Assessing the Current State of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure in Mexico

Abstract

This study evaluates the current state of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. Using a mixed-methods approach, it combines quantitative analysis of charging station distribution with qualitative insights from government officials, expert reports, and industry sources. Mexico’s EV infrastructure has grown significantly, increasing from 100 charging stations in 2015 to over 3300 public points by 2023, along with nearly 28,000 residential installations. Despite this progress, rural areas remain underserved, and challenges such as high installation costs, lack of incentives, inconsistent policies, and technological integration issues hinder further growth. Comparisons with countries like Chile and Brazil show the importance of government incentives, public–private partnerships, and standardised charging technologies to address these barriers. While government programs and private investments have driven Mexico’s infrastructure development, continued growth requires expanding coverage in underserved regions, aligning regulatory frameworks, and fostering collaboration between the public and private sectors. Learning from the experiences of other countries, Mexico has the potential to accelerate the growth of its EV infrastructure through enhanced incentives, improved policies, and standardised technologies, positioning itself as a leader in sustainable mobility.

1. Introduction

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant momentum worldwide as nations seek sustainable alternatives to reduce carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), global sales of electric cars surpassed 10 million units in 2022, accounting for 14% of the overall car market—a significant increase from 4% in 2020 [1]. Countries such as China, which accounts for over 60% of global EV sales, and Norway, where EVs represented more than 80% of new car registrations in 2022, illustrate how strategic policy, investment, and infrastructure can drive rapid adoption [2,3,4,5]. The United States and the European Union have also implemented aggressive targets and incentives, further accelerating the shift toward electromobility [1,6,7].

The development of EV infrastructure—including charging stations, grid capacity, and policy support—is a critical factor in facilitating this transition. The availability and distribution of charging stations, the integration of smart systems, and the expansion of fast-charging networks have enabled several nations to overcome barriers such as range anxiety and limited initial infrastructure [8,9,10,11]. Scientific research on EV infrastructure has expanded significantly, addressing technological advancements, economic feasibility, and environmental and social impacts [12,13,14]. Innovations such as wireless charging, next-generation batteries, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration are transforming the landscape of electric mobility [15,16,17].

Current research on EV charging infrastructure examines the implementation of software and other technological solutions that facilitate communication between vehicles, chargers, and the energy grid. This enables a multifaceted approach focused not only on enhancing the efficiency of charging systems but also on ensuring their seamless integration with renewable energy sources and the electrical grid [18]. Smart charging of electric vehicles (EVSC) allows power exchange between EVs and the power grid through both vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) connections, which are essential to facilitate bidirectional power flow. This technology can manage overnight charging in G2V mode, thus preserving the network’s technical constraints and improving load factor by charging parked EVs. During the day, in V2G mode, the aggregated batteries of such vehicles act as large-scale, yet distributed, energy storage systems—beneficial for improving grid performance [19].

EVSC can also incorporate transformative innovations in the electromobility industry, such as static wireless charging (SWC) systems, which charge EVs while stationary using a system of charging pads mounted on the ground and within the vehicle to transmit power. Meanwhile, dynamic wireless charging (DWC) systems enable EV batteries to recharge while in motion via pads embedded in the road surface [15]. These technologies significantly enhance the acceptability and widespread adoption of EVs, promote the sustainable development of electromobility, and facilitate the growth of the charging infrastructure market.

However, the state of EV infrastructure varies significantly between regions. While Europe and Asia have made rapid progress, Latin America is still in the early stages of EV adoption. However, interest is growing due to environmental concerns, international climate commitments, and increasing investment [20]. In Mexico, EV sales increased by over 200% between 2021 and 2023, driven by private-sector initiatives and modest government incentives [21]. The country has also attracted major EV manufacturers such as BMW and Tesla, positioning itself as an emerging hub for electric vehicle production [22].

Nevertheless, significant challenges remain. Although Mexico has experienced steady growth in EV adoption—with an 80% increase in electric and hybrid vehicle sales between 2022 and 2024 [23]—charging infrastructure remains limited and unevenly distributed, concentrated mainly in major cities such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara [24]. The development of a reliable and comprehensive charging network remains one of the most pressing challenges. Studies have highlighted the need for a national electromobility strategy to align infrastructure expansion with projected market growth and to ensure equitable access across all regions [25].

National research has focused on market growth, the impact of government incentives, consumer perceptions, and the influence of international commitments on domestic EV expansion [26,27]. Mexico is also emerging as a strategic hub for electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, with global automakers such as BMW and Tesla investing in local production, positioning the country as a key player in the worldwide supply chain [28]. Still, the lack of a robust and extensive charging infrastructure poses a significant challenge to supporting market growth and alleviating range anxiety.

Recent studies further emphasise the importance of a national electromobility plan that aligns government strategies, industrial investments, and consumer incentives. The integration of smart charging technologies and the analysis of impacts on the national electricity grid are also emerging as key priorities to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of the EV ecosystem [29,30,31,32,33,34,35].

Therefore, this article aims to assess the current state of electric vehicle infrastructure in Mexico by analysing its availability, challenges, and future prospects, with a particular focus on the development and distribution of charging stations. By reviewing public policies, technological advancements, and investment trends, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and barriers to developing EV infrastructure in the country, thereby contributing to policy recommendations and strategies that accelerate the transition toward sustainable mobility.

This manuscript is organised into seven main sections to provide a comprehensive analysis of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico. Section 1 introduces the topic, presenting the background, scope, and objectives of the study. Section 2 describes the methodology used for data collection and analysis, ensuring the transparency and reliability of the research approach. Section 3 provides a detailed overview of the current state of charging infrastructure in Mexico, including quantitative data and trends, the characteristics of existing infrastructure, the types of charging points, mobile applications and digital platforms, and payment models. Section 4 analyses the main challenges facing the development and expansion of the charging network. Section 5 explores opportunities and strategies for future growth, including ongoing programs and public policies, public–private partnerships and financing mechanisms, the regulatory framework, and success stories and lessons learned from other Latin American countries. Section 6 presents a discussion that interprets the findings in the broader context and emerging trends. Finally, Section 7 concludes the manuscript by summarising key insights and offering recommendations for future research and policy-making to support sustainable electromobility in Mexico.

2. Methodology

This study employs a mixed-methods approach to assess the current state of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure in Mexico, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques.

For the quantitative component, the analysis focuses on mapping the geographic distribution and availability of charging stations across urban and rural regions. Data sources include governmental databases (e.g., Secretaría de Energía, CRE), official reports, EV-related platforms (e.g., PlugShare, ElectroMaps), and peer-reviewed academic articles. These sources were selected based on their credibility, data completeness, and update frequency to ensure reliability and representativeness. However, it is acknowledged that some of these sources may carry inherent biases or limitations, such as urban-centric reporting, opacity in commercial data, or inconsistent classification standards, which may affect the full representativeness of the national EV infrastructure landscape.

The qualitative component involves analysing content from government policy documents, industry white papers, and relevant news articles. Selection criteria for these sources included their relevance to EV policy and infrastructure, stakeholder credibility, and publication within the last five years. Qualitative data was coded thematically using an inductive approach, identifying recurring patterns and barriers such as investment limitations, regulatory inconsistencies, and public perceptions of EV charging accessibility.

