Toxins

15 pages, 1367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Three Modelling Approaches for Predicting Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Winter Wheat

by Cheng Liu¹

, Valentina Manstretta², Vittorio Rossi³ and H. J. Van der Fels-Klerx^1,*

¹ RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands

² Horta srl, via Egidio Gorra 55, 29122 Piacenza, Italy

³ Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy

Toxins 2018, 10(7), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10070267 - 2 Jul 2018

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5115

Abstract

Forecasting models for mycotoxins in cereal grains during cultivation are useful for pre-harvest and post-harvest mycotoxin management. Some of such models for deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, using two different modelling techniques, have been published. This study aimed to compare and cross-validate three different [...] Read more.

Forecasting models for mycotoxins in cereal grains during cultivation are useful for pre-harvest and post-harvest mycotoxin management. Some of such models for deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, using two different modelling techniques, have been published. This study aimed to compare and cross-validate three different modelling approaches for predicting DON in winter wheat using data from the Netherlands as a case study. To this end, a published empirical model was updated with a new mixed effect logistic regression method. A mechanistic model for wheat in Italy was adapted to the Dutch situation. A new Bayesian network model was developed to predict DON in wheat. In developing the three models, the same dataset was used, including agronomic and weather data, as well as DON concentrations of individual samples in the Netherlands over the years 2001–2013 (625 records). Similar data from 2015 and 2016 (86 records) were used for external independent validation. The results showed that all three modelling approaches provided good accuracy in predicting DON in wheat in the Netherlands. The empirical model showed the highest accuracy (88%). However, this model is highly location and data-dependent, and can only be run if all of the input data are available. The mechanistic model provided 80% accuracy. This model is easier to implement in new areas given similar mycotoxin-producing fungal populations. The Bayesian network model provided 86% accuracy. Compared with the other two models, this model is easier to implement when input data are incomplete. In future research, the three modelling approaches could be integrated to even better support decision-making in mycotoxin management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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17 pages, 355 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperOpinion

The Mycotox Charter: Increasing Awareness of, and Concerted Action for, Minimizing Mycotoxin Exposure Worldwide

by Antonio F. Logrieco^1,*, J. David Miller²

, Mari Eskola³, Rudolf Krska^3,4

, Amare Ayalew⁵, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay⁶

, Paola Battilani⁷

, Deepak Bhatnagar⁸, Sofia Chulze⁹, Sarah De Saeger¹⁰

, Peiwu Li¹¹, Giancarlo Perrone¹

, Amnart Poapolathep¹², Endang S. Rahayu¹³, Gordon S. Shephard¹⁴, François Stepman¹⁵

, Hao Zhang¹⁶ and John F. Leslie¹⁷

¹ National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy

² Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON KS5B6, Canada

³ Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria

⁴ Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK

⁵ Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

⁶ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria

⁷ Department of the Science of Sustainable Vegetable Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy

⁸ Food and Feed Safety Research, Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA

⁹ Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina

¹⁰ Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium

¹¹ Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China

¹² Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

¹³ Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Universiti Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

¹⁴ Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa

¹⁵ Platform for African-European Partnership in ARD, CTA Brussels Office, 39 rue Montoyer, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

¹⁶ State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China

¹⁷ Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

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Toxins 2018, 10(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040149 - 4 Apr 2018

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 9342

Abstract

Mycotoxins are major food contaminants affecting global food security, especially in low and middle-income countries. The European Union (EU) funded project, MycoKey, focuses on “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food and feed chains” and the right to safe [...] Read more.

Mycotoxins are major food contaminants affecting global food security, especially in low and middle-income countries. The European Union (EU) funded project, MycoKey, focuses on “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food and feed chains” and the right to safe food through mycotoxin management strategies and regulation, which are fundamental to minimizing the unequal access to safe and sufficient food worldwide. As part of the MycoKey project, a Mycotoxin Charter (charter.mycokey.eu) was launched to share the need for global harmonization of mycotoxin legislation and policies and to minimize human and animal exposure worldwide, with particular attention to less developed countries that lack effective legislation. This document is in response to a demand that has built through previous European Framework Projects—MycoGlobe and MycoRed—in the previous decade to control and reduce mycotoxin contamination worldwide. All suppliers, participants and beneficiaries of the food supply chain, for example, farmers, consumers, stakeholders, researchers, members of civil society and government and so forth, are invited to sign this charter and to support this initiative. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

