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Search Results (2,930)

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12 pages, 1082 KiB  
Article
Clinical and Instrumental Evaluation of the Anti-Aging Effectiveness of a Cream Based on Hyaluronic Acid and a Cream Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Vitamin C: A Prospective, Multicenter, 8-Week, Parallel-Group Randomized Study on 91 Subjects
by Corinna Rigoni, Alessandra M. Cantù, Maria Carmela Annunziata, Chiara Bordin, Sandra Farina, Patrizia Forgione, Caterina Foti, Sandra Lorenzi, Francesca Negosanti, Marisa Praticò, Aurora Tedeschi, Federica Tovecci, Lucia Villa, Colombina Vincenzi, Francesca Colombo, Stefano Alfano, Massimo Milani and Elena Rossi
Cosmetics 2025, 12(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12040177 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Skin aging is a multifaceted process influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, resulting in visible changes such as wrinkles, loss of elasticity, uneven skin tone, and hyperpigmentation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely recognized for its hydrating and structural support properties, [...] Read more.
Introduction: Skin aging is a multifaceted process influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, resulting in visible changes such as wrinkles, loss of elasticity, uneven skin tone, and hyperpigmentation. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely recognized for its hydrating and structural support properties, while Vitamin C is known for its antioxidant and depigmenting effects. This study investigated the anti-aging efficacy of two topical formulations containing Jalubalance® technology—HA delivered in Opuntia oil—with or without 1% Vitamin C. Background/Objectives: We conducted an 8-week, multicenter, randomized trial involving 91 women aged 30–50 years with mild-to-moderate photoaging. Participants were assigned to apply either HA-only cream (Group A) or a HA + Vitamin C cream (Group B) twice daily. The primary outcome was the percentage of subjects who achieved an improvement of at least one point in the hyperpigmentation score from baseline to week 8. Additionally, the study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical and instrumental effects of both treatments, with a particular focus on improvements in wrinkles, elasticity, hydration, and pigmentation. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements across all measured parameters, including Glogau scores, wrinkle reduction, and skin elasticity. Instrumental analysis confirmed increased hydration and elasticity. Group B showed a significantly greater reduction in hyperpigmentation (−45%) compared to Group A (−31%, p < 0.05). At week 8, a ≥1-point reduction in hyperpigmentation score was observed in 56% of subjects in Group B and 30% in Group A (absolute difference: 26%; 95% CI: 5–43%; p < 0.05), highlighting the added benefit of Vitamin C on this parameter. Participant satisfaction was high, especially for the moisturization and brightening effects of both products. Conclusions: The topical application of Jalubalance-based creams effectively reduced signs of aging. The inclusion of Vitamin C provided enhanced benefits in reducing hyperpigmentation, suggesting its utility in personalized dermatological approaches for patients with pigmentation concerns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)
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29 pages, 4205 KiB  
Article
Preclinical Evaluation of 2-Aminobenzothiazole Derivatives: In Silico, In Vitro, and Preliminary In Vivo Studies as Diabetic Treatments and Their Complications
by Natalia Reyes-Vallejo, Miguel Valdes, Adelfo Reyes-Ramírez, Juan Andres Alvarado-Salazar, Alejandro Cruz, Erik Andrade-Jorge and Jessica Elena Mendieta-Wejebe
Molecules 2025, 30(16), 3427; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30163427 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, factors that contribute to the development of long-term complications. In this context, the 2-aminobenzothiazole scaffold has emerged as a promising candidate due to its broad [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, factors that contribute to the development of long-term complications. In this context, the 2-aminobenzothiazole scaffold has emerged as a promising candidate due to its broad spectrum of biological properties. In this study, we performed a multidisciplinary evaluation of benzothiazole derivatives (5ad, 8ad, 11ad, and 12cd), starting with the in silico prediction of their properties, along with molecular docking against aldose reductase (ALR2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). All compounds complied with the main rules of pharmacological similarity and optimal affinity, highlighting 8d (ΔG = −8.39 kcal/mol for ALR2 and −7.77 kcal/mol for PPAR-γ). Selected compounds from families C and D were synthesized in moderate yields (~60%) and showed low acute oral toxicity (LD50 > 1250 mg/Kg). Compounds 8c and 8d inhibited ALR2 at concentrations below 10 µM. In vivo studies using a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model with a high-fat diet revealed that compound 8d produced sustained antihyperglycemic effects and reduced insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and polydipsia, without inducing hepatotoxicity or displaying intrinsic antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity. These findings suggest that 8d is a promising candidate for further development in diabetes-related therapeutic strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 4309 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Biomimetical TiO2@PVDF Composite Membrane with Omniphobicity via In-Situ Growth and Its Anti-Fouling Performance
by Wei Zhang, Xuran Zhu, Baoan Li, Boyang Hu, Leyu Shen, Yanzong Meng and Haifeng Gao
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080965 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Commercial hydrophobic membranes encounter severe problems such as membrane wetting and membrane fouling under extreme conditions, which affect membrane separation performance. To enhance the anti-fouling abilities of hydrophobic membranes, a composite membrane with omniphobic characteristics was fabricated successfully in this paper. Titanium dioxide [...] Read more.