Integration of findings followed a triangulation strategy, where insights from both methods were compared and synthesised to validate and enrich the overall analysis. For instance, qualitative insights into perceived regulatory barriers were cross-referenced with the quantitative distribution of stations in underserved regions. Nonetheless, this study recognises that further triangulation—such as expert interviews, user surveys, or case studies in specific localities—would strengthen the empirical grounding and help assess the actual effectiveness of public–private partnerships and EV policy implementation. Given current resource and time constraints, such approaches are proposed as a key direction for future research.

3. Current Status of Charging Infrastructure in Mexico

The rapid transition to sustainable energy solutions has made electric vehicles (EVs) a key element in Mexico’s transportation future. As EV adoption accelerates, the demand for a comprehensive and easily accessible charging infrastructure has become more critical than ever. This section examines the historical development of public charging stations in the country, assessing their distribution and availability, key characteristics, and the impact of mobile applications and payment models. Additionally, it examines government programmes that promote the expansion of public infrastructure, identifies the leading providers of charging stations, and discusses the regulatory framework that shapes the development of this essential infrastructure.

3.1. Stations Quantitative Data and Trends

The development of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico has experienced substantial growth between 2015 and 2024. In 2015, the country had only a few charging stations, primarily concentrated in select urban areas, with no unified national network. The initial infrastructure consisted of approximately 100 public charging stations and 156 chargers in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. These early efforts were supported by the Energy Saving Programme for the Electrical Sector (PAESE), laying the foundation for further expansion [36,37,38,39].

Figure 1 illustrates the evolution of Mexico’s charging network from 2015 to 2023. In 2016, the number of charging stations rose to 499 units, showing an early acceleration in infrastructure development. By 2017, this number more than doubled to 1188 stations, reflecting growing interest in electromobility. By 2018, the network had expanded to 2013 stations, driven by private investments, partnerships with multinational EV companies, and supportive government policies aimed at fostering EV infrastructure. Key initiatives during this period included subsidies for EV purchasers and tax incentives for companies installing charging stations [40].

In 2020, public charging stations grew to approximately 2220, supported by government incentives, the entry of global EV brands into the Mexican market, and rising consumer demand. By 2021, efforts had shifted towards deploying fast chargers to enable longer journeys and support Mexico’s burgeoning electric vehicle fleet. The total number of public chargers nationwide reached approximately 3200, representing a 40% increase from 2018 [41]. Between 2022 and 2023, the expansion accelerated, with public charging points surpassing 3300 and residential installations reaching nearly 28,000. This growth was fuelled by significant investments from private companies such as Evergo and E-Drive, in collaboration with the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) [42,43,44,45]. Additionally, partnerships with international manufacturers such as Tesla and BYD further catalysed the development of charging corridors along key highways [45,46].

Looking ahead to 2024, efforts will focus on expanding Mexico’s charging network along strategic corridors and extending access to rural areas. Government initiatives drive significant growth, including the National Clean Transportation Program, the National Mobility and Road Safety Strategy, and the National Infrastructure Fund (FONIN). These programmes highlight the shared commitment of both public and private sectors to position Mexico as a leader in developing clean and sustainable technologies. This strategy aligns with global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote the adoption of renewable energy solutions, further solidifying Mexico’s role in the transition towards a greener future [47].

This commitment is further evidenced by the increasing adoption of electrified vehicles across the country.

Table 1. Sales of HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs [48].

Year/ Vehicles	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025 *
HEVs	7490	9349	16,022	23,964	22,139	42,447	40,859	54,368	92,026	34,150
PHEVs	521	968	1584	1339	1817	3492	4375	5778	7994	3364
EVs	254	237	201	305	449	1140	5631	14,172	24,283	6017
Total	8264	10,554	17,804	25,608	24,405	47,079	51,065	74,318	124,303	45,531

* Until April 2025.

shows the sales of HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs in Mexico from 2016 to 2024. Between January 2016 and June 2023, a total of 202,562 electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were sold in Mexico, accounting for 4.1% of the country’s total light vehicle sales. During this period, sales of electrified vehicles showed consistent growth despite fluctuations in the overall light vehicle market. For instance, in 2017, their sales increased by 0.173% compared to 2016, despite the overall market decline of 8.63% [48].

This trend has been supported by the steady expansion of the national charging infrastructure. As shown in Figure 1, the number of electric vehicle charging stations in Mexico grew significantly from just 156 in 2015 to 3373 in 2023. This eightfold increase in public charging stations reflects the country’s effort to build a supportive ecosystem for electric mobility, addressing one of the key barriers to EV adoption—charging accessibility.

From 2018 to 2020, this positive trend continued, with an average annual increase of 0.6%, despite a decline in overall light vehicle sales. Notably, the launch of more affordable EV models, combined with growing awareness of environmental issues, played a significant role in driving consumer interest. In 2021, the EV market displayed remarkable resilience, with sales of EVs, PHEVs, and HEVs accounting for 5.537% of total vehicle sales, despite a 4.7% contraction in the automotive sector caused by the pandemic [36].

These trends underscore the increasing adoption of electrified vehicles in Mexico and their pivotal role in the country’s transition towards sustainable mobility solutions. As the global EV market evolves, Mexico is well-positioned to leverage its domestic infrastructure and policies to play an increasingly significant role in the transition to clean transportation. However, challenges have tempered this growth. In 2022, while light vehicle sales in Mexico rose from 850,215 to 1,094,728 units, sales of EVs, PHEVs, and HEVs experienced a slight decline of 0.875%. This downturn was attributed to inventory shortages stemming from the semiconductor crisis, a consequence of surging demand for electronic components during the pandemic.

Encouragingly, 2023 marked a robust recovery, with sales of EVs, PHEVs, and HEVs surging by 44.3% to reach 74,318 units. Between 2023 and 2024, HEVs accounted for the highest number of sales with 92,026 units, followed by EVs at 24,283 units, and PHEVs at 7994 units. This growing demand for electrified vehicles has been closely linked to advancements in Mexico’s charging infrastructure. The number of public charging points increased from 3212 in 2021 to a total of 39,257 charging stations (including public and private) in 2022, representing an impressive 23% growth. This expansion has been instrumental in addressing range anxiety and enhancing user accessibility [39,41,46].

This interplay between vehicle adoption and infrastructure highlights the crucial importance of a robust charging network in supporting Mexico’s transition to electric mobility. Moving forward, strategic investments in renewable energy integration and smart grid technology will be key to ensuring that the growth of EV infrastructure aligns with sustainability objectives, further solidifying Mexico’s role in the global shift towards cleaner transportation.

3.2. Existing Infrastructure

Mexico’s electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure is rapidly evolving, driven by a notable increase in EV adoption and significant investments from major automakers. As of 2023, the country has approximately 1274 charging stations to support its growing fleet of 58,000 electric vehicles, resulting in a concerning ratio of 41 vehicles per charger, which is significantly higher than the global average of 2.6 vehicles per charger [49,50,51].

