World Electric Vehicle Journal

Research

23 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planning and Optimizing Charging Infrastructure and Scheduling in Smart Grids with PyPSA-LOPF: A Case Study at Cadi Ayyad University

by Meriem Belaid, Said El Beid, Said Doubabi and Anas Hatim

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16050278 - 17 May 2025

Viewed by 64

Abstract

This paper presents an optimization model for the charging infrastructure of electric vehicles (EV) designed to minimize installation costs, maximize the utilization of photovoltaic energy, reduce dependency on the electrical grid, and optimize charging times. The model utilizes methodologies such as Linear Optimal [...] Read more.

This paper presents an optimization model for the charging infrastructure of electric vehicles (EV) designed to minimize installation costs, maximize the utilization of photovoltaic energy, reduce dependency on the electrical grid, and optimize charging times. The model utilizes methodologies such as Linear Optimal Power Flow (LOPF) to align EV charging schedules with the availability of renewable energy sources. Key inputs for the model include Photovoltaic (PV) production profiles, EV charging demands, specifications of the chargers, and the availability of grid energy. The framework integrates installation costs, grid energy consumption, and charging duration into a weighted objective function, ensuring energy balance and operational efficiency while adhering to budgetary constraints. Five distinct optimization scenarios are analyzed to evaluate the trade-offs between cost, charging duration, and reliance on various energy sources. The simulation results obtained from Cadi Ayyad University validate the model’s effectiveness in balancing costs, enhancing charging performance, and increasing dependence on solar energy. This approach provides a comprehensive solution for the development of sustainable and cost-effective EV charging infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 5634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An MINLP Optimization Method to Solve the RES-Hybrid System Economic Dispatch of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station

by Olukorede Tijani Adenuga and Senthil Krishnamurthy

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(5), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16050266 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Power systems’ increased running costs and overuse of fossil fuels have resulted in continuing energy scarcity and momentous energy gap challenges worldwide. Renewable energy sources can meet exponential energy growth, lower reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigate global warming. An MINLP optimization method [...] Read more.

Power systems’ increased running costs and overuse of fossil fuels have resulted in continuing energy scarcity and momentous energy gap challenges worldwide. Renewable energy sources can meet exponential energy growth, lower reliance on fossil fuels, and mitigate global warming. An MINLP optimization method to solve the RES-hybrid system economic dispatch of electric vehicle charging stations is proposed in this paper. This technique bridges the gap between theoretical models and real-world implementation by balancing technical optimization with practical deployment constraints, making a timely and meaningful contribution. These contributions extend the practical application of MINLP in modern grid operations by aligning optimization outputs with the stochastic character of renewable energy, which is still a gap in the existing literature. The proposed economic dispatch simulation results over 24 h at an hourly resolution show that all generation units contributed proportionately to meeting EVCS demand: solar PV (51.29%), ESS (13.5%), grid (29.92%), and wind generator (8.29%). The RES-hybrid energy management systems at charging stations are designed to make the best use of solar PV power during the EVCS charging cycle. The supply–demand load profile problem dynamic in EVCS are designed to reduce reliance on grid electricity supplies while increasing renewable energy usage and reducing carbon impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 9087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collaborative Optimization Scheduling Strategy for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering Spatiotemporal Distribution of Different Power Charging Demands

by Hongxin Liu, Aiping Pang, Jie Yin, Haixia Yi and Huqun Mu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(3), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030176 - 16 Mar 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption has led to an increased demand for charging infrastructure, creating significant challenges for power grid load management and dispatch optimization. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a coordinated optimization dispatch strategy for EV charging, [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of electric vehicle (EV) adoption has led to an increased demand for charging infrastructure, creating significant challenges for power grid load management and dispatch optimization. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a coordinated optimization dispatch strategy for EV charging, which integrates time, space, and varying power requirements. This study develops a dynamic spatiotemporal distribution model that accounts for charging demand at different power levels, traffic network characteristics, and congestion factors, providing a more accurate simulation of charging demand in dynamic traffic conditions. A comprehensive optimization framework is introduced, and is designed to reduce peak congestion, enhance service efficiency, and optimize system performance. This framework dynamically adjusts the selection of charging stations (CSs), charging times, and charging types, with a focus on improving user satisfaction, balancing the grid load, and minimizing electricity purchase costs. To solve the optimization model, a hybrid approach combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the TOPSIS method is employed. PSO optimizes the overall objective function, while the TOPSIS method evaluates user satisfaction. The results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in improving system performance and providing a balanced, efficient EV charging solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