Commercial hydrophobic membranes encounter severe problems such as membrane wetting and membrane fouling under extreme conditions, which affect membrane separation performance. To enhance the anti-fouling abilities of hydrophobic membranes, a composite membrane with omniphobic characteristics was fabricated successfully in this paper. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were in-situ grown via the hydrothermal synthesis method, and then fluorosilane with low surface energy was grafted on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. Subsequently, the morphologies, chemical compositions, wetting properties and structural parameters of composite membranes were characterized systematically. Various contaminants were added to the feed to investigate the anti-fouling and anti-wetting performances of the composite membrane in membrane distillation tests. The results showed that butyl titanate was first hydrolyzed to form titanium hydroxide (Ti(OH)4) and then it was dehydrated to form TiO2 in the hydrothermal environment. TiO2 crystals continued to grow and formed rough morphology with micro-nano synergistic distribution, which is similar to a “sunflower” disk composed of cubic clusters and nanopillars. Meanwhile, fluorosilane successfully was grafted onto TiO2. The contact angles of deionized water, 0.4 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution and 0.2% v/v mineral oil emulsion on the composite membrane surface were 167.3°, 162.0° and 158.5°, respectively, endowing the composite membrane with excellent omniphobic features. In direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) tests, the composite membrane exhibited a relatively stable membrane permeate flux, and the salt rejection rate almost reached 100%. The mixture, consisting of inorganic salts, organic substances, surfactants and oil emulsions, was used as feed. In contrast, the commercial PVDF membrane flux decreased drastically and even dropped to 0 due to the membrane fouling and wetting. As for the pristine PVDF membrane, the membrane surface was covered with pollutants and membrane pores were blocked. Therefore, it was proved that the omniphobic composite membrane possesses outstanding anti-fouling and anti-wetting performance. Full article
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22 pages, 2487 KiB  
Article
Avenanthramide-C Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Accelerated Alzheimer’s Pathologies via NOD1-Driven Neuroinflammation in 5×FAD Mice
by Ming Wang, Baoyuan Jin, Jia Xu and Chuang Wang
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162679 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Obesity is clinically known to be associated with an increased risk and aggravated pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A high-fat diet (HFD), the major contributor to obesity, induces neuroinflammation and central insulin resistance, both of which are linked to synaptic dysfunction. [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity is clinically known to be associated with an increased risk and aggravated pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A high-fat diet (HFD), the major contributor to obesity, induces neuroinflammation and central insulin resistance, both of which are linked to synaptic dysfunction. Our previous studies demonstrated that avenanthramide-C (Avn-C), a natural oat-derived phenolic compound, exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates synaptic dysfunction in conventional AD models. The present study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of Avn-C in obesity-accelerated AD. Methods: Two-month-old male 5×FAD mice were fed an HFD to induce obesity and then treated with Avn-C. Cognitive performance, synaptic function, and structure were assessed via behavioral tests, electrophysiological recordings, and Golgi–Cox staining, respectively. Cytokine levels were quantified using ELISA and Western blotting. To explore the underlying mechanism, the NOD1 agonist C12-iE-DAP was administered to evaluate its effect on Avn-C-mediated