The Mexican government and private sector have recognised the urgent need to expand EV infrastructure to meet the growing demand. Projections indicate that the number of charging stations could increase to approximately 112,000 by 2030, supporting an anticipated surge in EV sales expected to reach between 200,000 and 316,000 units by that year, depending on policy implementation and market conditions. Current forecasts estimate EV sales of around 206,000 units by 2030 under moderate growth scenarios, while more optimistic projections suggest sales could surpass 300,000 units if more substantial incentives and national electromobility policies are adopted. This expansion aligns with Mexico’s broader goals to reduce emissions and position itself as a key player in the electric mobility market within Latin America [49]. This momentum was reflected in a 9.3% increase in charging stations during the third quarter of 2024, bringing the total to 42,915 charging points nationwide. Notably, a 65.5% increase in public rapid charging stations was observed compared to the previous quarter, underscoring Mexico’s commitment to addressing the infrastructure needs of its growing electric vehicle market [46].

Despite this progress, EV infrastructure in Mexico remains unevenly distributed. Central urban areas, such as Mexico City, Jalisco, and Nuevo León, dominate the network due to the concentration of electric vehicle (EV) ownership. This urban–rural divide underscores the need for a more inclusive charging infrastructure deployment strategy to ensure nationwide accessibility. Expansion efforts are therefore targeting regions like the State of Mexico, Puebla, Quintana Roo, and Guanajuato, focusing on key highways, high-traffic urban centres, and strategic zones to maximise accessibility [52].

For instance, approximately 30% of charging stations are located along Mexico’s main EV corridors, including the route connecting Mexico City, Querétaro, Guadalajara, and Puebla. This corridor includes one of the world’s fastest charging stations, situated in San Lorenzo Almecatla, Puebla, with a capacity of 1 MW. This station offers ultra-rapid charging, which is particularly beneficial for commercial and heavy-duty vehicles. Another primary corridor links Coahuila, Monterrey, and McAllen, Texas, a strategic route near the northern border that facilitates trade and tourism between Mexico and the United States. Infrastructure development in this region supports commercial fleets and cross-border travellers, encouraging the adoption of EVs in one of the busiest areas for economic and transport activity [53]. Figure 2 presents the number of charging stations by state in 2020.

Mexico’s economic landscape and population distribution also play pivotal roles in shaping EV adoption and infrastructure growth. High-density, economically advanced states such as Mexico City, Jalisco, and Nuevo León lead EV registrations, accounting for nearly 20%, 13%, and 11% of the country’s EV fleet, respectively. Mexico City, with over 9 million residents and a population density of about 6000 inhabitants per square kilometre [54], benefits from higher purchasing power and incentive policies, driving its transition to sustainable mobility. Jalisco and Nuevo León exhibit similar trends, supported by economic capacity, with average monthly household incomes of MXN 16,000 in Mexico City, MXN 15,000 in Nuevo León, and MXN 14,000 in Jalisco, compared to the national average of MXN 14,200. In terms of total population, Jalisco has approximately 8.3 million inhabitants, while Nuevo León has around 5.7 million. This demographic weight not only supports a broader potential user base for EVs but also influences the strategic deployment of charging infrastructure [55,56,57].

However, when normalising charging station availability by population size, a different picture emerges. The states with the best coverage—measured in stations per 100,000 inhabitants—are Mexico City (2.36), Baja California Sur (2.35), Nuevo León (1.62), Colima (1.60), and Querétaro (1.48). In contrast, the states with the lowest relative coverage are Tlaxcala (0.14), Tabasco (0.17), Chiapas (0.20), and Oaxaca (0.26). This disparity in infrastructure accessibility across states is clearly illustrated in the geographic heat map of station density by state (see Figure 3), which enhances spatial understanding of charging network distribution in relation to population needs [52,53,54].

Figure 3 presents a geographic heat map showing the distribution of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations per 100,000 inhabitants across the Mexican states. The density was calculated using the following formula:

(Number of stations ÷ State population) × 100,000,

(1)

which allows for a normalized comparison of charging infrastructure availability regardless of population size. The detailed data used for this calculation is provided in Appendix A.

Additionally, EV demand is projected to grow substantially, with approximately 62% of consumers in economically advanced regions expressing interest in purchasing an EV within the next five years. This trend aligns with the economic benefits of EV ownership. Charging an EV costs between MXN 0.11 and MXN 0.15 per kilowatt-hour, resulting in a total charge cost of around MXN 2.00 to MXN 8.00, depending on the type of charger. In contrast, the average petrol price stands at approximately MXN 23.77 per litre. This substantial cost difference makes operating an EV up to 67% cheaper than a conventional internal combustion vehicle in terms of fuel expenses, further bolstering the case for sustainable mobility [58,59,60].

3.3. Types of Charging Points

The landscape of Mexico’s public and private electric vehicle (EV) charging stations has shown steady growth, though coverage remains uneven. According to data from the Mexican Electromobility Association (EMA) as of the third quarter of 2024, the country had approximately 39,257 private charging stations and 3212 public charging stations. These stations are distributed across residential areas, corporate offices, and shopping centres, catering to the needs of a growing EV market [61].

The charging infrastructure accommodates various charger types, primarily categorised as alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) chargers. The Electromobility Barometer reports that roughly 88.4% of private stations are equipped with AC chargers, while 15.6% feature DC chargers. Among public chargers, 651 are DC units, highlighting the increasing availability of fast-charging options. However, AC chargers continue to dominate, accounting for 2868 public stations, largely serving residential and commercial environments [61].

In residential settings, the most commonly used chargers are CCS1/J1772 and NACS/J3400, with 37,545 and 1366 units installed, respectively. These chargers are preferred for their faster charging capabilities and ease of installation. Conversely, according to the Electromobility Barometer, GB/T chargers are the least utilised, with only 346 units reported in residential EV infrastructure [61].

As of July 2022, Mexico’s EV charging network included a variety of connector types, with Tesla Destination Chargers and Type 1 (SAE J1772) connectors leading in popularity. Specifically, there were 287 Tesla Destination Charger connectors and 206 Type 1 connectors nationwide. Other connector types included 137 Tesla Superchargers, 17 Type 2 (Mennekes), 15 Schuko (EU plug), and 14 CHAdeMO connectors. Figure 4 highlights the dominance of Tesla and Type 1 connectors within Mexico’s expanding EV charging network, reflecting both consumer preferences and the current EV market’s requirements [62].

3.4. Mobile Applications and Digital Platforms

Unlike conventional vehicles, EV owners rely heavily on digital tools to locate charging stations. Mobility applications (apps) have become an essential part of the EV experience, offering real-time information on the location, availability, and specifications of charging points. Various countries have developed interactive tools supported by governments and private companies to facilitate EV adoption.

Seven apps for registering and locating charging stations have been identified in Mexico. These apps offer unique advantages tailored to different user needs, including community feedback, route planning, and extensive regional coverage.

Table 2. Features, advantages, and disadvantages of the most popular EV charging apps in Mexico.