45 pages, 4198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Battery Capacity or Charging Infrastructure? Cost Modeling Study to Evaluate Investments of Electric Motorcycles and Supporting Infrastructure in Malaysia

by Satrio Fachri Chaniago, Wahyudi Sutopo and Azanizawati Ma’aram

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020093 - 11 Feb 2025

Viewed by 873

Abstract

Conventional motorcycles with internal combustion engines have significantly contributed to air pollution in Southeast Asia, posing challenges to achieving the ambitious net-zero emissions targets ratified by ASEAN member countries. In response, ASEAN countries have begun to adopt electric vehicles to achieve this ambitious [...] Read more.

Conventional motorcycles with internal combustion engines have significantly contributed to air pollution in Southeast Asia, posing challenges to achieving the ambitious net-zero emissions targets ratified by ASEAN member countries. In response, ASEAN countries have begun to adopt electric vehicles to achieve this ambitious target, especially electric motorcycles (EMs). However, the implementation of EMs faced several obstacles, notably limited battery range and insufficient charging infrastructure. Addressing these issues requires a huge investment from EM users and infrastructure providers. The government also plays a significant role in improving the investment climate for the EM ecosystem by providing financial incentives. This research aimed to model cost variables to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of government subsidies for EMs and their charging infrastructure in Malaysia using an equivalent annual cost (EAC) model and determine whether increasing battery capacity or increasing charging infrastructure would be more favorable. Data were collected through interviews with EM dealers, government agency, electric vehicle experts, and surveys of EM users in Malaysia, supplemented with secondary data through research articles, government regulations, and current news related to EM policies implemented in Malaysia. Surveys and interviews with relevant stakeholders were conducted to identify cost variables that influenced EM ownership and operation of EM infrastructure. This study found that Scenario 1 (subsidize EM purchases and charging infrastructure while excluding the battery purchase subsidy) was an optimal subsidy strategy for the government. Scenario 1 also reduced the EAC value, which is a cost burden for EM users, by 10.06% (for battery swap system users) and 5.84% (for direct charging system users). Additionally, this study also found that encouraging the use of EMs with battery swap systems was more profitable than EMs with direct charging systems. The findings of this research provide some insights about the most cost-efficient subsidy scenario for overcoming the obstacles, fostering a win–win situation for both EM users and the government. Thus, accelerating EM adoption forms part of the government’s goal to achieve net-zero emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4291 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rural vs. Urban: How Urbanicity Shapes Electric Vehicle Charging Behavior in Rhode Island

by Tim Jonas, Oluwatosin Okele and Gretchen A. Macht

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16010021 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2416

Abstract

A ubiquitous network of charging stations is vital to facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the achievement of a low-carbon transportation system. Currently, the availability of EV infrastructure differs significantly between communities as planning procedures are not necessarily equitable. Understanding the [...] Read more.

A ubiquitous network of charging stations is vital to facilitate the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the achievement of a low-carbon transportation system. Currently, the availability of EV infrastructure differs significantly between communities as planning procedures are not necessarily equitable. Understanding the charging behavior of EV users is a crucial step toward creating an electric vehicle service equipment (EVSE) infrastructure that serves users efficiently, equitably, and sustainably. Presently, public charging station deployment efforts differ across communities, with little context surrounding urbanicity. This study analyzes data from 66 public Level 2 charging stations across Rhode Island. Motivated by the significant disparities in infrastructure availability between urban and rural areas, the research explores behavioral differences to inform infrastructure planning. Key findings reveal that urban stations are predominantly used during weekdays, with longer charging durations and higher energy consumption, whereas rural stations are primarily utilized on weekends and exhibit shorter, more efficient charging sessions. On average, dwell times at rural stations are approximately 50% shorter, while average energy demand is only 7% less. These results provide actionable insights for optimizing charging station deployment and utilization across diverse communities to support the growing demand for EVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring Urban Environment Heterogeneity: Impact of Urban Sprawl on Charging Infrastructure Demand over Time

by Niklas Hildebrand and Sebastian Kummer

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120589 - 20 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1640