16 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperPerspective

Scaling-Up the Impact of Aflatoxin Research in Africa. The Role of Social Sciences

by Francois Stepman

Platform for African-European Partnership in Agricultural Research for Development; FARA Secretariat, PMB CT 173 Cantonments, Accra, Ghana

Toxins 2018, 10(4), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040136 - 23 Mar 2018

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7340

Abstract

At the interface between agriculture and nutrition, the aflatoxin contamination of food and feed touches on agriculture, health, and trade. For more than three decades now, the problem of aflatoxin has been researched in Africa. The interest of development cooperation for aflatoxin and [...] Read more.

At the interface between agriculture and nutrition, the aflatoxin contamination of food and feed touches on agriculture, health, and trade. For more than three decades now, the problem of aflatoxin has been researched in Africa. The interest of development cooperation for aflatoxin and the support to aflatoxin mitigation projects has its ups and downs. The academic world and the development world still seem to operate in different spheres and a collaboration is still challenging due to the complexity of the contamination sources at pre-harvest and post-harvest levels. There is a growing call by research funders and development actors for the impact of solutions at a scale. The solutions to mitigate aflatoxin contamination require new ways of working together. A more prominent role is to be played by social scientists. The role of social scientists in scaling-up the impact of aflatoxin research in Africa and the proposed mitigation solutions is to ensure that awareness, advantage, affordability, and access are systematically assessed. Aflatoxin-reduced staple foods and feed would be an agricultural result with a considerable health and food safety impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

12 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Host and Cropping System Shape the Fusarium Population: 3ADON-Producers Are Ubiquitous in Wheat Whereas NIV-Producers Are More Prevalent in Rice

by Meixin Yang^1,†, Hao Zhang^1,†, Xiangjiu Kong¹, Theo Van der Lee², Cees Waalwijk²

, Anne Van Diepeningen², Jin Xu¹, Jingsheng Xu¹, Wanquan Chen^1,* and Jie Feng^1,*

¹ State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193 China

² Wageningen Plant Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

^† These authors contribute equally to this work.

Toxins 2018, 10(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030115 - 8 Mar 2018

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5453

Abstract

In recent years, Fusarium head blight (FHB) outbreaks have occurred much more frequently in China. The reduction of burning of the preceding crop residues is suggested to contribute to more severe epidemics as it may increase the initial inoculum. In this study, a [...] Read more.

In recent years, Fusarium head blight (FHB) outbreaks have occurred much more frequently in China. The reduction of burning of the preceding crop residues is suggested to contribute to more severe epidemics as it may increase the initial inoculum. In this study, a large number of Fusarium isolates was collected from blighted wheat spikes as well as from rice stubble with perithecia originating from nine sampling sites in five provinces in Southern China. Fusarium asiaticum dominated both wheat and rice populations, although rice populations showed a higher species diversity. Chemotype analysis showed that rice is the preferred niche for NIV mycotoxin producers that were shown to be less virulent on wheat. In contrast, 3ADON producers are more prevalent on wheat and in wheat producing areas. The 3ADON producers were shown to be more virulent on wheat, revealing the selection pressure of wheat on 3ADON producers. For the first time, members of the Incarnatum-clade of Fusarium Incarnatum-Equiseti Species Complex (FIESC) were found to reproduce sexually on rice stubble. The pathogenicity of FIESC isolates on wheat proved very low and this may cause the apparent absence of this species in the main wheat producing provinces. This is the first report of the Fusarium population structure including rice stubble as well as a direct comparison with the population on wheat heads in the same fields. Our results confirm that the perithecia on rice stubble are the primary inoculum of FHB on wheat and that cropping systems affect the local Fusarium population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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19 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperOpinion

MycoKey Round Table Discussions of Future Directions in Research on Chemical Detection Methods, Genetics and Biodiversity of Mycotoxins

by John F. Leslie¹

, Veronica Lattanzio²

, Kris Audenaert³

, Paola Battilani⁴

, Jeffrey Cary⁵, Sofia N. Chulze⁶, Sarah De Saeger⁷

, Annamaria Gerardino⁸, Petr Karlovsky⁹

, Yu-Cai Liao¹⁰, Chris M. Maragos¹¹, Giuseppe Meca¹², Angel Medina¹³

, Antonio Moretti²

, Gary Munkvold¹⁴, Giuseppina Mulè²

, Patrick Njobeh¹⁵

, Ivan Pecorelli¹⁶

, Giancarlo Perrone²

, Amedeo Pietri¹⁷, Juan M. Palazzini¹⁸

, Robert H. Proctor¹⁹, Endang S. Rahayu²⁰, Maria L. Ramírez²¹, Robert Samson²², Jörg Stroka²³, Michael Sulyok²⁴

, Mark Sumarah²⁵, Cees Waalwijk²⁶

, Qi Zhang²⁷, Hao Zhang²⁸ and Antonio F. Logrieco^2,* Show full author list Hide full author list

¹ Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA

² Institute for the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (ISPA-CNR), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy

³ Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentyn Vaerwyckweg 1, Campus Schoonmeersen—Gebouw C, 9000 Gent, Belgium

⁴ Department of the Science of Sustainable Vegetable Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy

⁵ Food and Feed Safety Research, Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA

⁶ Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina

⁷ Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium

⁸ Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-IFN), via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Rome, Italy

⁹ Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany

¹⁰ Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China

¹¹ Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA

¹² Laboratory of Food Toxicology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia Avenida Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

¹³ Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agri-Food Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK

¹⁴ Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 160 Seed Science Center, Ames, IA 50011, USA

¹⁵ Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa

¹⁶ Environmental Contaminants Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche (IZSUM), via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy

¹⁷ Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy

¹⁸ Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina

¹⁹ Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA

²⁰ Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Universiti Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

²¹ Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

²² Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands

²³ European Union Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate F—Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium

²⁴ Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources & Life Sciences—Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria

²⁵ London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada

²⁶ Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PBWageningen, The Netherlands

²⁷ Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China

²⁸ State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China

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Toxins 2018, 10(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030109 - 1 Mar 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8661

Abstract

MycoKey, an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project, includes a series of “Roundtable Discussions” to gather information on trending research areas in the field of mycotoxicology. This paper includes summaries of the Roundtable Discussions on Chemical Detection and Monitoring of mycotoxins and on the role [...] Read more.

MycoKey, an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project, includes a series of “Roundtable Discussions” to gather information on trending research areas in the field of mycotoxicology. This paper includes summaries of the Roundtable Discussions on Chemical Detection and Monitoring of mycotoxins and on the role of genetics and biodiversity in mycotoxin production. Discussions were managed by using the nominal group discussion technique, which generates numerous ideas and provides a ranking for those identified as the most important. Four questions were posed for each research area, as well as two questions that were common to both discussions. Test kits, usually antibody based, were one major focus of the discussions at the Chemical Detection and Monitoring roundtable because of their many favorable features, e.g., cost, speed and ease of use. The second area of focus for this roundtable was multi-mycotoxin detection protocols and the challenges still to be met to enable these protocols to become methods of choice for regulated mycotoxins. For the genetic and biodiversity group, both the depth and the breadth of trending research areas were notable. For some areas, e.g., microbiome studies, the suggested research questions were primarily of a descriptive nature. In other areas, multiple experimental approaches, e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, RNAi and gene deletions, are needed to understand the regulation of toxin production and mechanisms underlying successful biological controls. Answers to the research questions will provide starting points for developing acceptable prevention and remediation processes. Forging a partnership between scientists and appropriately-placed communications experts was recognized by both groups as an essential step to communicating risks, while retaining overall confidence in the safety of the food supply and the integrity of the food production chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

12 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, Reduction of Deoxynivalenol Accumulation and Phytohormone Induction by Two Selected Antagonists

by Juan Palazzini¹

, Pablo Roncallo², Renata Cantoro¹, María Chiotta¹, Nadia Yerkovich¹, Sofía Palacios¹, Viviana Echenique², Adriana Torres¹, María Ramirez¹, Petr Karlovsky³

and Sofía Chulze^1,*

¹ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina

² CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS–CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina

³ Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020088 - 20 Feb 2018

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7876

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and other small cereal grains worldwide. Species within the Fusarium graminearum complex are the main pathogens associated with the disease, F. graminearum sensu stricto being the [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and other small cereal grains worldwide. Species within the Fusarium graminearum complex are the main pathogens associated with the disease, F. graminearum sensu stricto being the main pathogen in Argentina. Biocontrol can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Phytohormones play a key role in the plant defense system and their production can be induced by antagonistic microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus velezensis RC 218, F. graminearum and their co-inoculation on the production of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in wheat spikes at different periods of time under greenhouse conditions, and to evaluate the effect of B. velezensis RC 218 and Streptomyces albidoflavus RC 87B on FHB disease incidence, severity and deoxynivalenol accumulation on Triticum turgidum L. var. durum under field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions the production of JA was induced after F. graminearum inoculation at 48 and 72 h, but JA levels were reduced in the co-inoculated treatments. No differences in JA or SA levels were observed between the B. velezensis treatment and the water control. In the spikes inoculated with F. graminearum, SA production was induced early (12 h), as it was shown for initial FHB basal resistance, while JA was induced at a later stage (48 h), revealing different defense strategies at different stages of infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen F. graminearum. Both B. velezensis RC 218 and S. albidoflavus RC 87B effectively reduced FHB incidence (up to 30%), severity (up to 25%) and deoxynivalenol accumulation (up to 51%) on durum wheat under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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11 pages, 2182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fusarium graminearum in Stored Wheat: Use of CO₂ Production to Quantify Dry Matter Losses and Relate This to Relative Risks of Zearalenone Contamination under Interacting Environmental Conditions

by Esther Garcia-Cela¹

, Elsa Kiaitsi¹, Michael Sulyok²

, Angel Medina¹

and Naresh Magan^1,*

¹ Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield Beds. MK43 0AL, UK

² Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020086 - 17 Feb 2018

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6433

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination from Fusarium graminearum colonization is particularly important in food and feed wheat, especially during post-harvest storage with legislative limits for both food and feed grain. Indicators of the relative risk from exceeding these limits would be useful. We examined the [...] Read more.

Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination from Fusarium graminearum colonization is particularly important in food and feed wheat, especially during post-harvest storage with legislative limits for both food and feed grain. Indicators of the relative risk from exceeding these limits would be useful. We examined the effect of different water activities (a_w; 0.95–0.90) and temperature (10–25 °C) in naturally contaminated and irradiated wheat grain, both inoculated with F. graminearum and stored for 15 days on (a) respiration rate; (b) dry matter losses (DML); (c) ZEN production and (d) relationship between DML and ZEN contamination relative to the EU legislative limits. Gas Chromatography was used to measure the temporal respiration rates and the total accumulated CO₂ production. There was an increase in temporal CO₂ production rates in wetter and warmer conditions in all treatments, with the highest respiration in the 25 °C × 0.95 a_w treatments + F. graminearum inoculation. This was reflected in the total accumulated CO₂ in the treatments. The maximum DMLs were in the 0.95 a_w/20–25 °C treatments and at 10 °C/0.95 a_w. The DMLs were modelled to produce contour maps of the environmental conditions resulting in maximum/minimum losses. Contamination with ZEN/ZEN-related compounds were quantified. Maximum production was at 25 °C/0.95–0.93 a_w and 20 °C/0.95 a_w. ZEN contamination levels plotted against DMLs for all the treatments showed that at ca. <1.0% DML, there was a low risk of ZEN contamination exceeding EU legislative limits, while at >1.0% DML, the risk was high. This type of data is important in building a database for the development of a post-harvest decision support system for relative risks of different mycotoxins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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30 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Mycotoxins in Rice: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment in Children and Adults of Punjab, Pakistan

by Saima Majeed^1,2, Marthe De Boevre³

, Sarah De Saeger³

, Waqar Rauf¹, Abdul Tawab¹, Fazal-e-Habib¹, Moazur Rahman¹ and Mazhar Iqbal^1,*

¹ Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan

² Department of Biotechnology NIBGE, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650, Islamabad, Pakistan

³ Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020077 - 10 Feb 2018

Cited by 81 | Viewed by 8714

Abstract

Mycotoxin contamination in rice can create a health risk for the consumers. In this study, the measurement of 23 mycotoxins in rice samples (n = 180) was performed using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A food frequency questionnaire was used to get rice [...] Read more.