neuroprotection. Results: Avn-C reduced Aβ deposition, enhanced the expression of synapse proteins, and restored synaptic plasticity, thereby improving both spatial and recognition memory in obese 5×FAD mice. Furthermore, Avn-C reduced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Co-treatment with C12-iE-DAP abolished the beneficial effects of Avn-C on neuroinflammation, Aβ pathology, and cognitive function. Conclusions: These results suggest that Avn-C mitigates obesity-exacerbated AD-like pathological features by suppressing NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation and could be a new potential therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Neuro Sciences)
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42 pages, 31030 KiB  
Article
Unlocking Therapeutic Potential of Novel Thieno-Oxazepine Hybrids as Multi-Target Inhibitors of AChE/BChE and Evaluation Against Alzheimer’s Disease: In Vivo, In Vitro, Histopathological, and Docking Studies
by Khulood H. Oudah, Mazin A. A. Najm, Triveena M. Ramsis, Maha A. Ebrahim, Nirvana A. Gohar, Karema Abu-Elfotuh, Ehsan Khedre Mohamed, Ahmed M. E. Hamdan, Amira M. Hamdan, Reema Almotairi, Shaimaa R. Abdelmohsen, Khaled Ragab Abdelhakim, Abdou Mohammed Ahmed Elsharkawy and Eman A. Fayed
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081214 - 17 Aug 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is largely linked with oxidative stress, the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques, and hyperphosphorylated τ-protein aggregation. Alterations in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission have also been implicated in various AD-related symptoms. Methods: To explore new therapeutic agents, a [...] Read more.
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is largely linked with oxidative stress, the accumulation of amyloid-β plaques, and hyperphosphorylated τ-protein aggregation. Alterations in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission have also been implicated in various AD-related symptoms. Methods: To explore new therapeutic agents, a series of bicyclic and tricyclic thieno-oxazepine derivatives were synthesized as potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. The resultant compounds were purified via HPLC and characterized using spectral analysis techniques. Histopathological examinations, other antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated, and in silico ADMET calculations were performed for synthetic hybrids. Molecular docking was utilized to validate the new drugs’ binding mechanisms. Results: The most powerful AChE inhibitors were 14 and 16, with respective values of IC50 equal to 0.39 and 0.76 µM. Derivative 15 demonstrated remarkable BChE-inhibitory efficacy, on par with tacrine, with IC50 values of 0.70 µM. Hybrids 13 and 15 showed greater selectivity towards BChE, despite substantial inhibition of AChE. Compounds 13 and 15 reduced escape latency and raised residence time, with almost equal activity to donepezil. Conclusions: According to these findings, the designed hybrids constitute multipotent lead compounds that could be used in the creation of novel anti-AD medications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocyclic Chemistry in Modern Drug Development)
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37 pages, 2406 KiB  
Review
Apolipoprotein A (ApoA) in Neurological Disorders: Connections and Insights
by Humam Emad Rajha, Ahmed Hassanein, Rowan Mesilhy, Zainab Nurulhaque, Nebras Elghoul, Patrick G. Burgon, Rafif Mahmood Al Saady and Shona Pedersen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7908; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167908 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A (ApoA) proteins, ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoA-IV, and ApoA-V, play critical roles in lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and blood–brain barrier integrity, making them pivotal in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). This review synthesizes current [...] Read more.