Abstract

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by the insufficient development of charging infrastructure (CI) networks, particularly in urban areas. The existing literature highlights significant advancements in highway CI modeling, yet urban-specific models remain underdeveloped, due to the complexity of diverse driver [...] Read more.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is hindered by the insufficient development of charging infrastructure (CI) networks, particularly in urban areas. The existing literature highlights significant advancements in highway CI modeling, yet urban-specific models remain underdeveloped, due to the complexity of diverse driver behaviors and evolving environmental factors. To address this gap, this study investigates the influence of urban sprawl on future urban CI demand. Using a vector field analysis methodology, we first define the urban environment to capture its heterogeneity. A conceptual framework is then developed to analyze how changes in urban environments affect critical factors influencing CI demand. The results demonstrate that urban sprawl significantly impacts key variables shaping CI demand, including population distribution, transportation patterns, and land use. To quantify these impacts, geospatial metrics are derived from highly cited literature and integrated into the analysis, offering a novel approach to incorporating sprawl effects into CI planning. This study concludes that urban sprawl has a profound influence on future CI demand and emphasizes the importance of monitoring geospatial metrics over time. The proposed methodology provides a theoretical framework that enables stakeholders to anticipate changes in CI demand, thereby facilitating more effective infrastructure planning to accommodate urban sprawl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

39 pages, 12168 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plugging-In Caledonia: Location and Utilisation of Public Electric Vehicle Chargers in Scotland

by Kathleen Davies, Edward Hart and Stuart Galloway

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120570 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1498

Abstract

Electrification of private cars is a key mechanism for reducing transport emissions and achieving net zero. Simultaneously, the development of public electric vehicle (EV) charging networks is essential for an equitable transition to EVs. This paper develops and analyses an extensive, nationally representative [...] Read more.

Electrification of private cars is a key mechanism for reducing transport emissions and achieving net zero. Simultaneously, the development of public electric vehicle (EV) charging networks is essential for an equitable transition to EVs. This paper develops and analyses an extensive, nationally representative dataset of EV-charging sessions taking place on a key public charging network in Scotland between 2022 and 2024 to gain insights that can support the development of public charging infrastructure. Data were collated from 2786 chargers and analysed to establish a detailed characterisation of the network’s organisation and utilisation. The network considered is government-owned and was fundamental to the Scottish rollout of public chargers. Key insights from our analysis of the developed dataset include quantified disparities between urban and rural charger use-time behaviours, with the most rural areas tending to have charging activity more concentrated towards the middle of the day; an analysis of the numbers of deployed chargers in areas of greater/lesser deprivation; utilisation disparities between charger technologies, with 35% of slower chargers being used at least once daily compared to 86% of rapid/ultra-rapid chargers; and demonstration that charging tariff introductions resulted in a 51.3% average decrease in sessions. The implications of our findings for policy and practice are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Volt/Var Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Inverters for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Networks

by Vyacheslav Voronin, Fedor Nepsha and Pavel Ilyushin

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120553 - 27 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1212

Abstract

In this paper, a method for determining the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristics of inverters of electric vehicle charging stations to regulate voltage in distribution networks is proposed, which differs from the existing ones by taking into account the possibility of the joint [...] Read more.