Mycotoxin contamination in rice can create a health risk for the consumers. In this study, the measurement of 23 mycotoxins in rice samples (n = 180) was performed using a validated LC–MS/MS method. A food frequency questionnaire was used to get rice consumption data for the assessment of mycotoxin dietary exposure, before calculating the health risk in adults and children of north and south regions of the Pakistani Punjab province. The prevalence of aflatoxin B₁ (56%), aflatoxin B₂ (48%), nivalenol (28%), diacetoxyscirpenol (23%), fumonisin B₁ (42%), zearalenone (15%), HT-2 toxin (10%), deoxynivalenol (8%), and ochratoxin A (6%) was estimated in samples with a mean concentration range between 0.61 and 22.98 µg/kg. Aflatoxin degradation by traditional Pakistani cooking recipes was evaluated and observed to be 41–63%. The dietary exposure to aflatoxins exceeded the tolerable daily intake at all levels, and ochratoxin A and zearalenone posed health risk at high contamination and high consumption levels. The margin of aflatoxin B₁ exposure ranged between 10 and 69 in adults and 10 and 62 in children. The mean cancer risk by aflatoxin B₁ exposure was 0.070 (adults) and 0.071 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in South Punjab population, and 0.122 (adults) and 0.127 (children) cases/year/100,000 people in North Punjab population. This study will provide new insights for the planning and management of mycotoxins in Pakistan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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14 pages, 2172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg and Fumonisins by Using a Combination of Crop Protection Products and Fertilization

by Richard Raphael Madege¹, Kris Audenaert²

, Martin Kimanya³

, Bendantukuka Tiisekwa¹, Bruno De Meulenaer⁴, Boris Bekaert², Sofie Landschoot⁵ and Geert Haesaert^2,*

¹ College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania

² Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium

³ School of life Sciences and Bio Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technologies, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania

⁴ Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium

⁵ Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020067 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6418

Abstract

Fusarium verticillioides is the most common fungal pathogen associated with maize ear rot in Tanzania. In a two-year trial, we investigated the efficacy of crop protection (insecticide and/or fungicide) and fertilizer (nitrogen and/or phosphorus) treatments in reducing the occurrence of F. verticillioides and [...] Read more.

Fusarium verticillioides is the most common fungal pathogen associated with maize ear rot in Tanzania. In a two-year trial, we investigated the efficacy of crop protection (insecticide and/or fungicide) and fertilizer (nitrogen and/or phosphorus) treatments in reducing the occurrence of F. verticillioides and its mycotoxins in maize grown in Tanzania. Seasonal differences were seen to have a substantial influence on the incidence and severity of insect infestation, Fusarium ear and kernel rot, biomass of F. verticillioides and contamination with fumonisins. With regard to the application of fertilizers, it was concluded that the impact on maize stalk borer injury, Fusarium symptoms and fumonisin levels was not significant, whereas crop protection significantly reduced maize damage. The application of an insecticide was most effective in reducing insect injury and as a result of the reduced insect injury the insecticide treatment also resulted in a significant decrease in Fusarium symptoms. In 2014, fumonisin levels were also significantly lower in maize treated with an insecticide. Additionally, significant positive correlations between insect damage and Fusarium symptoms were observed. In conclusion, this study clearly shows that application of an insecticide alone or in combination with a fungicide at anthesis significantly reduces insect damage and consequently reduces F. verticillioides infection and associated fumonisin contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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39 pages, 1810 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Current Methods for Analysis of Mycotoxins in Herbal Medicines

by Lei Zhang¹, Xiao-Wen Dou¹, Cheng Zhang¹, Antonio F. Logrieco^2,* and Mei-Hua Yang^1,*

¹ Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China

² National Research Council of Italy, CNR-ISPA, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020065 - 2 Feb 2018

Cited by 197 | Viewed by 15251

Abstract

The presence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines is an established problem throughout the entire world. The sensitive and accurate analysis of mycotoxin in complicated matrices (e.g., herbs) typically involves challenging sample pretreatment procedures and an efficient detection instrument. However, although numerous reviews have [...] Read more.

