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Volume 26
Issue 19
10.3390/ijms26199690
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Review

Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies

by
Harry Wilton-Clark
,
Sebastian Hernandez Rodriguez
and
Toshifumi Yokota
*
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 , Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 30 August 2025 / Revised: 29 September 2025 / Accepted: 30 September 2025 / Published: 4 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Muscular dystrophies are a class of diseases characterized by muscular weakness, breakdown, and heavily impaired function and quality of life. Numerous types of muscular dystrophies have been identified, with different causative genes and dystrophic mechanisms. While the majority of studies emphasize the protein product encoded by each gene, a growing body of research has identified non-coding elements as key regulators of muscular dystrophy. In this review, we summarize the common noncoding mechanisms known to regulate multiple forms of muscular dystrophies. We also highlight individual studies exploring local, disease-specific noncoding elements to each disease. Together, this provides a comprehensive overview of the major role of non-coding regulation in muscular dystrophies.
Keywords: ncRNA; lncRNA; miRNA; epigenetics; DMD; FSHD; LGMD; DM; CMD; OPMD ncRNA; lncRNA; miRNA; epigenetics; DMD; FSHD; LGMD; DM; CMD; OPMD

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wilton-Clark, H.; Rodriguez, S.H.; Yokota, T. Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690

AMA Style

Wilton-Clark H, Rodriguez SH, Yokota T. Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(19):9690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wilton-Clark, Harry, Sebastian Hernandez Rodriguez, and Toshifumi Yokota. 2025. "Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 19: 9690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690

APA Style

Wilton-Clark, H., Rodriguez, S. H., & Yokota, T. (2025). Local Non-Coding Regulatory Elements in Muscular Dystrophies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(19), 9690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199690

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