The Expansion of the Hellenic Food Thesaurus; Allergens Labelling and Allergens-Free Claims on Greek Branded Food Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Expanding the HelTH Structure
2.2. Curating Allergen Data and Allergen-Related Claims in the Expanded HelTH Database
- (A)
- For recording the presence of allergens in a given food in the variable “allergens used as ingredients”: an ingredient should be among the 14 allergens listed in the European Regulation [28] named and highlighted in the ingredient list or at the end of the list preceded by statement such as “contain”. Presence of milk allergens in the “traditional yogurts” subcategory and in some cheeses was recorded regardless of presence of ingredients list according to Regulation [35].
- (B)
- For recording the potential presence of allergens in a given food in the variable “allergens used in a precautionary statement”: an ingredient should be among the 14 allergens listed in the European regulation [28] and mentioned on the label with a statement such as “may contain traces of”, “manufactured in a facility that also processed”, “may be present”. Adventitious presence and presence of traces were grouped.
- (C)
2.3. Analysis of Prevalence of Allergens in the Greek Branded Foodscape
2.4. Comparison of the Nutritional Composition of Products Carrying Allergen-Free Claims to Their Corresponding Counterparts
3. Results
3.1. Introducing Allergen Data in the Expanded HelTH Database
3.2. Allergens in the Ingredient List of the Food
3.3. Allergens in a Precautionary Statement
3.4. Allergen-Free Claims
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Categories | Food Subcategories | Number of Products |
---|---|---|
Milk, milk product, or milk substitute | 690 | |
Cream | 40 | |
Milk | 172 | |
Yogurts | 170 | |
Cheese | 213 | |
Milk imitation products | 49 | |
Frozen dairy desserts | 46 | |
Egg or egg product | 35 | |
Egg fresh or processed | 35 | |
Meat or meat product | 136 | |
Canned meat | 80 | |
Sausage or similar products | 35 | |
Meat dish | 21 | |
Seafood or seafood product | 75 | |
Seafood product | 75 | |
Fat or oil | 81 | |
Vegetable fat or oil | 8 | |
Margarine or mixed origin fat | 39 | |
Butter or animal fat | 34 | |
Grain or grain product | 1055 | |
Cereal or cereal milling products | 51 | |
Rice or similar product | 97 | |
Pasta or similar product | 201 | |
Breakfast cereals | 149 | |
Bread or similar product | 212 | |
Fine bakery ware | 259 | |
Savoury cereal dish | 86 | |
Nuts, seeds, or kernel | 128 | |
Nuts | 66 | |
Seeds or Kernel | 35 | |
Nuts or seeds products | 27 | |
Vegetable or vegetable product | 244 | |
Vegetables (excluding potato) | 172 | |
Starchy root or potato | 21 | |
Pulse or pulse product | 51 | |
Fruit or fruit product | 43 | |
Processed fruit product | 43 | |
Sugar or sugar product | 404 | |
Sugar, honey, or syrup | 46 | |
Marmalade | 83 | |
Sugary products (no chocolate) | 68 | |
Chocolate | 207 | |
Beverages (non-milk) | 448 | |
Juice or nectar | 165 | |
Non-alcoholic beverage | 283 | |
Miscellaneous food products | 442 | |
Spices or condiments | 282 | |
Prepared food product | 160 | |
Meals | 78 | |
Ready-to-eat meal | 38 | |
Frozen, semi-ready meal | 40 | |
Number of food products | 3859 |
Allergen Category | Allergen Declaration in the Ingredient List | Allergen Declaration Only in a Precautionary Statement | Absence of Any Allergen Declaration |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Milk (including lactose) | 1498 (38.8) | 469 (12.2) | 1892 (49.0) |
Cereals including gluten | 1260 (32.7) | 352 (9.1) | 2247 (58.2) |
Soybean | 673 (17.4) | 423 (11.0) | 2763 (71.6) |
Eggs | 304 (7.9) | 507 (13.1) | 3048 (79.0) |
Nuts | 251 (6.5) | 706 (18.3) | 2902 (75.2) |
Sesame | 122 (3.2) | 485 (12.6) | 3252 (84.3) |
Mustard | 120 (3.1) | 225 (5.8) | 3514 (91.1) |
Sulphite | 105 (2.7) | 98 (2.5) | 3656 (94.7) |
Fish | 86 (2.2) | 80 (2.1) | 3693 (95.7) |
Celery | 85 (2.2) | 244 (6.3) | 3530 (91.5) |
Peanuts | 63 (1.6) | 349 (9.1) | 3447 (89.3) |
Molluscs | 10 (0.3) | 16 (0.4) | 3834 (99.4) |
Crustaceans | 5 (0.1) | 17 (0.4) | 3837 (99.4) |
Lupin | 4 (0.1) | 48 (1.2) | 3809 (98.7) |
At least one allergen declared | 2640 (68.4) | 1501 (38.9) | |
No declaration of any allergen | 1052 (27.3) |
Food Subcategories | Top 7 Allergens Declared in the Ingredients List (n (%)) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milk | Cereals | Soybean | Eggs | Nuts | Sesame | Mustard | |
Cream | 40 (100) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Milk | 172 (100) | 0 (0) | 3 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Yogurts | 170 (100) | 23 (14) | 6 (4) | 3 (2) | 8 (5) | 10 (6) | 0 (0) |
Cheese | 213 (100) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Milk imitation products | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 19 (39) | 0 (0) | 17 (35) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Frozen dairy desserts | 44 (96) | 9 (20) | 25 (54) | 9 (20) | 16 (35) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Eggs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Canned meat | 33 (41) | 4 (5) | 22 (28) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (10) |
