphy (p = 0.038) was significantly higher. EMOAs are ectomorphic mesomorphs, while NEMOAs are balanced mesomorphs, EFOAs are central, and NEFOAs are endomorphic mesomorphs. Significant differences (p < 0.01) were also observed in sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) among EOAs and NEOAs, with the former group achieving a higher percentage of correct responses. In the case of total nutritional knowledge (TNK), EOAs of both sexes scored significantly higher (p = 0.043) than their NEOA counterparts. A significant negative correlation was also observed between percentage of body fat (%BF) and metabolic equivalent (MET) in minutes per week (min/week) (r = −0.39, p = 0.038), bone mass (BM) and MET-min/week (r = −0.40, p = 0.033), and endomorphy and SNK (r = −0.38, p = 0.045) in FOAs. Among MOAs, the most significant findings included a negative correlation between age and METmin/week (r = −0.49, p = 0.010), kilocalorie (kcal) per week (r = −0.46, p = 0.016), and SNK (r = −0.40, p = 0.029). Conclusions: The key findings indicate that EOAs have lower BF percentages and higher NK scores compared to NEOAs. These results on the physical characteristics of OAs and the score of PAL and classification of NK can be useful to coaches and sports scientists to improve orienteer’s performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Dietary, Nutrition and Physical Activity on Body Composition)

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11 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Incremental Hemodialysis: Review of Clinical Trials Focused on Patients Undergoing Once-Weekly Hemodialysis

by Piergiorgio Bolasco

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040713 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 420

Abstract

Background/objectives: The implementation of appropriate hemodialysis treatment in the transition from end-stage kidney disease to reduced frequency schedules represents a major challenge. The aim of our work is to report only treatment protocols that used once-weekly hemodialysis. Methods: The benefits and [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: The implementation of appropriate hemodialysis treatment in the transition from end-stage kidney disease to reduced frequency schedules represents a major challenge. The aim of our work is to report only treatment protocols that used once-weekly hemodialysis. Methods: The benefits and risks of 1WHD were explored in this systematic review. A search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register was conducted to identify publications relating to once-weekly hemodialysis trials performed between June 1981 and December 2024 and assess clinical impact, duration, safety, and mortality. Items, including age, causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD), creatinine levels, Blood Urea Nitrogen and GFR values, diuresis, nutritional supplementation, drop-out, survival, clinical benefit or drawbacks, and data from eventual control groups relating to higher frequency weekly HD sessions were included. Outcome at the end of a 1WHD regimen was represented by death or transition to twice/thrice-weekly HD rhythms. Results: A total of 1238 articles focused on IHD were included in the review, and 1226 trials were excluded as they referred either to twice-weekly hemodialysis (2WHD) schedules or failed to meet eligibility criteria, whilst another two were excluded based on incomplete outcome or patient recruitment issues. A total of eight articles comprising 254 patients undergoing 1WHD schedules were ultimately identified and evaluated. Only three studies focused on a comparison with a 1WHD schedule, whilst 107 referred to thrice-weekly HD (3WHD) and 15 2WHD). This choice demonstrated the possibility of slowing down the progression of CKD in the patients studied. Daily amino acid supplementation also proved to be beneficial. However, the milestone on which the 1WHD protocol is based is a low-protein diet. Conclusions: 1WHD has been shown to be safe and may result in improved clinical outcomes, particularly in appropriately selected patients. Large-scale randomized controlled trials should be carried out to confirm these potential advantages. However, the standard recruitment techniques applied tended to prevent suitably selected patients from transitioning into less frequent and potentially long-lasting 1WHD schedules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Clinical Nutrition in Kidney Disease)

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12 pages, 739 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Quail Egg-Based Supplements in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

by Michele Antonelli, Elena Mazzoleni and Davide Donelli

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040712 - 17 Feb 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of quail egg-based supplements (QES) as an integrative remedy for treating allergic rhinitis. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted up to January 2025 to address [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of quail egg-based supplements (QES) as an integrative remedy for treating allergic rhinitis. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted up to January 2025 to address the research question. Results: A total of 294 studies were initially identified, with five clinical reports meeting the inclusion criteria. Participant numbers ranged from 40 to 180 (median: 77), with a balanced gender ratio. Four reports focused on allergic rhinitis, and one investigated nonsymptomatic atopic individuals exposed to volatile allergens. The findings suggest that a combination of QES and zinc significantly improves peak nasal inspiratory flow, mucociliary transport time, and symptoms such as rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, itchy nose and eyes, and sneezing in patients with allergic rhinitis. Additionally, QES may reduce the reliance on standard symptomatic medications. The intervention was generally well tolerated, with side effects being rare, mild, and transient; however, QES should be avoided in patients with egg allergies. Conclusions: The reviewed studies indicate that QES with zinc can serve as an effective integrative approach to alleviating symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Further research is recommended to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals’ Role in Promoting Human Health and Well-Being: An Evidence-Based Perspective)

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3 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Innovative Perspectives on Phytochemicals in Human Nutrition

by Valentina Melini and Maurizio Ruzzi

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040711 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds naturally occurring in plants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Perspectives on Phytochemicals in Human Nutrition)

15 pages, 1050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concurrent Lead and Cadmium Exposure Among Diabetics: A Case-Control Study of Socio-Demographic and Consumption Behaviors

by Jonah Bawa Adokwe, Phisit Pouyfung, Saruda Kuraeiad, Paleeratana Wongrith, Puchong Inchai, Supabhorn Yimthiang, Soisungwan Satarug and Tanaporn Khamphaya

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040710 - 17 Feb 2025

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Introduction/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose a substantial global public health challenge. Current evidence has linked an increase in the risk of T2D to chronic exposure to the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study aimed to [...] Read more.

Introduction/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to pose a substantial global public health challenge. Current evidence has linked an increase in the risk of T2D to chronic exposure to the heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The present study aimed to examine whether the reported links existed in an area of southern Thailand with known Pb contamination. Materials and Methods: A case–control study design was used to recruit 88 diagnosed T2D cases and 90 age-, gender- and locality-matched non-diabetic controls. Blood levels of Cd and Pb were used as exposure indicators. Exposure-related risk factors and socio-demographic data were collected through questionnaires. Results: A significant association was found between blood Pb and T2D diagnosis, but the association between blood Cd and T2D was not statistically significant. Factors related to high Pb exposure were education, occupation, income, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns, particularly the consumption of sweet and fatty foods. Participants with higher blood Pb levels had poorer glycemic control, thereby suggesting potential interference of Pb with oral hypoglycemic agents. Conclusions: This study confirms the connection between Pb exposure and increased risk of having T2D. Additionally, it identified socio-demographic factors, and consumption habits that contributed to such an enhanced T2D risk. The role of Cd exposure requires further studies, using urinary Cd excretion, which reflects long-term exposure conditions. These findings suggest the need to incorporate environmental and occupational exposure in diabetes care strategies. From the clinical and public health perspectives, targeted interventions should focus on reducing heavy metal exposure, improving risk awareness, and strengthening occupational safety measures to prevent disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 4 (February-2 2025) – 139 articles

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