In this paper, a method for determining the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristics of inverters of electric vehicle charging stations to regulate voltage in distribution networks is proposed, which differs from the existing ones by taking into account the possibility of the joint control of active and reactive power and the impedance of the power distribution line. The method proposed in this paper allows researchers to determine the slope and width of the dead band of the Volt/Var characteristics according to the criterion of limiting the maximum voltage deviations to an acceptable value or maximizing the reactive power of the inverter upon reaching a specified voltage. To test this method, a quasi-dynamic modeling of the distribution network with electric vehicle charging stations regulating voltage using the Volt/Var characteristics was performed. Based on the modeling results, it is shown that fast electric vehicle charging stations can be used to regulate voltage in the distribution network with relatively minor constraints on the charging active power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 9854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Activity Network Design and Charging Facility Planning Model Considering the Influence of Uncertain Activities in a Game Framework

by Zechao Ma, Xiaoming Liu, Weiqiang Wang, Shangjiang Yang, Yuqi Yang, Yingjie Zhao, Hanqing Xia and Yuanrong Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110537 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1073

Abstract

In the planning of public charging facilities and the charging activity network of users, there is a decision-making conflict among three stakeholders: the government, charging station enterprises, and electric vehicle users. Previous studies have described the tripartite game relationship in a relatively simplistic [...] Read more.

In the planning of public charging facilities and the charging activity network of users, there is a decision-making conflict among three stakeholders: the government, charging station enterprises, and electric vehicle users. Previous studies have described the tripartite game relationship in a relatively simplistic manner, and when designing charging facility planning schemes, they did not consider scenarios where users’ choice preferences undergo continuous random changes. In order to reduce the impacts of queuing phenomenon and resource idleness on the three participants, we introduce a bilateral matching algorithm combined with the dynamic Huff model as a strategy for EV charging selection in the passenger flow problem based on the three-dimensional activity network of time–space–energy of users. Meanwhile, the Dirichlet distribution is utilized to control the selection preferences on the user side, constructing uncertain scenarios for the choice of user charging activities. In this study, we establish a bilevel programming model that takes into account the uncertainty in social responsibility and user charging selection behavior. Solutions for the activity network and facility planning schemes can be derived based on the collaborative relationships among the three parties. The model employs a robust optimization method to collaboratively design the charging activity network and facility planning scheme. For this mixed-integer nonlinear multi-objective multi-constraint optimization problem, the model is solved by the NSGA-II algorithm, and the optimal compromise scheme is determined by using the EWM-TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method for the Pareto solution set. Finally, the efficacy of the model and the solution algorithm is illustrated by a simulation example in a real urban space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 5857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation-Based Tool for Strategic and Technical Planning of Truck Charging Parks at Highway Sites

by Florian Klausmann and Felix Otteny

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110521 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1077

Abstract

In the forthcoming years, it is expected that there will be a notable increase in the market penetration of electrically powered trucks with the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. It is therefore essential to implement a comprehensive public [...] Read more.

In the forthcoming years, it is expected that there will be a notable increase in the market penetration of electrically powered trucks with the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. It is therefore essential to implement a comprehensive public charging infrastructure along highways in the medium term, enabling vehicles to be charged overnight or during driving breaks, particularly in the context of long-distance transportation. This paper presents a simulation model that supports the planning and technical design of truck charging parks at German highway rest areas. It also presents a transferable mobility model for the volume of trucks and the parking times of long-distance trucks at rest areas. Subsequently, a simulation is offered for the purpose of designing the charging infrastructure and analysing peak loads in the local energy system. The potential of the models is demonstrated using various charging infrastructure scenarios for an exemplary reference site. Subsequently, the extent to which the charging infrastructure requirements and the service quality at the location depend on external conditions is explained. In addition, the influence of the range of offers and the business models on the efficiency of infrastructure use is established. Based on the findings, general recommendations for the design of truck charging parks at rest areas are then given and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

e-Fuel: An EV-Friendly Urgent Electrical Charge-Sharing Model with Preference-Based Off-Grid Services

by Ahmad Nahar Quttoum, Mohammed N. AlJarrah, Fawaz A. Khasawneh and Mohammad Bany Taha

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110520 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1060

Abstract

Electric-powered vehicles (EVs) allow for an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to fuel-running ones. However, such an alternative is expected to impose further usage hikes and periods of instability on cities’ power systems. From their perspective, cities need to scale their infrastructure grids [...] Read more.

