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Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector
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Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2021) | Viewed by 180774

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Aritra Ghosh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
Interests: energy positive building; smart switchable material (electrochromic, suspended particle device, liquid crystal); advanced glazing technologies (vacuum, aerogel); first, second and third-generation pv for bipv/bapv; low concentrating pv (lsc, cpc, holography); building physics including materials science, solar radiation, thermal radiation, climate exposure, smart nanomaterials; solar powered electric vehicle (ev); transparent building envelops (transparent wood); sensor technology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles have contributed considerably to air pollution. Displacement of this ICE engine with electric vehicles (EV) is one of the potential choices which can abate air pollution and make vehicles independent from oil. EVs are not only limited to just full-sized cars but also include two- and three-wheeled vehicles, which are a popular transport medium in developing countries.

Batteries, ultracapacitors, and fuel cells are the energy sources for EV. Depending on the EV type, one or multiple of these sources can be used in an EV. However, integration of the EV in the transport sector has major obstacles which include battery cost and efficiencies, the potential of the EV charging station, and the impact of EV integration to the grid. In addition, consumer readiness and willingness to pay and accept are some also non-ignorable factors which limit the widespread implementation of EVs.

As it is evident that EVs have the potential to contribute to the decarbonization of transportation, this Special Issue invites original papers and review articles on all aspects connected to EVs, batteries, fuel cells, and capacitor and consumer perspectives for EV uptake.

Dr. Aritra Ghosh
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electric vehicles
  • Battery energy management for EV
  • Fuel cell for EV
  • Battery for EV
  • Capacitor for EV
  • EV charging infrastructure
  • Grid integration

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector
by Aritra Ghosh
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(4), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040262 - 13 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
Internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles have contributed considerably to air pollution [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

20 pages, 6085 KiB  
Article
Research on the Thermal Characteristics of an 18650 Lithium-Ion Battery Based on an Electrochemical–Thermal Flow Coupling Model
by Guanchen Liu and Lijun Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(4), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040250 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5986
Abstract
Aiming at the complex experimental conditions of multi-physical field coupling in the analysis of thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal flow coupling model for lithium-ion batteries was established using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Through the analysis of simulation results, the thermal characteristics [...] Read more.
Aiming at the complex experimental conditions of multi-physical field coupling in the analysis of thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal flow coupling model for lithium-ion batteries was established using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Through the analysis of simulation results, the thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles were explored from the aspects of heat generation and dissipation. It was found that increasing the charge–discharge rate and the electrode thickness will increase the temperature rise rate of lithium-ion batteries, and the temperature rise rate of lithium-ion batteries is the highest during their first time charging and discharging. Increasing the airflow velocity and reducing the size of the inlet flow area can improve the cooling effect on the cell. Under a single inlet, the cooling effect of the airflow field entering from the negative electrode is better than that from the positive electrode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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40 pages, 36498 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Barrier Effects of Charge Point Trauma on UK Electric Vehicle Growth
by Keith Chamberlain and Salah Al Majeed
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030152 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3733
Abstract
For electric vehicles (EVs) to realise the UK government’s goal of mass-market dominance, there are surmountable hurdles to resolve before car users accept this radical shift in motoring technology. This study focuses on recent EV adopters who experience a new phenomenon described as [...] Read more.
For electric vehicles (EVs) to realise the UK government’s goal of mass-market dominance, there are surmountable hurdles to resolve before car users accept this radical shift in motoring technology. This study focuses on recent EV adopters who experience a new phenomenon described as charge point trauma (CPT). In contrast to range anxiety, we define CPT as the psychological, physiological, and behavioural condition where EV user’s experiences develop trauma or anxiety in response to the availability of sufficient charge points, locations, payment processes, and operability. Resolving impediments to EV usage reduces long-term growth barriers, which we argue can subsequently lower or even eliminate EV driver anxiety. We conclude that range anxiety still plays a major part in overall EV driver trauma, and after deep analysis of our case study data conclude that a trauma other than range anxiety exists at the charge point. To mitigate this phenomenon, we propose a regulatory framework comprising a series of stimuli to encourage EV uptake. These recommendations should be targeted at regulating a new generation of EV charging stations to meet operational parity with current fossil fuel filling stations by ensuring they are always on, available in sufficient numbers, accessible and operable as part of the UK motorway and major trunk network. This will de-risk EV purchasing and stimulate their adoption in this embryonic stage, reducing CPT in the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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18 pages, 9033 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Station for Indian Cities
by Aanya Singh, Shubham Sanjay Shaha, Nikhil P G, Yendaluru Raja Sekhar, Shaik Saboor and Aritra Ghosh
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030132 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 15753
Abstract
Due to depleting fossil fuel reserves coupled with a climate crisis, sustainability is gaining ground, and electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging to be the new face of this field. However, the idea of EVs will be genuinely sustainable only if they are charged [...] Read more.