Sausage or similar products | 13 (37) | 2 (6) | 11 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (11) |
Meat dish | 11 (52) | 17 (81) | 8 (38) | 4 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) |
Seafood products | 1 (1) | 8 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
Vegetable fat or oil | 3 (38) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Margarine or mixed origin fat | 21 (54) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Butter or animal fat | 34 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Cereal or cereal milling products | 11 (22) | 51 (100) | 12 (24) | 7 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Rice or similar product | 7 (7) | 27 (28) | 14 (14) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3) |
Pasta or similar product | 30 (15) | 194 (97) | 1 (0) | 29 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Breakfast cereals | 63 (42) | 137 (92) | 65 (44) | 0 (0) | 26 (17) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) |
Bread or similar product | 30 (14) | 206 (97) | 32 (15) | 9 (4) | 1 (0) | 39 (18) | 3 (1) |
Fine bakery ware | 182 (70) | 257 (99) | 154 (59) | 80 (31) | 39 (15) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) |
Savoury cereal dish | 82 (95) | 86 (100) | 21 (24) | 31 (36) | 0 (0) | 4 (5) | 2 (2) |
Nuts | 2 (3) | 19 (29) | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 40 (61) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
Seeds or Kernel | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Nuts or seeds products | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 6 (22) | 0 (0) | 2 (7) | 21 (78) | 0 (0) |
Vegetables (excluding potato) | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
Starchy root or potato | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Pulse or pulse product | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Processed fruit product | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Sugar, honey, or syrup | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Marmalade | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Sugary products (no chocolate) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 3 (4) | 14 (21) | 38 (56) | 0 (0) |
Chocolate | 159 (77) | 49 (24) | 182 (88) | 1 (0) | 75 (36) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) |
Juice or nectar | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Non-alcoholic beverage | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | 10 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Spices or condiments | 60 (21) | 64 (23) | 33 (12) | 43 (15) | 7 (2) | 2 (1) | 60 (21) |
Prepared food product | 75 (47) | 55 (34) | 21 (13) | 26 (16) | 1 (1) | 5 (3) | 24 (15) |
Ready-to-eat meal | 19 (50) | 25 (66) | 11 (29) | 15 (39) | 3 (8) | 2 (5) | 12 (32) |
Frozen, semi-ready meal | 6 (15) | 16 (40) | 8 (20) | 2 (5) | 1 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
Total | 1498 (39) | 1260 (33) | 673 (17) | 304 (8) | 251 (7) | 132 (3) | 120 (3) |
Food Subcategories | Top 7 Allergens Declared in the Ingredients List (n (%)) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milk | Cereals | Soybeans | Eggs | Nuts | Sesame | Peanuts | |
Cream | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Milk | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Yogurts | 0 (0) | 8 (5) | 4 (2) | 7 (4) | 12 (7) | 10 (6) | 7 (4) |
Cheese | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | 3 (1) | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Milk imitation products | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 6 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Frozen dairy desserts | 0 (0) | 16 (35) | 11 (24) | 18 (39) | 22 (48) | 4 (9) | 18 (39) |
Eggs | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Canned meat | 20 (25) | 12 (15) | 34 (43) | 29 (36) | 42 (53) | 1 (1) | 6 (8) |
Sausage or similar products | 8 (23) | 4 (11) | 7 (20) | 13 (37) | 11 (31) | 0 (0) | 4 (11) |
Meat dish | 8 (38) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (14) | 3 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Seafood products | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Vegetable fat or oil | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Margarine or mixed origin fat | 12 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Butter or animal fat | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Cereal or cereal milling products | 25 (25) | 0 (0) | 15 (29) | 28 (55) | 15 (29) | 21 (41) | 4 (8) |
Rice or similar product | 12 (12) | 4 (4) | 8 (8) | 17 (18) | 3 (3) | 16 (16) | 8 (8) |
Pasta or similar product | 12 (6) | 0 (0) | 73 (36) | 47 (23) | 1 (0) | 4 (2) | 1 (0) |
Breakfast cereals | 55 (37) | 3 (2) | 29 (19) | 3 (2) | 87 (58) | 25 (17) | 43 (29) |
Bread or similar product | 87 (41) | 2 (1) | 38 (18) | 79 (37) | 46 (22) | 100 (47) | 4 (2) |