Electric-powered vehicles (EVs) allow for an environmentally friendly and economic alternative to fuel-running ones. However, such an alternative is expected to impose further usage hikes and periods of instability on cities’ power systems. From their perspective, cities need to scale their infrastructure grids to allow for adequate power resources to feed such new power-hungry consumers. Indeed, for such a green alternative to proceed, our power grids need to be ready to cope with any unexpected hikes in the power consumption rates without compromising the stability of the services provided to our homes and workplaces. Operators’ steps in this path are still modest, and the coverage of EV charging stations is still insufficient as they are trying to avoid any further costs for upgrading their infrastructures. The lack of price consideration for the charging services offered at charging stations may result in EV drivers paying higher costs compared to traditional fuel vehicles to charge their EVs’ batteries, hindering the economic incentive of owning such sorts of vehicles. Hence, it may take a while for sufficient coverage to exist. Although for drivers the adoption of EVs represents a city-friendly alternative with affordable expenses, it usually comes with range anxiety and battery charging concerns. In this work, we are presenting e-Fuel, a charge-sharing model that allows for preference-based mobile EV charging services. In e-Fuel, we are proposing a stable weight-based vehicle-to-vehicle matching algorithm, through which drivers of EVs will be capable of requesting instant mobile charge-sharing service for their EVs. In addition to being mobile, such charging services are customized, as they are chosen based on the drivers’ preferences of price-per-unit, charging speed, and time of delivery. The developed e-Fuel matching algorithm has been tested in various environments and settings. Compared to the benchmark price-based matching algorithm, the resulting matching decisions of e-Fuel come with balanced matching attributes that mostly allow for 6- to 7-fold shorter service delivery times for a minimal increase in service charges that vary between 9% and 65%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 10372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Optimizing Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging Networks in Thailand

by Pitchaya Jamjuntr, Chanchai Techawatcharapaikul and Pannee Suanpang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100453 - 6 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates efficient management of dynamic EV charging networks to optimize resource utilization and enhance service reliability. This paper explores the application of adaptive multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to address the complexities of EV charging infrastructure in [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates efficient management of dynamic EV charging networks to optimize resource utilization and enhance service reliability. This paper explores the application of adaptive multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to address the complexities of EV charging infrastructure in Thailand. By employing MARL, multiple autonomous agents learn to optimize charging strategies based on real-time data by adapting to fluctuating demand and varying electricity prices. Building upon previous research that applied MARL to static network configurations, this study extends the application to dynamic and real-world scenarios, integrating real-time data to refine agent learning processes and also evaluating the effectiveness of adaptive MARL in maximizing rewards and improving operational efficiency compared to traditional methods. Experimental results indicate that MARL-based strategies increased efficiency by 20% and reduced energy costs by 15% relative to conventional algorithms. Key findings demonstrate the potential of extending MARL in transforming EV charging network management, highlighting its benefits for stakeholders, including EV owners, operators, and utility providers. This research contributes insights into advancing electric mobility and energy management in Thailand through innovative AI-driven approaches. The implications of this study include significant improvements in the reliability and cost-effectiveness of EV charging networks, fostering greater adoption of electric vehicles and supporting sustainable energy initiatives. Future research directions include enhancing MARL adaptability and scalability as well as integrating predictive analytics for proactive network optimization and sustainability. These advancements promise to further refine the efficacy of EV charging networks, ensuring that they meet the growing demands of Thailand’s evolving electric mobility landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Geographic Factors Impacting the Demand for Public EV Charging: An Observational Study

by Niranjan Jayanath, Nathaniel S. Pearre and Lukas G. Swan

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100445 - 29 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1362

Abstract

The practicality and substitutability of electric vehicles depend on there being a fast, reliable way to recharge on round trips beyond the range of a single charge. Grouping such infrastructure into charging hubs benefits developers and operators through economies of scale and electric [...] Read more.