Due to depleting fossil fuel reserves coupled with a climate crisis, sustainability is gaining ground, and electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging to be the new face of this field. However, the idea of EVs will be genuinely sustainable only if they are charged using renewable energy. This paper presents results from the design of a solar-powered EV charging station for an Indian context. PVsyst 7.2 software has been used for the system design. The analysis, based on the number of cars charged annually, the monthly variation in energy generation, the investment cost, and the decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using different module technologies for six Indian cities, has been deliberated. The results indicate that an off-grid 8.1 kWp system with two days of battery autonomy has the fewest unused energy losses, with a good performance ratio (PR). It can completely charge around 414 vehicles of 30 kWh battery capacity annually. This would help to reduce annual CO2 emissions by approximately 7950 kg. For cities near the equator, maximum energy is produced during March or January, and for cities near the Tropic of Cancer, energy production maximizes during May–June. The overall system has better energy generation and economy when monocrystalline modules are used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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15 pages, 2711 KiB  
Article
Box–Jenkins Black-Box Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Based on Automotive Drive Cycle Data
by Jaouad Khalfi, Najib Boumaaz, Abdallah Soulmani and El Mehdi Laadissi
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030102 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2897
Abstract
The Box–Jenkins model is a polynomial model that uses transfer functions to express relationships between input, output, and noise for a given system. In this article, we present a Box–Jenkins linear model for a lithium-ion battery cell for use in electric vehicles. The [...] Read more.
The Box–Jenkins model is a polynomial model that uses transfer functions to express relationships between input, output, and noise for a given system. In this article, we present a Box–Jenkins linear model for a lithium-ion battery cell for use in electric vehicles. The model parameter identifications are based on automotive drive-cycle measurements. The proposed model prediction performance is evaluated using the goodness-of-fit criteria and the mean squared error between the Box–Jenkins model and the measured battery cell output. A simulation confirmed that the proposed Box–Jenkins model could adequately capture the battery cell dynamics for different automotive drive cycles and reasonably predict the actual battery cell output. The goodness-of-fit value shows that the Box–Jenkins model matches the battery cell data by 86.85% in the identification phase, and 90.83% in the validation phase for the LA-92 driving cycle. This work demonstrates the potential of using a simple and linear model to predict the battery cell behavior based on a complex identification dataset that represents the actual use of the battery cell in an electric vehicle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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10 pages, 2275 KiB  
Article
Improved Prediction of Total Energy Consumption and Feature Analysis in Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning and Shapley Additive Explanations Method
by Sugam Pokharel, Pradip Sah and Deepak Ganta
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(3), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030094 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4321
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as the green energy alternative for conventional vehicles. While various governments promote EVs, people feel “range anxiety” because of their limited driving range or charge capacity. A limited number of charging stations are available, which results in a [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as the green energy alternative for conventional vehicles. While various governments promote EVs, people feel “range anxiety” because of their limited driving range or charge capacity. A limited number of charging stations are available, which results in a strong demand for predicting energy consumed by EVs. In this paper, machine learning (ML) models such as multiple linear regression (MLR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and support vector regression (SVR) were used to investigate the total energy consumption (TEC) by the EVs. The independent variables used for the study include changing real-life situations or external parameters, such as trip distance, tire type, driving style, power, odometer reading, EV model, city, motorway, country roads, air conditioning, and park heating. We compared the ML models’ performance along with the error analysis. A pairwise correlation study showed that trip distance has a high correlation coefficient (0.87) with TEC. XGBoost had better prediction accuracy (~92%) or R2 (0.92). Trip distance, power, heating, and odometer reading were the most important features influencing the TEC, identified using the shapley additive explanations method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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24 pages, 2947 KiB  
Article
Sun, Wind and Waves: EV Fossil Fuel Use and Emissions on an Isolated, Oil-Dependent Hawaiian Island
by Katherine A. McKenzie
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020087 - 18 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4548
Abstract
Electric power grids in remote communities around the world tend to be highly oil-dependent, unlike large, interconnected grids. Consequently, self-contained power grids such as the Hawaiian Islands’ have become testbeds for aggressive renewable energy integration (PV, wind, and ocean energy) and transportation electrification. [...] Read more.