App Name	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Tesla App [63]	A digital tool for Tesla vehicle owners, available on iOS and Android. It helps locate Tesla charging stations, manage payments, and track vehicle performance.	Fast, reliable charging (250 kW V3/V4) with Tesla’s vast global network (50,000+ stalls). Automatic billing via car/app—no cards or apps needed. Live stall status (occupied/available) and pricing in the app. Built-in navigation routes through Superchargers with battery % predictions. Start/stop charging, precondition battery, check status, etc. Some Superchargers are open to other EVs (with adapter). Off-peak discounts and membership plans (e.g., MXN 12.99/month for lower rates). Monitor Tesla solar systems and home battery storage.	Non-Tesla EVs need adapters (and limited compatibility outside Europe/North America). Supercharger pricing can exceed home/third-party networks (especially for non-Teslas). Busy locations may have wait times (no reservations). Cannot filter by plug type/power for non-Tesla chargers. Fewer Superchargers in remote areas vs. cities. No in-car alternatives for non-Tesla drivers using Superchargers. Non-Teslas may charge slower without proper battery warming.
Charge maps [64]	An app for locating EV charging stations in multiple countries, providing real-time info on availability, type of connectors, and payment options.	Extensive database in Europe (300,000+ stations), ideal for EU road trips. Users report availability, issues, and pricing updates in real time. Aggregates data from major networks (Ionity, Fastned, etc.) in one app. Filter by plug type (CCS, CHAdeMO, Type 2), power (22 kW, 50 kW, 350 kW), and accessibility (e.g., 24/7). Built-in trip planner optimises charging stops for long journeys. Supports in-app payments for select networks (e.g., ChargePoint, Freshmile). Active community shares photos, tips, and reliability reports. No subscription needed for core features (unlike some premium apps).	Weak coverage in North America/Asia compared to PlugShare. Only works with certain networks; others require separate apps/cards. Premium subscription (EUR 20/year) removes ads and unlocks extra features. Requires internet for real-time data (unlike OpenChargeMap). Less intuitive than competitors like PlugShare. Does not predict charging costs. Some stations lack recent updates if users are inactive.
PlugShare [65]	A popular EV charging locator app with station details, ratings, and payment features. Offers community-based input on station quality.	Huge database (300,000+ stations) in North America, Europe, Asia, and more. Crowdsourced check-ins, photos, and reviews improve accuracy. Filter by plug type (Tesla, CCS, CHAdeMO), power level, network (Electrify America, ChargePoint, etc.), and amenities (restrooms, food). Built-in route planner suggests charging stops for long-distance travel. Active user base provides reliable tips (e.g., broken chargers, fees, access hours). More polished interface than OpenChargeMap or other free apps. Works with Tesla, Ford, Rivian, and others for seamless navigation. No subscription needed for basic features (unlike some premium apps).	Unlike ChargePoint or Shell Recharge, you cannot pay for charging directly in the app. Free version shows ads; MXN 25/year “Premium” removes them. Requires internet for real-time updates (unlike OpenChargeMap’s offline maps). Rural areas may have sparse/inaccurate listings due to fewer users. Does not show pricing predictions like A Better Route Planner Some non-Tesla stations lack detailed reviews (depends on region).
ElectroMaps [66]	A Spanish app with global reach, providing EV station locations, ratings, connector info, and real-time station statuses.	Wide database of charging stations in Spain and Europe, useful for long trips. Many stations show live availability (occupied/faulty status). Lists connector types, power (kW), pricing, and access methods (RFID, app, etc.). Users share reviews and photos, and report new stations. Helps plan trips based on EV range and charging stops. Some chargers allow direct activation/payment via the app.	Focused on European network with limited Mexico coverage. Not all stations update in real-time; some info may be outdated. User-dependent reports may lead to inaccuracies. Fake or biassed reviews are possible (like any crowd-sourced platform). Free version includes ads. Some filters require ElectroMaps Plus (paid version). No desktop app; mobile experience is primary. Premium features (offline maps, advanced filters) require subscription. Users need separate apps/cards to activate charging.
Google Maps [67]	Well-known navigation app that also includes EV charging station locations, availability, and connector types.	Works globally, unlike some EV-specific apps that focus on certain regions. Some stations show live status (if supported by the charging network). Seamlessly adds charging stops to your route (unlike standalone EV apps). Helps check station reliability and safety before arriving. Available on Android Auto, Apple CarPlay, and web browsers. Recommends charging stops based on your battery level (in some EVs). Convenient for drivers who already use Google Maps for navigation.	Does not always show connector types, charging speeds (kW), or pricing. Hard to find CCS, CHAdeMO, or Tesla-compatible chargers quickly. Does not support in-app payments or RFID requirements. Some stations are outdated or incorrectly marked. Cannot start/stop charging like dedicated EV apps (e.g., Tesla, Ionity). Unlike ABRP, it does not calculate battery consumption between stops.
Evergo [68]	A Mexican app designed for locating and managing charging stations. Offers payment options and route planning.	Extensive network in Taiwan. Supports DC fast charging (CCS1/CCS2, CHAdeMO) and AC (Type 2/J1772). Real-time app monitoring, remote start/stop, 24/7 support. Membership plans may offer discounts. Works with most EVs (CCS, CHAdeMO, Type 2). Growing network with partnerships (Porsche, BMW, etc.). Some stations use renewable energy.	Limited global presence. Congestion at busy stations, possible wait times. Fast charging can be expensive without a subscription. Some older/non-standard EVs may face issues. Occasional reports of charger malfunctions. Not all locations are powered by green energy.
Open Charge Maps [69]	A global open-source map for finding EV charging stations, providing station details, ratings, and photos.	One of the largest databases of EV charging stations, covering many countries. Real-time updates from users improve accuracy (unlike some outdated govt. databases). Available on Android, iOS, and web. Download maps for use without internet (useful in remote areas). Search by plug type (CCS, CHAdeMO, Type 2, etc.), power level, and network. No subscription fees, ad-free (unlike some paid apps). Developers can integrate its data into other apps/navigation systems.	Some stations may be outdated or incorrectly listed (depends on user updates). Unlike proprietary networks (Tesla, Electrify America), it does not always show live availability. Interface is functional but less polished than commercial apps (e.g., PlugShare). Does not support in-app payments; users must check separate apps/cards for charging. Fewer user-uploaded photos/reviews compared to apps like PlugShare. Lacks built-in trip planning (e.g., ABRP integration needed for long trips).

compares the features, strengths, and potential drawbacks of the most popular EV charging apps in Mexico and globally, showcasing how these digital platforms enhance accessibility and streamline the charging experience for EV users.

Table 3. Types of chargers available in Mexico through the app [63,64,65,66,67,68,69].

Type of Charger	Tesla App	Charge Maps	PlugShare	ElectroMaps	Google Maps	Evergo	Open Charge Maps
Tesla Dest Charger	1033		1418	227	990		1061
Type 1 J1772		19	1641	165	443		44
Tesla Supercharger	124	172		96	21		107
CCS1		2	139	3	41		14
CC2			2	24
Type 2			69	24	28		2
GB/T		5	124	8			4
Chademo		2	43	16	36		5
Nema 14–50			48	2			1
Nema 5–15 (US Plug)							1
Nema 5–20 (US Plug)
Nema TT-30			3
Schuko				14
Type I (AU, NZ, CN Plug)				1
Type J (CH, LI, RW Plug)				4
Scame (Type 3a)				1
Tesla (Roaster)				5
Wall			26
Total	1157	200	3513	619	1559	48	1239

highlights the availability of various EV charger types across different platforms, revealing significant variations in coverage. Tesla App is highly specialised, providing robust support for Tesla-specific chargers, such as Destination Chargers (1033) and Superchargers (124), but lacks integration with other connector standards. In contrast, PlugShare and Charge Maps emerge as the most comprehensive platforms, with extensive listings for universal chargers such as Type 1 J1772 (1641 on PlugShare) and CCS1 (139 on Charge Maps). ElectroMaps stands out for its versatility, offering support for Tesla chargers and a variety of less standard connectors, such as Type I and Type J plugs. Meanwhile, Google Maps lags in comparison, with limited data on most chargers, reflecting its secondary role in EV charging navigation. Platforms like Evergo and Open Charge Maps show a narrower focus, with selective coverage that includes Tesla Destination Chargers and a few other types. Overall, while the Tesla App caters exclusively to Tesla owners, PlugShare and Charge Maps offer broader usability for a diverse range of EV users.