Apolipoprotein A (ApoA) proteins, ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoA-IV, and ApoA-V, play critical roles in lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and blood–brain barrier integrity, making them pivotal in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). This review synthesizes current evidence on their structural and functional contributions to neuroprotection, highlighting their dual roles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. ApoA-I, the most extensively studied, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and amyloid-clearing properties, with reduced levels associated with AD progression and cognitive decline. ApoA-II modulates HDL metabolism and stroke risk, while ApoA-IV influences neuroinflammation and amyloid processing. ApoA-V, although less explored, is implicated in stroke susceptibility through its regulation of triglycerides. Genetic polymorphisms (e.g., APOA1 rs670, APOA5 rs662799) further complicate disease risk, showing population-specific associations with stroke and neurodegeneration. Therapeutic strategies targeting ApoA proteins, including reconstituted HDL, mimetic peptides, and gene-based approaches, show promise in preclinical models but face translational challenges in human trials. Clinical trials, such as those with CSL112, highlight the need for neuro-specific optimization. Further research should prioritize human-relevant models, advanced neuroimaging techniques, and functional assays to elucidate ApoA mechanisms inside the central nervous system. The integration of genetic, lipidomic, and clinical data offers potential for enhancing precision medicine in neurological illnesses by facilitating the generation of ApoA-targeted treatments and bridging current deficiencies in disease comprehension and therapy. Full article
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13 pages, 1072 KiB  
Article
Real-World Clinical Practice Evaluation of Tralokinumab in Atopic Dermatitis: A 52-Week Multi-Center Retrospective Study in the Basque Country
by Rosa María Izu Belloso, Marc Juliá Manresa, Nekane Martínez Peña, Maider Pretel Irazabal, Vanesa Fatsini Blanch, Nerea Ormaechea Pérez, Manuel Pascual Ares and Juan Antonio Ratón Nieto
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5727; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165727 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 344
Abstract
Background: Tralokinumab is an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody approved for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). While pivotal trials have demonstrated its efficacy, real-world data remain limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multi-center study in the Basque Country including 109 adults with moderate-to-severe AD [...] Read more.
Background: Tralokinumab is an anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody approved for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). While pivotal trials have demonstrated its efficacy, real-world data remain limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multi-center study in the Basque Country including 109 adults with moderate-to-severe AD treated with tralokinumab. Clinical outcomes (EASI, IGA, BSA, DLQI, and NRS-pruritus/sleep) were assessed at baseline, weeks 16, 24, and 52. Results: EASI-75/90/100 responses were 66%/44%/16% at week 16 and increased to 83%/70%/34% at week 52. Pruritus NRS decreased from 7.1 to 3.1 and DLQI from 17.8 to 9.0. Adverse events were uncommon, with only three cases of conjunctivitis (two discontinued). Conclusions: Our findings support tralokinumab as a safe and effective long-term therapy for AD in routine practice. Results were consistent with, or superior to, pivotal and other RWE studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis)
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17 pages, 2895 KiB  
Article
Anti-Neuroinflammation Effect of Standardized Ethanol Extract of Leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta on Aβ-Induced Alzheimer’s Disease-like Mouse Model
by Hyunji Kwon, Jihye Lee, Eunhong Lee, Somin Moon, Eunbi Cho, Jieun Jeon, A Young Park, Joon-Ho Hwang, Gun Hee Cho, Haram Kong, Mi-Houn Park, Sung-Kyu Kim, Dong Hyun Kim and Ji Wook Jung
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081045 - 12 Aug 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kudo, a member of the Lamiaceae family, has been previously reported to reduce neuroinflammation and potentially decrease Aβ plaque accumulation in 5XFAD mice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of a standardized 60% [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kudo, a member of the Lamiaceae family, has been previously reported to reduce neuroinflammation and potentially decrease Aβ plaque accumulation in 5XFAD mice. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of a standardized 60% ethanol extract of Perilla leaves (PE), optimized for commercial application. Methods: The inflammatory response was assessed in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, and the cognitive improvement was evaluated in an AD animal model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ. Results: Using LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and an Aβ-injected ICR mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, we found that PE significantly suppressed the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS, and COX-2, along with inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, PE upregulated CREB and BDNF expression. In vivo, PE administration alleviated Aβ-induced cognitive deficits, which were associated with reduced expression of JNK, NF-κB, iNOS, and COX and increased CREB/BDNF signaling in the hippocampus. Behavioral assessments—including passive avoidance, Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests—confirmed the improvement in cognitive function. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PE exerts significant anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects, supporting its potential as a functional ingredient for cognitive enhancement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biopharmaceutics)