Fine bakery ware | 46 (18) | 0 (0) | 56 (22) | 104 (40) | 163 (63) | 131 (51) | 65 (25) |
Savoury cereal dish | 3 (3) | 0 (0) | 24 (28) | 35 (41) | 36 (42) | 61 (71) | 1 (1) |
Nuts | 2 (3) | 38 (58) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 24 (36) | 43 (65) | 40 (61) |
Seeds or Kernel | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Nuts or seeds products | 2 (2) | 8 (30) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (11) | 4 (15) | 0 (0) |
Vegetables (excluding potato) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Starchy root or potato | 8 (38) | 6 (29) | 0 (0) | 3 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Pulse or pulse product | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Processed fruit product | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) | 2 (5) | 4 (9) |
Sugar, honey, or syrup | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Marmalade | 2 (2) | 9 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Sugary products (no chocolate) | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 31 (46) | 4 (6) | 32 (47) |
Chocolate | 48 (23) | 112 (54) | 3 (1) | 26 (13) | 121 (58) | 12 (6) | 67 (32) |
Juice or nectar | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Non-alcoholic beverage | 10 (4) | 2 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 1 (0) | 1 (0) |
Spices or condiments | 50 (18) | 53 (19) | 47 (17) | 54 (19) | 46 (16) | 16 (6) | 22 (8) |
Prepared food product | 46 (29) | 56 (35) | 51 (32) | 20 (13) | 18 (11) | 15 (9) | 16 (10) |
Ready-to-eat meal | 7 (18) | 6 (16) | 11 (29) | 7 (18) | 6 (16) | 10 (26) | 6 (16) |
Frozen, semi-ready meal | 3 (8) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | 5 (13) | 0 (0) |
Total | 469 (12) | 351 (9) | 422 (11) | 507 (13) | 706 (18) | 485 (13) | 349 (9) |
Food Subcategory | Gluten n (%) | Milk n (%) | Soy n (%) | At Least One Claim n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cream | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (5) |
Milk | 2 (1) | 6 (3) | 0 (0) | 8 (5) |
Yogurts | 9 (5) | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 13 (8) |
Cheese | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 7 (3) |
Milk imitation products | 23 (47) | 35 (71) | 5 (10) | 35 (71) |
Frozen dairy desserts | 2 (4) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 4 (9) |
Canned meat | 39 (49) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 39 (49) |
Sausage or similar products | 13 (37) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 13 (37) |
Seafood products | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
Butter or animal fat | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) |
Rice or similar product | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
Pasta or similar product | 5 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (2) |
Bread or similar product | 4 (2) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 7 (3) |
Bakery products | 2 (1) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) |
Nuts or seeds products | 4 (15) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (15) |
Starchy root or potato | 4 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (19) |
Sugary products (no chocolate) | 8 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (12) |
Chocolate | 17 (8) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (9) |
Juice or nectar | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (2) |
Non-alcoholic beverage | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (2) |
Spices or condiments | 8 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 8 (3) |
Prepared food product | 14 (9) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.6) | 14 (9) |
Frozen, semi-ready meal | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (13) |
Total | 178 (4.6) | 62 (1.6) | 6 (0.2) | 206 (5.3) |
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Katidi, A.; Vlassopoulos, A.; Xanthopoulou, S.; Boutopoulou, B.; Moriki, D.; Sardeli, O.; Rufián-Henares, J.Á.; Douros, K.; Kapsokefalou, M. The Expansion of the Hellenic Food Thesaurus; Allergens Labelling and Allergens-Free Claims on Greek Branded Food Products. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163421
Katidi A, Vlassopoulos A, Xanthopoulou S, Boutopoulou B, Moriki D, Sardeli O, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Douros K, Kapsokefalou M. The Expansion of the Hellenic Food Thesaurus; Allergens Labelling and Allergens-Free Claims on Greek Branded Food Products. Nutrients. 2022; 14(16):3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163421
Chicago/Turabian StyleKatidi, Alexandra, Antonis Vlassopoulos, Stefania Xanthopoulou, Barbara Boutopoulou, Dafni Moriki, Olympia Sardeli, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Konstantinos Douros, and Maria Kapsokefalou. 2022. "The Expansion of the Hellenic Food Thesaurus; Allergens Labelling and Allergens-Free Claims on Greek Branded Food Products" Nutrients 14, no. 16: 3421. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163421