The practicality and substitutability of electric vehicles depend on there being a fast, reliable way to recharge on round trips beyond the range of a single charge. Grouping such infrastructure into charging hubs benefits developers and operators through economies of scale and electric vehicle drivers in terms of travel logistics and passed-through cost savings. The need for charging capacity at en-route charging hubs is impacted by the following four identifiable geo-social parameters: (a) highway travel volumes, reflecting the rate at which electric vehicles are expending energy in the area; (b) local population, reflecting both the increased needs of electric vehicle owners without dedicated home chargers and the reduced needs of those commuting into a metropolitan center; (c) the quantity of competing charging stations; and (d) being on a critical interprovincial route. Twelve charging stations located in diverse locations around Nova Scotia, Canada, were evaluated in terms of these four parameters, and their recorded use was investigated from a dataset of 26,000 charging events between April 2022 and April 2024. The regression reveals that there are strong positive correlations between demand for fast charging and (a) traffic volumes (45%) and (c) being on an interprovincial route (42%), while there is only a very weak correlation with (b) local population (2%). Interestingly, there is only a weak negative correlation with (c) the number and capacity of nearby competing chargers (−6%), suggesting that either in short-term route choice or longer-term vehicle choice, the presence of chargers encourages electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cost Minimization for Charging Electric Bus Fleets

by Daniel Mortensen, Jacob Gunther, Greg Droge and Justin Whitaker

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120351 - 16 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

Recent attention for reduced carbon emissions has pushed transit authorities to adopt battery electric buses (BEBs). One challenge experienced by BEB users is extended charge times, which create logistical challenges and may force BEBs to charge when energy is more expensive. Furthermore, BEB [...] Read more.

Recent attention for reduced carbon emissions has pushed transit authorities to adopt battery electric buses (BEBs). One challenge experienced by BEB users is extended charge times, which create logistical challenges and may force BEBs to charge when energy is more expensive. Furthermore, BEB charging leads to high power demands, which can significantly increase monthly power costs and may push the electrical infrastructure beyond its present capacity, requiring expensive upgrades. This work presents a novel method for minimizing the monthly cost of BEB charging while meeting bus route constraints. This method extends previous work by incorporating a more novel cost model, effects from uncontrolled loads, differences between daytime and overnight charging, and variable rate charging. A graph-based network-flow framework, represented by a mixed-integer linear program, encodes the charging action space, physical bus constraints, and battery state of the charge dynamics. The results for three scenarios are considered: uncontested charging, which uses equal numbers of buses and chargers; contested charging, which has more buses than chargers; and variable charge rates. Among other findings, we show that BEBs can be added to the fleet without raising the peak power demand for only the cost of the energy, suggesting that conversion to electrified transit is possible without upgrading power delivery infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peak Shaving for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure—A Case Study in a Parking Garage in Uppsala, Sweden

by Alexander Wallberg, Carl Flygare, Rafael Waters and Valeria Castellucci

World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13(8), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13080152 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4059

Abstract

The need for a more flexible usage of power is increasing due to the electrification of new sectors in society combined with larger amounts of integrated intermittent electricity production in the power system. Among other cities, Uppsala in Sweden is undergoing an accelerated [...] Read more.

The need for a more flexible usage of power is increasing due to the electrification of new sectors in society combined with larger amounts of integrated intermittent electricity production in the power system. Among other cities, Uppsala in Sweden is undergoing an accelerated transition of its vehicle fleet from fossil combustion engines to electrical vehicles. To meet the requirements of the transforming mobility infrastructure, Uppsala municipality has, in collaboration with Uppsala University, built a full-scale commercial electrical vehicle parking garage equipped with a battery storage and photovoltaic system. This paper presents the current hardware topology of the parking garage, a neural network for day-ahead predictions of the parking garage’s load profile, and a simulation model in MATLAB using rule-based peak shaving control. The created neural network was trained on data from 2021 and its performance was evaluated using data from 2022. The performance of the rule-based peak shaving control was evaluated using the predicted load demand and photovoltaic data collected for the parking garage. The aim of this paper is to test a prediction model and peak shaving strategy that could be implemented in practice on-site at the parking garage. The created neural network has a linear regression index of 0.61, which proved to yield a satisfying result when used in the rule-based peak shaving control with the parking garage’s 60 kW/137 kWh battery system. The peak shaving model was able to reduce the highest load demand peak of 117 kW by 38.6% using the forecast of a neural network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

29 pages, 9364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Global Analysis of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Sources Solutions

by Sihem Nasri, Nouha Mansouri, Aymen Mnassri, Abderezak Lashab, Juan Vasquez and Hegazy Rezk

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040194 - 26 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Recently, the rapid increase in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has been driven by considerable technological advancements and a growing focus on environmental sustainability. As consumers and governments increasingly recognize EVs as a viable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the [...] Read more.