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17 pages, 4852 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Compounds Isolated from Digitalis purpurea L. in TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced HaCaT Keratinocytes and a Three-Dimensionally Reconstructed Human Skin Model
by Linsha Dong, Hwan Lee, Zhiming Liu, Eun-Rhan Woo and Dong-Sung Lee
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167747 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder affecting 10–20% of the population. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effect on the skin of eight compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea L., using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT [...] Read more.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder affecting 10–20% of the population. In this study, we investigate the anti-inflammatory effect on the skin of eight compounds isolated from Digitalis purpurea L., using tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and a three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed human skin model. Among the tested compounds, desrhamnosyl acteoside exhibited the most potent activity, significantly reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines (CCL17, CCL22), suppressing the expression of inflammatory proteins, and modulating key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, JAK2/STAT1, and MAPK. Notably, this is the first report demonstrating that desrhamnosyl acteoside simultaneously targets all three pathways, indicating a multi-modal mechanism distinct from conventional single-target approaches. In the 3D skin model, desrhamnosyl acteoside further exhibited barrier-protective effects by downregulating inflammatory mediators and upregulating epidermal differentiation markers such as involucrin and loricrin. These findings reveal a previously uncharacterized phytochemical with dual anti-inflammatory and barrier-restorative activities, supporting its potential as a novel therapeutic candidate for AD and other inflammatory skin diseases. Full article
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28 pages, 896 KiB  
Review
Nanoparticles as an Encouraging Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease
by Joanna Koga-Batko, Katarzyna Antosz-Popiołek, Hanna Nowakowska, Marta Błażejewska, Eunika Milena Kowalik, Jan Aleksander Beszłej and Jerzy Leszek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7725; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167725 - 10 Aug 2025
Viewed by 502
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, responsible for 60–80% of dementia. Its pathogenesis is mainly based on the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins. Current pharmacological treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies. [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, responsible for 60–80% of dementia. Its pathogenesis is mainly based on the accumulation of beta-amyloid and tau proteins. Current pharmacological treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and monoclonal antibodies. However, their effect is limited by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). A new and promising way for different drugs to cross the BBB is the use of nanoparticles such as liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanocarriers, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, and inorganic nanoparticles as their carriers. Additionally, some nanoparticles present anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective effects. Some of them can also be used to treat cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) by aiming at amyloid deposits in brain arterioles. All the properties of nanoparticles listed and discussed in the article allow us to hope that there will be more effective treatment in the future, which is extremely important as the number of patients with AD is still growing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Nanoscience)
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25 pages, 3818 KiB  
Article
Food Image Recognition Based on Anti-Noise Learning and Covariance Feature Enhancement
by Zengzheng Chen, Hao Chen, Jianxin Wang and Yeru Wang
Foods 2025, 14(16), 2776; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14162776 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Food image recognition is a key research area in food computing, with applications in dietary assessment, menu analysis, and nutrition monitoring. However, imaging devices and environmental factors introduce noise, limiting classification performance. To address this, we propose a food image recognition method based [...] Read more.