The presence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines is an established problem throughout the entire world. The sensitive and accurate analysis of mycotoxin in complicated matrices (e.g., herbs) typically involves challenging sample pretreatment procedures and an efficient detection instrument. However, although numerous reviews have been published regarding the occurrence of mycotoxins in herbal medicines, few of them provided a detailed summary of related analytical methods for mycotoxin determination. This review focuses on analytical techniques including sampling, extraction, cleanup, and detection for mycotoxin determination in herbal medicines established within the past ten years. Dedicated sections of this article address the significant developments in sample preparation, and highlight the importance of this procedure in the analytical technology. This review also summarizes conventional chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin qualification or quantitation, as well as recent studies regarding the development and application of screening assays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lateral flow immunoassays, aptamer-based lateral flow assays, and cytometric bead arrays. The present work provides a good insight regarding the advanced research that has been done and closes with an indication of future demand for the emerging technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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20 pages, 1526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma

by Siegrid De Baere^1,*

, Siska Croubels¹

, Barbara Novak², Gerlinde Bichl² and Gunther Antonissen^1,3

¹ Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

² BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria

³ Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020062 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4925

Abstract

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolysed metabolites pHFB1a+b and hydrolysed metabolite HFB1, and Fumonisin B2 (FB2) in broiler chicken plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The [...] Read more.

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolysed metabolites pHFB1a+b and hydrolysed metabolite HFB1, and Fumonisin B2 (FB2) in broiler chicken plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The sample preparation was rapid, straightforward and consisted of a deproteinization and phospholipid removal step using an Oasis^® Ostro^TM 96-well plate. Chromatography was performed on an Acquity HSS-T3 column, using 0.3% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The MS/MS instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization mode and the two multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored for each component for quantification and identification, respectively. The method was validated in-house: matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared and good linearity (r ≥ 0.99) was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (1–500 ng/mL for FB1 and FB2; 0.86–860 ng/mL for pHFB1a; 0.72–1430 ng/mL for pHFB1b and 2.5–2500 ng/mL for HFB1). Limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) in plasma ranged between 0.72 to 2.5 ng/mL and 0.03 to 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. The results for the within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Moreover, the method was transferred to an UPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) instrument in order to determine potential metabolites of HFB1, such as N-acyl-HFB1s and phase II metabolites. The method has been successfully applied to investigate the toxicokinetics and biotransformation of HFB1 in broiler chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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14 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Interacting Environmental Stress Factors Affects Targeted Metabolomic Profiles in Stored Natural Wheat and That Inoculated with F. graminearum

by Esther Garcia-Cela¹

, Elisavet Kiaitsi¹, Angel Medina¹

, Michael Sulyok²

, Rudolf Krska²

and Naresh Magan^1,*

¹ Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK

² Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020056 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6381

Abstract

Changes in environmental stress impact on secondary metabolite (SM) production profiles. Few studies have examined targeted SM production patterns in relation to interacting environmental conditions in stored cereals. The objectives were to examine the effect of water activity (a_w; 0.95–0.90) x [...] Read more.