Recently, the rapid increase in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has been driven by considerable technological advancements and a growing focus on environmental sustainability. As consumers and governments increasingly recognize EVs as a viable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the demand for a reliable and accessible charging infrastructure has surged. However, establishing a robust network of charging stations is no longer crucial only to fulfill the demands of EV proprietors but also to relieve range anxiety and improve user convenience, thereby facilitating wider EV adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive global analysis of charging station infrastructure, exploring international standards and regulations, various charging modes, the key parameters of leading electric vehicles, and the importance of RE deployment and ES solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 4391 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence-Based Electric Vehicle Smart Charging System in Malaysia

by Siow Jat Shern, Md Tanjil Sarker, Gobbi Ramasamy, Siva Priya Thiagarajah, Fahmid Al Farid and S. T. Suganthi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100440 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8718

Abstract

The worldwide transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum, propelled by the imperative to reduce carbon emissions and foster sustainable transportation. In Malaysia, the government is facilitating this transformation through targeted initiatives aimed at promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and [...] Read more.

The worldwide transition to electric vehicles (EVs) is gaining momentum, propelled by the imperative to reduce carbon emissions and foster sustainable transportation. In Malaysia, the government is facilitating this transformation through targeted initiatives aimed at promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and developing the required infrastructure. This paper investigates the crucial role of artificial intelligence (AI) in developing intelligent electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, specifically focusing on the context of Malaysia. The paper examines the current electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Malaysia, highlights advancements led by artificial intelligence (AI), and references both local and international case studies. Fluctuations in the Total Industry Volume (TIV) and Total Industry Production (TIP) reflect changes in market demand and production capabilities, with notable peaks in March 2023 and March 2024. The research reveals that AI technologies, such as machine learning and predictive analytics, can enhance charging efficiency, improve user experience, and support grid stability. A mathematical model for an AI-based smart charging system was developed, and the implemented system achieved 30% energy savings and a 20.38% reduction in costs compared to traditional methods. These findings underscore the system’s energy and cost efficiency. In addition, we outline the potential advantages and challenges associated with incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into Malaysia’s electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. Furthermore, we offer recommendations for researchers, industry stakeholders, and regulators. Malaysia can enhance the uptake of electric vehicles and make a positive impact on the environment by leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance its electric vehicle charging system (EVCS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2538 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Radwan A. Almasri, Talal Alharbi, M. S. Alshitawi, Omar Alrumayh and Salman Ajib

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050215 - 13 May 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3703

Abstract

The shift towards sustainable transportation is an urgent worldwide issue, leading to the investigation of creative methods to decrease the environmental effects of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative, but the issue lies in establishing efficient and environmentally friendly charging [...] Read more.

The shift towards sustainable transportation is an urgent worldwide issue, leading to the investigation of creative methods to decrease the environmental effects of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative, but the issue lies in establishing efficient and environmentally friendly charging infrastructure. This review explores the existing research on the subject of photovoltaic-powered electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). Our analysis highlights the potential for economic growth and the creation of robust and decentralized energy systems by increasing the number of EVCSs. This review summarizes the current knowledge in this field and highlights the key factors driving efforts to expand the use of PV-powered EVCSs. The findings indicate that MATLAB was predominantly used for theoretical studies, with projects focusing on shading parking lots. The energy usage varied from 0.139 to 0.295 kWh/km, while the cost of energy ranged from USD 0.0032 to 0.5645 per kWh for an on-grid system. The payback period (PBP) values are suitable for this application. The average PBP was demonstrated to range from 1 to 15 years. The findings from this assessment can guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in shaping future advancements toward a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3780 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Capacity Allocation and Control Strategies for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems

by Ming Yao, Danning Da, Xinchun Lu and Yuhang Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030101 - 6 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5149