Electric power grids in remote communities around the world tend to be highly oil-dependent, unlike large, interconnected grids. Consequently, self-contained power grids such as the Hawaiian Islands’ have become testbeds for aggressive renewable energy integration (PV, wind, and ocean energy) and transportation electrification. However, there remains a lack of critical analysis for remote communities to determine the benefits of transitioning from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). This case study examines the impacts of this transition to EVs and renewable power generation on fossil fuel use and CO2 emissions on the oil-dependent Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Average passenger EVs were found to consume seven times less fossil fuel (the equivalent of 66 gallons of gasoline (GGe), than their gasoline-powered counterparts (455 gallons) in 2020. Average EVs also cut emissions in half, (2 MTCO2 versus 4 MTCO2). Several renewable power and EV transition scenarios were modeled to assess impacts out to 2050. Fossil fuel use and emissions plummet with more clean power and increasing EV numbers. By 2045, in the most ambitious scenario, all gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles (passenger and freight) will consume a total of 8.8 billion GGe, and EVs 0.090 billion GGe (1%). ICE CO2 emissions will total 80 MMT, and EVs 4.4 MMT (5.5%). By 2050, the anticipated transition to electric passenger and freight vehicles combined with renewable power will lead to 99% less fossil fuel consumed, and 93% less CO2 emitted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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17 pages, 5982 KiB  
Article
Study on Modulation Strategy of Electronic Converters Based on Improved D-NPC Topology for Full Electric Vehicle
by Yonglei Cao, Xiaodong Zhang, Xiang Liu and Yuling Ma
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020080 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1766
Abstract
The battery is the only power source of full electric vehicles, and the converter plays a key role in power and signal conversion; therefore, the stability and reliability of the converter determine the performance of the whole vehicle system. In order to improve [...] Read more.
The battery is the only power source of full electric vehicles, and the converter plays a key role in power and signal conversion; therefore, the stability and reliability of the converter determine the performance of the whole vehicle system. In order to improve the overall performance of the converter and optimize the function of the ID-NPC (improved diode neutral-point-clamped) topology with power allocation, the two-level topology is improved, and it is also a part of the ID-NPC topology. Based on the ID-NPC topology, the converter level can switch according to the proposed three-level and two-level modulation conversion strategies, which extends the fault-tolerant function of the converter. Finally, a simulation and experimental platform is built to verify the function of the improved topology and the feasibility of the proposed modulation strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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14 pages, 5130 KiB  
Article
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Liquid Cooled Copper Plate with Oblique Fins for Electric Vehicles Battery Thermal Management
by Abdullh Mansur Aldosry, Rozli Zulkifli and Wan Aizon Wan Ghopa
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020055 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3279
Abstract
As the automotive industry progresses, electric vehicles (EV) grow with increasing demand throughout the world. Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery and lithium-ion (Li-ion) are widely used in EV due to their advantages such as impressive energy density, good power density, and low self-discharge. However, [...] Read more.
As the automotive industry progresses, electric vehicles (EV) grow with increasing demand throughout the world. Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) battery and lithium-ion (Li-ion) are widely used in EV due to their advantages such as impressive energy density, good power density, and low self-discharge. However, the batteries must be operated within their optimum range for safety and good thermal management to enable a longer lifespan, lower costs, and improve safety for EV batteries. The need for a liquid cold plate (LCP) to be used in EV batteries is now highly reliable on the distribution of the required temperature rather than only standard cooling systems. The fins arrangement in the LCP would likewise impact the cooling efficiency of the EV battery. The main objective of this paper is to determine the heat transfer enhancement of liquid cold plate systems with the oblique fin and different types of liquid coolants. In the experimental test, two liquid types are used namely G13 ethylene glycol and distilled water in five steps, 10% ethylene glycol, 100% distilled water, 75% ethylene glycol + 25% distilled water, 50% ethylene glycol + 50% distilled water, and 25% ethylene glycol + 75% distilled water. Three different flow rates have been utilized which are 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 GPM to maximize the productivity of flowing fluid and heat transferring with the gate door valve. The LCP encompasses the inline configuration of the oblique fin, which is able to enhance the heat transfer rate from the heater to the liquid cold plate. A GPM of 0.7 reached the least surface temperature for the battery in the three different flow levels. The LCP is capable of sustaining the ambient surface temperatures of the batteries just under the permissible 50 °C operating temperature, which indicates that the developed LCP with the oblique fin may perhaps become an effective option for the thermal control of EV batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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22 pages, 605 KiB  
Article
Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines
by Charmaine Samala Guno, Angelie Azcuna Collera and Casper Boongaling Agaton
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010046 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 46573
Abstract
Electrification of public utility vehicles plays a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable transport system. However, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) encounters varying challenges ranging from financing issues, government policies, and public acceptance. Using the Philippines as a case, [...] Read more.