3.5. Payment Models

In Mexico, the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces significant challenges, including the lack of a defined payment model. In the early years, many charging points, particularly those installed by the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and some shopping centres, offered the service for free to encourage the adoption of this technology. However, with market growth and the entry of private companies such as Evergo and Tesla, a tariff system has begun to be implemented, marking a transition towards a more structured and sustainable model.

The main payment models at charging stations are as follows:

• Free or Low-Cost Charging: In businesses such as hotels, restaurants, and shopping centres, electric vehicle charging is offered as a complementary service to attract customers, encourage extended visits, and generate indirect sales. Some stations, such as those provided by the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) and specific local initiatives, offer free charging or variable rates. However, free charging is becoming less common as the number of EVs continues to grow [52,70,71].
• Paid charging: Companies like ChargePoint, EVgo, and Blink Charging typically charge for their services. Pricing can depend on usage time or kWh consumed. Tesla’s Superchargers also charge based on kWh or per minute, although some Tesla owners may have access to free charging through specific promotions [52,70,71].
• Subscription models: Watts by Vemo, which has a strong presence in Mexico City, Jalisco, and Nuevo León, uses a system that allows users to avoid worrying about finding an empty station.
• Manufacturer incentives: Automakers such as Nissan and BMW may offer free charging stations to their customers.

It is essential to note that there is no standard charging cost for electric vehicles, as prices can fluctuate daily, much like gasoline prices. The total cost also depends on the car model, battery capacity, and charging time. In Mexico, the most common pricing models are per kWh (typically ranging from MXN 5 to MXN 15, depending on the provider), per minute (around MXN 3–10 for fast charging), or a flat fee (common in malls and hotels). Major charging networks include Tesla Superchargers (~7–12 MXN/kWh, mostly for Tesla vehicles), Ionity (~10–15 MXN/kWh on highways), and Shell Recharge (~–12 MXN/kWh), while Volta Charging offers free charging at some parking locations. Pricing varies by region: cities like Mexico City have competitive rates (~5–12 MXN/kWh), while tourist areas like Cancún charge premium prices (~10–20 MXN/kWh). Additional costs may include membership fees (e.g., ChargePoint at ~100–300 MXN/month) or parking fees, even when charging is free [72,73,74,75].

Charging costs also depend on the charging level:

Level 1 (Home Charging): this is the most convenient and cost-effective option, typically using a standard 110 VAC outlet. Although a full charge can take between 8 and 24 h, the cost is generally low—ranging from MXN 3 to MXN 10 per kWh or MXN 50 to MXN 150 per session (flat rate) [76].

Level 2 (Public Stations and Home Installation): Fast charging stations range from MXN 6 to MXN 15 per kWh or MXN 200 to MXN 400 per session. According to Kia, these stations may charge as little as MXN 0.11 to MXN 0.15 per kilowatt-hour or MXN 2 to MXN 8 for a full charge, depending on the provider. Installing a 240 VAC outlet at home can significantly reduce charging time to approximately 4 h hours [77,78].

Level 3 (Fast Charging): These stations can charge up to 80% of the battery in approximately 30–45 min. The average cost is around MXN 15 MXN per hour [45,63,66].

Other factors:

Tesla Superchargers typically cost between MXN 7 and MXN 12 per kWh, with Tesla owners being charged either per kWh or per minute, depending on the location and vehicle model [63].

Mexico has the world’s fastest charging station, located in Puebla. It can charge vehicles up to 20 times faster than conventional chargers. Charging costs at this station range from MXN 250 to 1000, and charging times vary between 7 and 25 min, depending on the battery type [79].

4. Challenges of the Current Infrastructure

The expansion and consolidation of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico faces several significant challenges that hinder its widespread adoption and operational efficiency. These challenges are multifaceted, involving technical, economic, regulatory, and social dimensions. The main obstacles include the following:

(i)

Limited Geographic Coverage and Urban–Rural Disparities

The current distribution of EV charging stations in Mexico is heavily concentrated in major urban centres, such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara [52]. This urban-centric deployment leaves rural and semi-urban regions significantly underserved, resulting in the emergence of so-called “charging deserts” that inhibit long-distance electric vehicle travel and diminish user confidence. These geographic disparities not only limit the practical range and usability of EVs outside metropolitan areas but also perpetuate structural inequalities in access to sustainable mobility options. Potential users in rural zones face greater logistical and economic barriers to EV adoption, which in turn hampers the nationwide growth of the electric vehicle market.

(ii)

High Installation and Maintenance Costs

In Mexico, the cost of installing and maintaining EV charging infrastructure varies widely depending on the type of installation, power capacity, and site-specific conditions. Residential chargers, particularly Level 2 models, typically range from MXN 10,000 to MXN 22,000 when including installation. However, for public and commercial fast-charging stations, upfront costs escalate significantly—ranging from approximately MXN 1.7 million to MXN 40.8 million MXN depending on the charger’s power output (7 kW to 60 kW). These high costs are compounded by ongoing maintenance expenses, which can reach up to MXN 120,000 annually for commercial setups. Such financial demands underscore the economic barriers facing broader infrastructure deployment, especially in regions with limited demand or institutional support [80,81].

(iii)

Lack of Incentives and Coherent Policies

Despite some governmental programmes and isolated efforts, the absence of clear, long-term incentives and integrated public policies limits private sector motivation and investment in EV charging infrastructure. This fragmented regulatory framework—characterised by a lack of standardised policies and incentives across federal, state, and municipal levels—creates significant inconsistencies in infrastructure planning and deployment. Moreover, the absence of unified protocols for charger interoperability and pricing transparency further undermines investor confidence and slows the development of a robust, coordinated charging ecosystem. Although in 2024 the regulatory framework was published through the General Administrative Provisions (Disposiciones Administrativas Generales, DACG) by the Energy Regulatory Commission (Comisión Reguladora de Energía, CRE), obstacles remain related to the lack of adequate financial incentives and clear rules to facilitate investment and operation across diverse public and private contexts [53]. Without coherent regulation and sustained institutional support, the expansion of EV infrastructure in Mexico remains vulnerable to stagnation and inefficiency.

(iv)

Technological Integration and Compatibility

A wide variety of technologies and standards is used across charging stations in Mexico, resulting in compatibility issues between different electric vehicle models and charging points. The lack of standardisation prevents users from charging their vehicles seamlessly at any station, forcing them to consider connector types, charging protocols, and platform accessibility. The heterogeneity in connectors and technologies—such as CHAdeMO, CCS, and Type 2—creates incompatibilities that negatively affect the user experience and slow down mass adoption [63,64,65,66,67,68,69]. This fragmentation poses a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. Establishing common technological standards is essential to ensure system interoperability, promote user convenience, and foster confidence in the national charging infrastructure.