Food image recognition is a key research area in food computing, with applications in dietary assessment, menu analysis, and nutrition monitoring. However, imaging devices and environmental factors introduce noise, limiting classification performance. To address this, we propose a food image recognition method based on anti-noise learning and covariance feature enhancement. Specifically, we design a Noise Adaptive Recognition Module (NARM), which incorporates noisy images during training and treats denoising as an auxiliary task to enhance noise invariance and recognition accuracy. To mitigate the adverse effects of noise and strengthen the representation of small eigenvalues, we introduce Eigenvalue-Enhanced Global Covariance Pooling (EGCP) into NARM. Furthermore, we develop a Weighted Multi-Granularity Fusion (WMF) method to improve feature extraction. Combined with the Progressive Temperature-Aware Feature Distillation (PTAFD) strategy, our approach optimizes model efficiency without adding overhead to the backbone. Experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the ETH Food-101 and Vireo Food-172 datasets. Specifically, it reaches a Top-1 accuracy of 92.57% on ETH Food-101, outperforming existing methods, and it also delivers strong results in Top-5 on ETH Food-101 and both Top-1 and Top-5 on Vireo Food-172. These findings confirmed the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach in real-world food image recognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
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16 pages, 918 KiB  
Systematic Review
Experimental Evidence of Caffeic Acid’s Neuroprotective Activity in Alzheimer’s Disease: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Delivery-Based Insights
by Adam Kowalczyk, Carlo Ignazio Giovani Tuberoso and Igor Jerković
Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081428 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 276
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder marked by cholinergic deficits, oxidative stress, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Caffeic acid (CA), a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid, has emerged as a promising neuroprotective candidate due to its antioxidant, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder marked by cholinergic deficits, oxidative stress, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Caffeic acid (CA), a naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid, has emerged as a promising neuroprotective candidate due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. This review systematically evaluates recent in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of CA in AD models and examines the impact of delivery systems and derivatives on its efficacy and bioavailability. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies published between January 2021 and April 2025 were included in this review. Eligible studies investigated the effects of CA or CA-enriched extracts on AD-relevant mechanisms using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models. After screening 101 articles, 44 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final qualitative synthesis of the study. Results: In vitro studies have confirmed that CA modulates cholinergic activity by inhibiting AChE and BChE and exerting antioxidant and anti-amyloidogenic effects. In vivo studies using pharmacological, genetic, and metabolic AD models have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, reduction in oxidative stress, inflammation, and Aβ and tau pathologies following CA administration. Advanced delivery platforms, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, transferrin-functionalized liposomes, and carbon dot systems, have significantly enhanced CA’s brain bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. CA derivatives, including caffeic acid phenethyl ester and nitro-substituted analogs, exhibit improved pharmacokinetic and neuroprotective profiles. Conclusions: This review provides evidence supporting the use of CA as a promising multitarget agent against AD pathology. Its therapeutic potential is further enhanced by nanotechnology-based delivery systems and chemical modifications that overcome the limitations of bioavailability. Continued preclinical evaluation and translational studies are warranted to support its clinical development as an AD intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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19 pages, 1996 KiB  
Review
Honey as a Neuroprotective Agent: Molecular Perspectives on Its Role in Alzheimer’s Disease
by María D. Navarro-Hortal, Jose M. Romero-Márquez, Johura Ansary, Daniel Hinojosa-Nogueira, Cristina Montalbán-Hernández, Alfonso Varela-López and José L. Quiles
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162577 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and a major global health challenge, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Despite decades of research, there is currently no cure, and available treatments provide only limited symptomatic relief without halting disease [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and a major global health challenge, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Despite decades of research, there is currently no cure, and available treatments provide only limited symptomatic relief without halting disease progression. In this context, natural compounds with multi-targeted biological activities are being explored as potential complementary therapeutic strategies. Honey, a complex natural substance rich in bioactive phytochemicals, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of honey in the context of AD, with a particular focus on its ability to modulate oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis, β-amyloid accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurotransmission-related enzymes. Notably, the botanical origin of honey significantly influences its composition and biological activity, as evidenced by studies on avocado, manuka, acacia, kelulut, chestnut, coffee, or tualang honeys. While preclinical findings are encouraging, especially in vitro and in invertebrate and rodent models, clinical validation is still lacking. Therefore, further research, including well-designed in vivo and human studies, is needed to clarify the therapeutic relevance of honey in AD. Overall, honey may represent a promising natural adjunct in the prevention or management of AD, but current evidence remains preliminary. Full article
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22 pages, 6303 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Upper Limit of the Stability of High and Steep Slopes Supported by a Combination of Anti-Slip Piles and Reinforced Soil Under the Seismic Effect
by Wei Luo, Gequan Xiao, Zhi Tao, Jingyu Chen, Zhulong Gong and Haifeng Wang
Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152806 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 226
Abstract
The reinforcement effect of single-reinforced soil support under external loading has limitations, and it is difficult for it to meet engineering stability requirements. Therefore, the stability analysis of slopes supported by a combination of anti-slip piles and reinforced soil under the seismic loading [...] Read more.