Electrification of public utility vehicles plays a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable transport system. However, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) encounters varying challenges ranging from financing issues, government policies, and public acceptance. Using the Philippines as a case, this research applies political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) analysis to determine how different drivers affect the adoption of EVs in the public transport system from various transport stakeholders’ vantage points. Survey results identified economic and technological factors as the main barriers to the adoption of electric public transport. This includes high investment and operational costs, lack of charging infrastructure, issues in driving range and use in different terrains, and the availability of EV parts and repair stations. On the other hand, the main enabler is the significant public support for the modernization of the public transport system through EVs, backed up by policy and legal drivers. For a zero-emission public transport system, this study recommends that the government should invest in sustainable sources of energy, develop more public infrastructure, diversify the transport sector, fund the development of locally made EVs, and initiate a massive information campaign in educating the public of its advantages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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17 pages, 2923 KiB  
Article
State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles Using Machine Learning Algorithms
by Venkatesan Chandran, Chandrashekhar K. Patil, Alagar Karthick, Dharmaraj Ganeshaperumal, Robbi Rahim and Aritra Ghosh
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010038 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 157 | Viewed by 16423
Abstract
The durability and reliability of battery management systems in electric vehicles to forecast the state of charge (SoC) is a tedious task. As the process of battery degradation is usually non-linear, it is extremely cumbersome work to predict SoC estimation with substantially less [...] Read more.
The durability and reliability of battery management systems in electric vehicles to forecast the state of charge (SoC) is a tedious task. As the process of battery degradation is usually non-linear, it is extremely cumbersome work to predict SoC estimation with substantially less degradation. This paper presents the SoC estimation of lithium-ion battery systems using six machine learning algorithms for electric vehicles application. The employed algorithms are artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), linear regression (LR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), ensemble bagging (EBa), and ensemble boosting (EBo). Error analysis of the model is carried out to optimize the battery’s performance parameter. Finally, all six algorithms are compared using performance indices. ANN and GPR are found to be the best methods based on MSE and RMSE of (0.0004, 0.00170) and (0.023, 0.04118), respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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17 pages, 1529 KiB  
Article
An Approach to Reliability, Availability and Maintainability Analysis of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle
by Bipul Kumar Talukdar and Bimal Chandra Deka
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010034 - 01 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3837
Abstract
Electric vehicle technologies have seen rapid development in recent years. However, Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) related concerns still have restricted large-scale commercial utilization of these vehicles. This paper presents an approach to carry out a quantitative RAM analysis of a plug-in electric [...] Read more.
Electric vehicle technologies have seen rapid development in recent years. However, Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) related concerns still have restricted large-scale commercial utilization of these vehicles. This paper presents an approach to carry out a quantitative RAM analysis of a plug-in electric vehicle. A mathematical model is developed in the Markov Framework incorporating the reliability characteristics of all significant electrical components of the vehicle system, namely battery, motor, drive, controllers, charging unit, and energy management unit. The study shows that the vehicle’s survivability can be increased by improving its components’ restoration rates. The paper also investigates the role of a charging station on the availability of the vehicle. It illustrates how the grid power supply’s reliability influences the operational effectiveness of a plug-in electric vehicle. The concepts that are presented in the article can support further study on the reliability design and maintenance of a plug-in electric vehicle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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20 pages, 2148 KiB  
Article
Segmentation of Passenger Electric Cars Market in Poland
by Jakub Kubiczek and Bartłomiej Hadasik
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010023 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5073
Abstract
Striving to achieve sustainable development goals and taking care of the environment into the policies of car manufacturers forced the search for alternative sources of vehicle propulsion. One way to implement a sustainable policy is to use electric motors in cars. The observable [...] Read more.