Changes in environmental stress impact on secondary metabolite (SM) production profiles. Few studies have examined targeted SM production patterns in relation to interacting environmental conditions in stored cereals. The objectives were to examine the effect of water activity (a_w; 0.95–0.90) x temperature (10–25 °C) on SM production on naturally contaminated stored wheat and that inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Samples were analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on (a) total number of known SMs, (b) their concentrations and (c) changes under environmental stress. 24 Fusarium metabolites were quantified. Interestingly, statistical differences (ChisSq., p < 0.001) were observed in the number of SMs produced under different sets of interacting environmental conditions. The dominant metabolites in natural stored grain were deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) followed by a range of enniatins (A, A1, B, B1), apicidin and DON-3-glucoside at 10 °C. Increasing temperature promoted the biosynthesis of other SMs such as aurofusarin, moniliformin, zearalenone (ZEN) and their derivatives. Natural wheat + F. graminearum inoculation resulted in a significant increase in the number of metabolites produced (ChisSq., p < 0.001). For ZEN and its derivatives, more was produced under cooler storage conditions. Fusarin C was enhanced in contrast to that for the enniatin group. The relative ratios of certain groups of targeted SM changed with environmental stress. Both temperature and a_w affected the amounts of metabolites present, especially of DON and ZEN. This study suggests that the dominant SMs produced in stored temperate cereals are the mycotoxins for which legislation exists. However, there are changes in the ratios of key metabolites which could influence the relative contamination with individual compounds. Thus, in the future, under more extreme environmental stresses, different dominant SMs may be formed which could make present legislation out of step with the future contamination which might occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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15 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data Analyses and Modelling for Risk Based Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed

by H.J. (Ine) Van der Fels-Klerx^*, Paulien Adamse, Ans Punt and Esther D. Van Asselt

RIKILT Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands

Toxins 2018, 10(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10020054 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5354

Abstract

Following legislation, European Member States should have multi-annual control programs for contaminants, such as for mycotoxins, in feed and food. These programs need to be risk based implying the checks are regular and proportional to the estimated risk for animal and human health. [...] Read more.

Following legislation, European Member States should have multi-annual control programs for contaminants, such as for mycotoxins, in feed and food. These programs need to be risk based implying the checks are regular and proportional to the estimated risk for animal and human health. This study aimed to prioritize feed products in the Netherlands for deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B₁ monitoring. Historical mycotoxin monitoring results from the period 2007–2016 were combined with data from other sources. Based on occurrence, groundnuts had high priority for aflatoxin B₁ monitoring; some feed materials (maize and maize products and several oil seed products) and complete/complementary feed excluding dairy cattle and young animals had medium priority; and all other animal feeds and feed materials had low priority. For deoxynivalenol, maize by-products had a high priority, complete and complementary feed for pigs had a medium priority and all other feed and feed materials a low priority. Also including health consequence estimations showed that feed materials that ranked highest for aflatoxin B₁ included sunflower seed and palmkernel expeller/extracts and maize. For deoxynivalenol, maize products were ranked highest, followed by various small grain cereals (products); all other feed materials were of lower concern. Results of this study have proven to be useful in setting up the annual risk based control program for mycotoxins in animal feed and feed materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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11 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Dietary Intake of Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens Has Low Impact on Intestinal Morphometry and Hepatic Histology, and Shows Limited Transfer to Liver Tissue

by Sophie Fraeyman¹

, Siska Croubels^1,*

, Mathias Devreese¹

, Richard Ducatelle², Michael Rychlik³

and Gunther Antonissen^1,2

¹ Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

² Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

³ Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany

Toxins 2018, 10(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10010045 - 18 Jan 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4658

Abstract

The Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a so-called emerging mycotoxin frequently contaminating poultry feed. To investigate the impact of chronic ENN B exposure on animal health, broiler chickens were fed either a diet naturally contaminated with ENN B (2352 µg/kg) or [...] Read more.

The Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a so-called emerging mycotoxin frequently contaminating poultry feed. To investigate the impact of chronic ENN B exposure on animal health, broiler chickens were fed either a diet naturally contaminated with ENN B (2352 µg/kg) or a control diet (135 µg/kg) for 2, 7, 14, or 21 days. ENN B concentrations were determined in plasma and liver using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry UHPLC-MS/MS method. Liver was evaluated histologically, and the villus length and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were measured. Histopathology of the livers did not reveal major abnormalities. Feeding an ENN B-contaminated diet could possibly inhibit the proliferation of enterocytes in the duodenal crypts, but did not affect villus length, crypt depth, or villus length-crypt depth ratio of the jejunum and ileum. ENN B levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the ENN B-fed group and ranged between <25–264 pg/mL and <0.05–0.85 ng/g, respectively. ENN B carry-over rates from feed to liver tissue were 0.005–0.014% and 0.034–0.109% in the ENN B and control group, respectively. Carry-over rates were low and indicated a limited contribution of poultry tissue-derived products to the total dietary ENN B intake for humans. The above results support the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority stating that adverse health effects from ENN B in broiler chickens are unlikely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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16 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness and Prevalence of Mycotoxin Contamination in Selected Nigerian Fermented Foods