(v)

Limited Grid Capacity and Integration

Mexico’s electrical grid faces capacity constraints and stability issues in certain regions. Integrating a growing number of EV chargers without grid modernisation can lead to power quality problems, especially during peak hours [30].

(vi)

Public Awareness and Consumer Trust

Many consumers still lack information about the location, availability, and reliability of public chargers. Concerns over range anxiety and charging wait times also persist, reducing the perceived convenience of EVs compared to traditional internal combustion vehicles [82].

(vii)

Lack of Data and Monitoring Systems

There is a shortage of real-time data on charger usage, performance, and downtime. The absence of centralised monitoring platforms limits the ability to assess infrastructure effectiveness and make data-driven policy decisions.

Table 4. Main challenges and their impact on the expansion of charging infrastructure in Mexico.

Challenge	Impact on Expansion
Urban–Rural Disparities	Limited coverage in rural areas; reduced mobility and lower EV adoption in underserved zones.
High Installation and Maintenance Costs	Decreased public and private investment; slower deployment of new charging stations.
Lack of Incentives and Coherent Policies	Reduced private sector interest; delays in long-term planning and infrastructure strategy.
Technological Diversity and Lack of Standardisation	User difficulties; low interoperability and reduced trust in the system.
Regulatory and Investment Barriers	Implementation delays; higher costs; reduced investment and slower network growth.
Lack of Data and Monitoring Systems	Insufficient performance evaluation and planning; difficulty identifying priority areas for infrastructure.
Public Awareness and Consumer Trust	Limited public knowledge and scepticism toward EV technology hinder mass adoption and infrastructure use.
Limited Grid Capacity and Integration	Electrical grid limitations restrict the deployment of fast chargers and large-scale station networks.

summarises the key challenges identified in the current state of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico, and their direct impact on the expansion and development of a robust and accessible national charging network. These factors, when not adequately addressed, hinder both user adoption and long-term sustainability.

5. Opportunities and Strategies for Future Development

The growth of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in Mexico presents multiple opportunities to consolidate sustainable mobility and reduce the transportation sector’s carbon footprint. Leveraging technological advances, promoting strategic partnerships between the public and private sectors, and designing innovative policies are key elements for accelerating the expansion and improving the accessibility of the charging network. Additionally, the use of renewable energy sources, the development of smart charging management technologies, and the implementation of economic incentives offer promising pathways to transform the current landscape. In this context, identifying and applying effective strategies will be crucial to overcoming existing challenges and ensuring the sustainable and equitable development of charging infrastructure across the country.

5.1. Ongoing Programmes and Public Policies

Mexico has taken significant strides toward adopting sustainable mobility solutions, with various initiatives supporting the transition to electric vehicles. The Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) plays a pivotal role in promoting the adoption of electric mobility technologies, both for private use and public transport. This organisation oversees the Electric Sector Energy Saving Program (PAESE), a business unit within CFE that coordinates initiatives and promotes programmes aimed at saving and efficiently using electrical energy. Broadly, PAESE evaluates energy-saving and efficiency projects, explores innovative technologies, and provides training while fostering the development of green business plans [83].

Within PAESE, the Programme for the Promotion of Electromobility through Investment in Recharging Infrastructure (PEII) was launched. This initiative seeks to alleviate “range anxiety” for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle users by installing universal, public, and free charging stations. SENER coordinates the project, which the Technical Committee of the Fund supports for the Energy Transition and Sustainable Use of Energy (FOTEASE) [83,84,85].

The PEII programme initially aimed to install 100 electric charging stations in publicly accessible locations across the metropolitan areas of Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. Notably, the electricity costs are absorbed by the property owners where these stations are installed, allowing end users to charge their vehicles for free. Additionally, the infrastructure was designed for universality, ensuring compatibility with all electric cars available in the Mexican market.

As part of the PEII, the CFE collaborated with Mexico City authorities and the automotive industry to build Mexico’s first backbone network of electric stations. The plan established a network of fast-charging stations connecting ten states, while expanding existing infrastructure in metropolitan hubs such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. A significant milestone of this initiative was the completion of the Puebla–Guadalajara corridor, a key step toward a more comprehensive national charging network [86,87].

This programme demonstrates a coordinated effort between the public and private sectors to foster sustainable mobility and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, paving the way for Mexico’s transition to greener transportation solutions.

5.2. Public–Private Partnerships and Financing

The installation and operation of these charging points have been carried out through collaboration with various companies and entities. Some of the most notable ones include [70] the following:

(i)

Nissan and BMW Charging Stations

Since 2005, Nissan and BMW have jointly invested more than MXN 100 million in promoting electromobility in Mexico. This partnership has resulted in the installation of approximately 700 medium- and fast-charging stations nationwide [79,87].

• Nissan primarily offers Level 2 chargers, which are compatible with its vehicles, such as the Nissan LEAF. These chargers utilise Type 1 (J1772) connectors and provide a charging speed of approximately 7 kW, enabling a full charge within several hours.
• BMW also offers Level 2 chargers, suitable for vehicles like the BMW i3. These stations are compatible with both Type 1 and Type 2 connectors, with charging speeds ranging from 7 kW to 22 kW, ensuring fast and efficient charging [52].

(ii)

Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE)

Through the PAESE, the CFE actively promotes and develops charging infrastructure in Mexico.

• In 2017, the CFE installed 100 charging stations, bolstering the country’s electric charging network. By 2019, this number grew to 500 chargers nationwide.
• CFE’s infrastructure includes Level 2 and Level 3 chargers, equipped with Type 1 and Type 2 connectors. Charging speeds range from 7 kW to 22 kW, making them suitable for a variety of electric vehicles [88].

(iii)

ChargePoint [77]

It is the largest global network of electric vehicle charging stations, with stations located in North America and Europe.

• In Mexico, ChargePoint offers numerous Level 2 and some Level 3 charging points. Charging speeds vary from 7 kW for standard chargers to over 50 kW for fast chargers, catering to diverse user needs.

(iv)

Tesla Charging Stations

Tesla has its charging stations, known as Superchargers [63]:

• The first Tesla Supercharger in Mexico and Latin America was inaugurated in Cuernavaca in June 2016. It features six charging positions for Model S and X vehicles.
• Tesla Superchargers provide exceptional charging speeds, offering up to 320 kilometres of range in just 15 min, with power outputs of 145 kW (V2) and 250 kW (V3).

(v)

Others

EVgo, Blink Charging, EVERGO, Chevrolet, Wallbox, Schneider Electric, Siemens, and Econduce are some companies that operate electric charging stations in Mexico.

• Enerlink, a specialised company, focuses on installing and planning charging centres for electric vehicles, contributing to the growing infrastructure [68,72,73,74,75].

These providers collectively drive the growth of Mexico’s electric charging network, ensuring accessibility and compatibility for a wide range of electric vehicle users while supporting the transition to sustainable mobility.

5.3. Regulatory Framework

The regulation of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) in Mexico has been formalised through the General Administrative Provisions (Disposiciones Administrativas de Carácter General, DACG) issued by the Energy Regulatory Commission (Comisión Reguladora de Energía, CRE). This regulatory framework, published on 10 September 2024, represents a significant step forward in promoting and developing electromobility in the country [89].