Striving to achieve sustainable development goals and taking care of the environment into the policies of car manufacturers forced the search for alternative sources of vehicle propulsion. One way to implement a sustainable policy is to use electric motors in cars. The observable development of the electric car market provides consumers with a wide spectrum of choices for a specific model that would meet their expectations. Currently, there are 53 different electric car models on the primary market in Poland. The aim of the article was to present the performed market segmentation, focused on identifying the similarities in the characteristics of electric car models on the Polish market and proposing their groupings. Based on the classification by the hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm (Ward’s method, squared Euclidean distance), the market division into 2, 3, and 4 groups was proposed. The Polish EV market segmentation took place not only in terms of the size and class of the car but primarily in terms of performance and overall quality of the vehicle. The performed classification did not change when the price was additionally included as a variable. It was also proposed to divide the market into 4 segments named: Premium, City, Small, and Sport. The segmentation carried out in this way helps to better understand the structure of the electric car market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

16 pages, 1596 KiB  
Review
A Review of Range Extenders in Battery Electric Vehicles: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
by Manh-Kien Tran, Asad Bhatti, Reid Vrolyk, Derek Wong, Satyam Panchal, Michael Fowler and Roydon Fraser
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020054 - 01 Apr 2021
Cited by 111 | Viewed by 15173
Abstract
Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce [...] Read more.
Emissions from the transportation sector are significant contributors to climate change and health problems because of the common use of gasoline vehicles. Countries in the world are attempting to transition away from gasoline vehicles and to electric vehicles (EVs), in order to reduce emissions. However, there are several practical limitations with EVs, one of which is the “range anxiety” issue, due to the lack of charging infrastructure, the high cost of long-ranged EVs, and the limited range of affordable EVs. One potential solution to the range anxiety problem is the use of range extenders, to extend the driving range of EVs while optimizing the costs and performance of the vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive review of different types of EV range extending technologies, including internal combustion engines, free-piston linear generators, fuel cells, micro gas turbines, and zinc-air batteries, outlining their definitions, working mechanisms, and some recent developments of each range extending technology. A comparison between the different technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented to help address future research needs. Since EVs will be a significant part of the automotive industry future, range extenders will be an important concept to be explored to provide a cost-effective, reliable, efficient, and dynamic solution to combat the range anxiety issue that consumers currently have. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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29 pages, 4456 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Parameter and Cost for Battery Electric Vehicles
by Adrian König, Lorenzo Nicoletti, Daniel Schröder, Sebastian Wolff, Adam Waclaw and Markus Lienkamp
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010021 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 152 | Viewed by 30682
Abstract
The launch of both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the global market has triggered ongoing radical changes in the automotive sector. On the one hand, the new characteristics of the BEV powertrain compared to the combustion type have resulted [...] Read more.
The launch of both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the global market has triggered ongoing radical changes in the automotive sector. On the one hand, the new characteristics of the BEV powertrain compared to the combustion type have resulted in new central parameters, such as vehicle range, which then become an important selling point. On the other hand, electric components are as yet not optimized and the sensors needed for autonomous driving are still expensive, which introduces changes to the vehicle cost structure. This transformation is not limited to the vehicle itself but also extends to its mobility and the necessary infrastructure. The former is shaped by new user behaviors and scenarios. The latter is impacted by the BEV powertrain, which requires a charging and energy supply infrastructure. To enable manufacturers and researchers to develop and optimize BEVs and AVs, it is necessary to first identify the relevant parameters and costs. To this end, we have conducted an extensive literature review. The result is a complete overview of the relevant parameters and costs, divided into the categories of vehicle, infrastructure, mobility, and energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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13 pages, 877 KiB  
Review
Social Aspects of Electric Vehicles Research—Trends and Relations to Sustainable Development Goals
by Vasja Omahne, Matjaz Knez and Matevz Obrecht
World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010015 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 15162
Abstract
E-mobility sustainability assessment is becoming more comprehensive with research integrating social aspects without focusing only on technical, economic, and/or environmental perspectives. The transportation sector is indeed one of the leading and most challenging greenhouse gas polluters, and e-mobility is seen as one of [...] Read more.
E-mobility sustainability assessment is becoming more comprehensive with research integrating social aspects without focusing only on technical, economic, and/or environmental perspectives. The transportation sector is indeed one of the leading and most challenging greenhouse gas polluters, and e-mobility is seen as one of the potential solutions; however, a social perspective must be further investigated to improve the perception of and acceptance of electric vehicles. This could consequently lead to the European Green Deal’s holy grail: faster decarbonization of the transportation sector. Another way to achieve it is by promoting more comprehensive sustainable development goals. Therefore, this paper combines a systematic review of recent research with research emphasis focused on social aspects of electric vehicles and their interconnection with specific UN Sustainable Development Goals. By knowing the current research focus mainly related with “perception” of electric vehicles and assessing their social “impact” as well as an emerging area of “user experience” and their relations with UN Sustainable Development Goals enables better insight on the current and future directions of electric vehicle social sustainability research. The current priority is identified as “climate actions”. Increasingly important “sustainable cities and communities” shows potential for becoming one of the future research, policy, and community priorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles—Solution toward Zero Emission from the Transport Sector)
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