The reinforcement effect of single-reinforced soil support under external loading has limitations, and it is difficult for it to meet engineering stability requirements. Therefore, the stability analysis of slopes supported by a combination of anti-slip piles and reinforced soil under the seismic loading effect needs an in-depth study. Based on the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis and the strength-reduction technique, this study establishes an upper-bound stability model for high–steep slopes that simultaneously considers seismic action and the combined reinforcement of anti-slide piles and reinforced soil. A closed-form safety factor is derived. The theoretical results are validated against published data, demonstrating satisfactory agreement. Finally, the MATLAB R2022a sequential quadratic programming method is used to optimize the objective function, and the Optum G2 2023 software is employed to analyze the factors influencing slope stability due to the interaction between anti-slide piles and geogrids. The research indicates that the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient kh exhibits a significant negative correlation with the safety factor Fs. Increases in the tensile strength T of the reinforcing materials, the number of layers n, and the length l all significantly improve the safety factor Fs of the reinforced-soil slope. Additionally, as l increases, the potential slip plane of the slope shifts backward. For slope support systems combining anti-slide piles and reinforced soil, when the length of the geogrid is the same, adding anti-slide piles can significantly improve the slope’s safety factor. As anti-slide piles move from the toe to the crest of the slope, the safety factor first decreases and then increases, indicating that the optimal reinforcement position for anti-slide piles should be in the middle to lower part of the slope body. The length of the anti-slip piles should exceed the lowest layer of the geogrid to more effectively utilize the blocking effect of the pile ends on the slip surface. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for parameter optimization in high–steep slope support engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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20 pages, 4142 KiB  
Article
Repeated Administration of Guar Gum Hydrogel Containing Sesamol-Loaded Nanocapsules Reduced Skin Inflammation in Mice in an Irritant Contact Dermatitis Model
by Vinicius Costa Prado, Bruna Rafaela Fretag de Carvalho, Kauani Moenke, Amanda Maccangnan Zamberlan, Samuel Felipe Atuati, Ana Clara Perazzio Assis, Evelyne da Silva Brum, Raul Edison Luna Lazo, Andréa Inês Horn Adams, Luana Mota Ferreira, Sara Marchesan Oliveira and Letícia Cruz
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081029 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dermatitis is frequently treated with dexamethasone cutaneous application, which causes adverse effects mainly when it is chronically administered. Sesamol is a phytochemical compound known for its anti-inflammatory activity and low toxicity. Therefore, this study reports the optimization of a guar gum [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dermatitis is frequently treated with dexamethasone cutaneous application, which causes adverse effects mainly when it is chronically administered. Sesamol is a phytochemical compound known for its anti-inflammatory activity and low toxicity. Therefore, this study reports the optimization of a guar gum hydrogel with enhanced physicochemical and microbiological stability, providing an effective dosage form for topical application of sesamol nanocapsules to treat irritant contact dermatitis. Methods: Nano-based hydrogel containing 1 mg/g sesamol was prepared by adding the nanocapsule suspension to form a 2.5% (w/v) guar gum dispersion. Dynamic rheological analysis indicates that the formulations exhibit a non-Newtonian flow with pseudoplastic behavior. Hydrogels were evaluated by Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and, following spectrum acquisition, an unsupervised chemometrics model was developed to identify crucial variables. Additionally, the physicochemical and microbiological stability of the hydrogel was evaluated over a 60-day period. Results: ATR-FTIR spectra of all hydrogels evaluated are very similar after preparation and 60 days of storage. However, it showed a slight increase in average diameter and PDI and decreased pH values after 60 days. Microbiological assessment demonstrated that the hydrogel met the requirements for the microbial count over 60 days. The dermatitis model was induced by repeated applications of croton oil in the right ears of mice. The effectiveness of the hydrogels was evaluated by assessing ear edema and migration of polymorphonuclear cells. The nano-based hydrogel exhibited anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of dexamethasone. Conclusions: Therefore, the nano-based hydrogel containing sesamol exhibits therapeutic potential for treating cutaneous inflammatory diseases. Full article
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