The DACG aims to establish a regulatory environment that facilitates the safe and orderly integration of charging infrastructure into the National Electric System (Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, SEN). This regulation, which intends to encourage more sustainable mobility, aligns with global efforts to reduce emissions and promote the use of clean energy [36].

The regulatory framework for electric vehicle charging stations in Mexico, established by the General Administrative Provisions (DACG), is organised into 11 chapters addressing key technical and administrative aspects essential for the implementation and operation of this infrastructure. Below are detailed the most relevant components of this structure [36,89].

(i)

Service Request: This chapter outlines the procedure operators must follow to request the electrical supply needed for their charging stations. If the property receives a basic supply at low or medium voltage, end users are required to submit a formal application to the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE) to obtain a new service contract, separate from any existing contract. This ensures that each charging station has an adequate and specific power supply, avoiding interference with other electrical consumption [88].

(ii)

Installation and Signage of Charging Stations: The installation and signage of electric vehicle charging stations must be carried out in strategic locations to maximise accessibility, prioritising areas with high vehicular and pedestrian density, such as shopping centres, service stations, and urban zones with a high concentration of electric vehicles.

The design must comply with standards that ensure functionality and safety, providing sufficient space for manoeuvring, an ergonomic layout for easy access to connectors and controls, and aesthetic considerations to integrate the stations into the urban environment. Additionally, clear and visible signage must be provided, including information on availability, connector types, tariffs, and payment methods, ensuring user-friendliness.

It is mandatory to comply with the Official Mexican Standard NOM-001-SEDE-2012, which regulates technical aspects such as electromagnetic compatibility and power supply quality, and to follow the guidelines of the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) to ensure safe operation. Stations must be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities, and maintained in optimal condition through regular inspections and maintenance. Coordination with local authorities and the CFE is also required to integrate the infrastructure into the existing power grid, comply with national and local regulations, and obtain the necessary permits before installation [86].

(iii)

Digital Platform: A digital platform will be created to monitor the charging infrastructure in real time, providing information on connector types, availability, and prices. This platform must be operational within 24 months of its publication.

(iv)

Technical Requirements: The stations must offer at least two types of connectors to accommodate different electric vehicle models. All chargers must be equipped with separate metres to ensure precise control of the electrical supply.

5.4. Success Stories and Lessons Learned from Other Latin American Countries

Several Latin American countries have made significant progress in implementing electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure, facing challenges similar to those currently encountered by Mexico. Analysing these experiences can provide valuable lessons to accelerate the development of a more efficient, accessible, and sustainable charging network in Mexico.

(i)

Chile: Driving Progress Through Incentives and Public–Private Partnerships

Chile has stood out in the region by implementing policies that encourage the adoption of electric vehicles and the installation of charging infrastructure. The Chilean government has designed tax benefits and financing programmes that stimulate both public and private investment. A key factor in Chile’s success has been the creation of strategic alliances among the government, private companies, and international organisations, allowing the expansion of the charging network in urban and suburban areas [90,91].

Chile’s experience highlights the importance of precise coordination between public and private actors, where the state acts as a facilitator through economic incentives and clear regulations. In contrast, the private sector contributes capital and technology [92,93]. This has resulted in broader coverage and faster development of the necessary infrastructure to promote widespread EV adoption.

(ii)

Brazil: Standardisation and Effective Regulation

Brazil has successfully addressed the challenge of technological diversity and lack of standards, one of the main obstacles to expanding charging infrastructure [94]. The country has developed a robust regulatory framework that promotes the standardisation of technologies, connectors, and protocols, facilitating system interoperability and increasing user trust.

Additionally, Brazil has achieved efficient coordination among different levels of government—national, state, and municipal—to implement coherent national policies guiding the homogeneous expansion of the charging network across regions. Effective regulation has lowered entry barriers for new investors and fostered a competitive environment that drives innovation and continuous improvement [94,95].

This experience underscores the importance of having a clear and harmonised legal framework that reduces fragmentation and facilitates both the installation and use of EV charging infrastructure.

(iii)

Colombia: Promoting Renewable Energy Use and Community Support

In Colombia, a distinguishing factor has been the integration of renewable energy into the power grid that supplies EV charging stations. This not only adds environmental sustainability to the process but also improves public perception of electric mobility as a clean and responsible option [96].

Moreover, Colombia has placed special emphasis on community involvement through training, awareness, and educational programmes directed at users, local authorities, and industry sectors. This strategy has fostered greater knowledge and social acceptance of electric vehicles, facilitating the adoption and daily use of charging infrastructure [94,97,98].

The key lesson from Colombia is that success in electric mobility depends not only on technology or regulation but also on social and educational commitment to building a culture of sustainable and responsible mobility.

Table 5. Ongoing programmes and public policies.

Opportunity	Strategy	Proposals/Recommendations
Government initiatives supporting EV adoption (e.g., PAESE and PEII)	Expand and strengthen public infrastructure for EV charging	Accelerate installation of universal, publicly accessible, and free charging stations in more cities beyond Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. Ensure cost absorption mechanisms do not discourage property owners. Promote awareness campaigns about availability and benefits of public EV charging. Foster integration with renewable energy sources to further reduce carbon footprint.
Collaboration between CFE, SENER, and local authorities	Continue coordinated planning and investment in national EV infrastructure	Develop new charging corridors connecting other regions/states. Incentivise private sector participation in infrastructure expansion. Establish monitoring and maintenance programmes to guarantee high service levels. Implement real-time data platforms to monitor usage and optimise station deployment.
Partnerships between automakers (Nissan, BMW) and utilities (CFE) to install chargers	Promote and incentivise multi-sector collaboration to finance and operate charging networks	Encourage other automakers and tech companies to form similar alliances. Provide tax credits or subsidies for companies investing in public charging infrastructure. Develop financing schemes for small businesses and municipalities to host charging stations. Facilitate standardised equipment and interoperable payment systems to enhance user experience.
Diverse charging technologies (Level 2, Level 3, Tesla Superchargers)	Support diversification of charging options to meet different user needs	Promote installation of fast chargers on highways and long-distance corridors. Increase access to Level 2 chargers in urban and residential areas. Develop awareness and training programmes for EV users on charger types and compatibility. Foster research on emerging charging technologies and integration with smart grids.
Establishment of General Administrative Provisions (DACG) to regulate EV charging	Ensure comprehensive and clear regulatory environment	Implement DACG regulations fully and provide guidance to operators. Develop simplified and transparent procedures for service requests and permits. Enforce standards such as NOM-001-SEDE-2012 to guarantee safety and interoperability. Include accessibility requirements for users with disabilities. Create and maintain a national digital platform for real-time monitoring and public information on charging stations. Foster ongoing stakeholder engagement for regulatory updates.

is a structured presentation of the main opportunities identified in the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in Mexico, along with concrete proposals and recommendations for each. These strategies are based on the analysis of ongoing programmes, public–private partnerships, and the current regulatory framework, with the aim of promoting sustainable and efficient growth in the electromobility sector nationwide.