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a major role in the energy system because they are clean and environmentally friendly and can use excess electricity from renewable sources. In order to meet the growing charging demand for EVs and overcome its negative impact on the [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) play a major role in the energy system because they are clean and environmentally friendly and can use excess electricity from renewable sources. In order to meet the growing charging demand for EVs and overcome its negative impact on the power grid, new EV charging stations integrating photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESSs) have emerged. However, the output of solar PV systems and the charging demand of EVs are both characterized by uncertainty and dynamics. These may lead to large power fluctuations in the grid and frequent alternation of peak and valley loads, which are not conducive to the stability of the distribution network. The study of reasonable capacity configuration and control strategy issues is conducive to the efficient use of solar energy, fast charging of EVs, stability of the distribution network, and maximization of the economic benefits of the system. In this paper, the concept, advantages, capacity allocation methods and algorithms, and control strategies of the integrated EV charging station with PV and ESSs are reviewed. On the basis of the above research, the current problems and challenges are analyzed, and corresponding solutions and ideas are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable E-Fuels: Green Hydrogen, Methanol and Ammonia for Carbon-Neutral Transportation

by Vennapusa Jagadeeswara Reddy, N. P. Hariram, Rittick Maity, Mohd Fairusham Ghazali and Sudhakar Kumarasamy

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(12), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120349 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 15867

Abstract

Increasingly stringent sustainability and decarbonization objectives drive investments in adopting environmentally friendly, low, and zero-carbon fuels. This study presents a comparative framework of green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol production and application in a clear context. By harnessing publicly available data sources, [...] Read more.

Increasingly stringent sustainability and decarbonization objectives drive investments in adopting environmentally friendly, low, and zero-carbon fuels. This study presents a comparative framework of green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol production and application in a clear context. By harnessing publicly available data sources, including from the literature, this research delves into the evaluation of green fuels. Building on these insights, this study outlines the production process, application, and strategic pathways to transition into a greener economy by 2050. This envisioned transformation unfolds in three progressive steps: the utilization of green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol as a sustainable fuel source for transport applications; the integration of these green fuels in industries; and the establishment of mechanisms for achieving the net zero. However, this research also reveals the formidable challenges of producing green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol. These challenges encompass technological intricacies, economic barriers, societal considerations, and far-reaching policy implications necessitating collaborative efforts and innovative solutions to successfully develop and deploy green hydrogen, green ammonia, and green methanol. The findings unequivocally demonstrate that renewable energy sources play a pivotal role in enabling the production of these green fuels, positioning the global transition in the landscape of sustainable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

16 pages, 977 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Attributes of Electric Mobility Integration into Urban Planning: Perspectives and the Brazilian Context

by Caroline Alves da Silveira, Graciele Rediske, Thaiara Oliveira da Silva and Carmen Brum Rosa

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040188 - 22 Mar 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Electric mobility has been widely discussed as a viable solution for decarbonizing the transport sector and promoting urban sustainability. However, the integration of electric mobility into urban planning still requires further in-depth research. This article aims to identify the key attributes linking electric [...] Read more.

Electric mobility has been widely discussed as a viable solution for decarbonizing the transport sector and promoting urban sustainability. However, the integration of electric mobility into urban planning still requires further in-depth research. This article aims to identify the key attributes linking electric mobility with urban planning through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and to provide an overview of the Brazilian context regarding policies and guidelines for electromobility. The findings indicate that the primary attributes connecting electric mobility to urban planning include the alignment of existing plans and guidelines, sectoral integration, transport infrastructure, multi-sectoral engagement, environmental sustainability, urbanism, user profiles, technologies, and governance. In Brazil, despite the existence of national guidelines, there is still a gap in updating public policies to fully integrate electromobility into urban planning. The study concludes that a stronger integration between electric mobility and urban planning policies is necessary, along with more robust incentives for the electrification of public transport. By identifying these attributes, this study provides a structured framework for policymakers and urban planners to enhance regulatory mechanisms, infrastructure planning, and governance strategies, contributing to more sustainable, resilient, and efficient urban mobility systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (21 papers)

Research

Review

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI