Blockchain Based Transaction System with Fungible and Non-Fungible Tokens for a Community-Based Energy Infrastructure
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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Academic Editor: Claudia Daniela Antal
Sensors 2021, 21(11), 3822; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113822
Received: 10 May 2021
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Revised: 27 May 2021
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Accepted: 28 May 2021
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Published: 31 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain Applications in Smart Energy Grids)
Renewable energy microgeneration is rising leading to creation of prosumer communities making it possible to extract value from surplus energy and usage flexibility. Such a peer-to-peer energy trading community requires a decentralized, immutable and access-controlled transaction system for tokenized energy assets. In this study we present a unified blockchain-based system for energy asset transactions among prosumers, electric vehicles, power companies and storage providers. Two versions of the system were implemented on Hyperledger Fabric. Assets encapsulating an identifier or unique information along with value are modelled as non-fungible tokens (NFT), while those representing value only are modelled as fungible tokens (FT). We developed the associated algorithms for token lifecycle management, analyzed their complexities and encoded them in smart contracts for performance testing. The results show that performance of both implementations are comparable for most major operations. Further, we presented a detailed comparison of FT and NFT implementations based on use-case, design, performance, advantages and disadvantages. Our implementation achieved a throughput of 448.3 transactions per second for the slowest operation (transfer) with a reasonably low infrastructure.
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Keywords:
blockchain; prosumer; fungible; NFT; peak shaving; smart grids; trading; demand response
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MDPI and ACS Style
Karandikar, N.; Chakravorty, A.; Rong, C. Blockchain Based Transaction System with Fungible and Non-Fungible Tokens for a Community-Based Energy Infrastructure. Sensors 2021, 21, 3822. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113822
AMA Style
Karandikar N, Chakravorty A, Rong C. Blockchain Based Transaction System with Fungible and Non-Fungible Tokens for a Community-Based Energy Infrastructure. Sensors. 2021; 21(11):3822. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113822
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarandikar, Nikita, Antorweep Chakravorty, and Chunming Rong. 2021. "Blockchain Based Transaction System with Fungible and Non-Fungible Tokens for a Community-Based Energy Infrastructure" Sensors 21, no. 11: 3822. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113822
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