6. Discussion

Mexico’s rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure over the past decade is indicative of a broader commitment to sustainable mobility. The increase from only 100 public charging stations in 2015 to over 3300 by 2023, alongside nearly 28,000 residential units, reflects policy-driven efforts and rising market interest. However, this growth is not uniformly distributed. As this study demonstrates, urban areas, such as Mexico City, Jalisco, and Nuevo León, concentrate the bulk of infrastructure, while rural and peripheral regions remain significantly underserved. This urban bias in EV infrastructure is consistent with patterns observed in other Latin American countries like Brazil and Colombia, where deployment also favours large metropolitan zones [98,99].

The comparison of electric vehicle charging infrastructure policies across Mexico, Chile, and Brazil reveals critical differences that impact development speed, accessibility, and regulatory adaptability (

Table 6. Comparative table: EV infrastructure policies in Mexico, Chile, and Brazil [45,53,98,100].

Aspect	Mexico	Chile	Brazil
Incentives	Limited and inconsistent. Few fiscal or economic mechanisms.	Tax benefits, financing, and subsidies to encourage public–private investment.	Targeted economic incentives. Promotes research and development and private participation.
Regulatory Framework	Outdated regulations (NOM-001-SEDE-2012). Lacks guidelines on cybersecurity or grid integration.	Clear regulatory framework promoting partnerships and expansion under defined rules.	Harmonised national standards. Guaranteed interoperability.
Coverage/Deployment	Uneven development; concentrated in major cities. Slow progress due to high costs.	Strategic public–private partnerships enabling urban and suburban expansion.	Coordination among government levels allows for broad and homogeneous coverage.
Social Inclusion	Limited public education.	“Clean Energy” awareness campaigns.	University partnerships.
Local Manufacturing	80% of components imported.	Partnerships with Enel X/COPEC.	Slow manufacturing growth.
2030 Targets	No clear federal goals.	100% electric public transport (Santiago).	30% EVs in public fleets.

). Chile has advanced significantly through well-designed incentives and coordinated government strategies, including public–private partnerships and targeted subsidies, resulting in more balanced national coverage [100]. Brazil, on the other hand, has focused on regulatory coherence and technological standardisation, creating a consistent and interoperable network that fosters investor confidence and user trust. In contrast, Mexico shows considerable potential but continues to lag behind due to limited incentives, outdated regulations, and fragmented infrastructure development. The current regulatory framework, exemplified by NOM-001-SEDE-2012, primarily addresses basic safety and compatibility but lacks alignment with the evolving needs of the electric mobility ecosystem, such as interoperability, cybersecurity, and grid resilience [53]—areas already being addressed in European and Asian contexts [1,3]. By integrating Chile’s strategic incentive mechanisms and Brazil’s regulatory strengths [101,102], Mexico has the opportunity to overcome existing barriers and build a more inclusive, sustainable, and future-ready EV charging infrastructure nationwide.

Moreover, Mexico still faces high installation costs, bureaucratic delays, and limited local manufacturing capacity, which impede infrastructure development. This contrasts with China’s aggressive approach, where government-backed incentives and vertically integrated supply chains have significantly lowered costs [103]. Similarly, Uruguay and Costa Rica have achieved relatively higher EV adoption rates by offering tax exemptions and electricity rate discounts [104], strategies that could be adapted to Mexico’s context.

Digital platforms such as ElectroMaps and Evergo, while helpful, are limited by inconsistent data updates and a lack of full interoperability across providers. User confidence remains fragile due to frequent station inoperability, a challenge also reported in Argentina and Peru [105,106]. Future studies could analyse the correlation between digital accessibility and user adoption in Latin America, exploring whether robust digital ecosystems lead to increased EV usage and satisfaction.

A key strength of this study lies in its integrated analysis of infrastructure growth, policy development, and geographical disparities, supported by a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative spatial analysis with qualitative interviews with policymakers and industry experts. This comprehensive methodology offers a nuanced understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with deploying EV charging infrastructure in Mexico.

However, the study presents certain limitations. It relies heavily on publicly available and secondary data sources, which may not reflect real-time developments, informal installations, or private sector contributions. Moreover, the cross-sectional nature of the dataset, limited to information available up to 2023, restricts the ability to analyse emerging trends or evaluate the impact of recent policy changes. In addition, the study does not address user behaviour and charging patterns—critical factors for assessing the real-world effectiveness, accessibility, and usability of the infrastructure.

The findings suggest that achieving equitable infrastructure distribution necessitates targeted policies, including financial incentives for rural deployment and streamlined permitting processes. Moreover, technological standardisation and investment in ultra-fast chargers are essential to support long-distance travel and commercial fleet adoption.

Future research should focus on three main areas: (1) a cost–benefit analysis of infrastructure expansion in rural areas; (2) an evaluation of policy instruments using regional socioeconomic data; and (3) user experience studies, including access, reliability, and digital interaction with charging systems. These lines of inquiry would help assess the actual impact of infrastructure on different user segments and optimise deployment strategies.

Additionally, exploring consumer preferences in rural versus urban regions, and analysing the integration of renewable energy sources into charging stations, remain critical for long-term sustainability. Longitudinal studies tracking infrastructure deployment, utilisation rates, and EV adoption patterns over time would offer valuable insights to refine strategic planning. Finally, fostering regional collaboration, encouraging data sharing, and harmonising technical standards across Latin America could accelerate development, reduce duplication of efforts, and promote a more cohesive EV ecosystem across the region.

While this study focuses on a descriptive and comparative analysis of EV infrastructure development in Mexico, Chile, and Brazil, future research could benefit from the introduction of a conceptual framework to better assess policy effectiveness and system maturity. For instance, applying a typology of EV infrastructure development stages or a technological innovation system (TIS) perspective could allow for a more systematic evaluation of Mexico’s position within broader transitions in electromobility. Similarly, the use of a policy feedback framework may help to uncover how existing policies shape institutional change and stakeholder engagement. These models could offer deeper insights into policy design and adoption pathways and are recommended for subsequent studies.

7. Conclusions

This study provides a detailed assessment of the current state of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure in Mexico, revealing significant progress between 2015 and 2023. During this period, the number of public and private charging stations increased substantially from approximately 100 to over 3300, alongside nearly 28,000 residential installations. However, this progress is unevenly distributed geographically, concentrated in urban areas and high-traffic corridors, limiting access in rural and underserved regions.

The findings address the research questions regarding the availability of infrastructure, regulatory environment, technological diversity, and future prospects of Mexico’s electric vehicle (EV) charging network. While technologies such as fast chargers and digital platforms have enhanced system efficiency, several barriers remain. These include the limited presence of ultra-fast chargers, high installation costs, and the insufficient implementation of transparent and standardised regulatory frameworks.

From a theoretical perspective, this research highlights the importance of integrated approaches that combine public policy, technology, and strategic investment to facilitate the effective transition to electric mobility. Practically, the findings offer recommendations for policy design to foster equitable infrastructure deployment, encourage private sector participation, and ensure long-term sustainability. Successful models in Latin America, such as those in Chile and Brazil, demonstrate that public–private collaboration and standardisation are key factors in accelerating the growth of the EV ecosystem.

Ultimately, this study contributes to the academic literature by emphasising that inclusive and sustainable public policies must accompany technological development. Future research should examine the long-term impacts of government incentives, consumer behaviour in underserved areas, and the integration of renewable energy sources into the charging network, to support Mexico’s transition toward an efficient, equitable, and environmentally responsible electric transportation system.