by Ifeoluwa Adekoya^1,*

, Patrick Njobeh^1,*

, Adewale Obadina^1,2, Cynthia Chilaka³

, Sheila Okoth⁴

, Marthe De Boevre³

and Sarah De Saeger³

¹ Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa

² Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 2240, Nigeria

³ Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium

⁴ Department of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00100, Kenya

Toxins 2017, 9(11), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9110363 - 8 Nov 2017

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9494

Abstract

Fermented food samples (n = 191) including maize gruel (ogi), sorghum gruel (ogi-baba), melon seed (ogiri), locust bean (iru) and African oil bean seed (ugba) from Southwest Nigeria were quantified for 23 [...] Read more.

Fermented food samples (n = 191) including maize gruel (ogi), sorghum gruel (ogi-baba), melon seed (ogiri), locust bean (iru) and African oil bean seed (ugba) from Southwest Nigeria were quantified for 23 mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), and sterigmatocystin (STE) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The practices, perceived understanding and health risks related to fungal and mycotoxin contamination amongst fermented food sellers was also established. Data obtained revealed that 82% of the samples had mycotoxins occurring singly or in combination. FB₁ was present in 83% of ogi-baba samples, whereas 20% of ugba samples contained AFB₁ (range: 3 to 36 µg/kg) and STE was present in 29% of the ogi samples. In terms of multi-mycotoxin contamination, FB₁ + FB₂ + FB₃ + STE + AFB₁ + alternariol + HT-2 co-occurred within one sample. The awareness study revealed that 98% of respondents were unaware of mycotoxin contamination, and their education level slightly correlated with their level of awareness (p < 0.01, r = 0.308). The extent to which the analyzed mycotoxins contaminated these food commodities, coupled with the poor perception of the population under study on fungi and mycotoxins, justifies the need to enact fungal and mycotoxin mitigation strategies along the food chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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117 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessMeeting Report

Report from the 1st MYCOKEY International Conference Global Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain Held in Ghent, Belgium, 11–14 September 2017

by Sarah De Saeger^1,*

and Antonio Logrieco²

¹ Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

² Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR, Via G. Amendola, 122/O, I-70126 Bari, Italy

Toxins 2017, 9(9), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090276 - 8 Sep 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 12603

Abstract

This conference is organized within the framework of the H2020—Research and Innovation Action—Societal Challenge 2—“Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine, maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy challenge”—GA 678781 MycoKey “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food [...] Read more.

This conference is organized within the framework of the H2020—Research and Innovation Action—Societal Challenge 2—“Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine, maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy challenge”—GA 678781 MycoKey “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food and feed chain” [...]
Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

11 pages, 372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ability of Soil Isolated Actinobacterial Strains to Prevent, Bind and Biodegrade Ochratoxin A

by Rachelle El Khoury^1,2, Florence Mathieu², Ali Atoui^3,*

, Hiba Kawtharani¹, Anthony El Khoury¹

, Charbel Afif¹, Richard G. Maroun¹

and André El Khoury¹

¹ Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d’analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon

² Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31 326, France

³ Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences and Earth, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O Box 5 Beirut, Lebanon

Toxins 2017, 9(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9070222 - 14 Jul 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4775

Abstract

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins, and contaminates several agricultural products, particularly cereals, grapes, maize, barley, spices and coffee. The aim of this project was to reduce the levels of OTA by supplementing the artificially contaminated solutions with seven [...] Read more.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins, and contaminates several agricultural products, particularly cereals, grapes, maize, barley, spices and coffee. The aim of this project was to reduce the levels of OTA by supplementing the artificially contaminated solutions with seven strains of actinobacteria (AT10, AT8, SN7, MS1, ML5, G10 and PT1) in order to evaluate their capacity for binding and metabolizing the OTA, as well as their ability to reduce the expression of the genes responsible for its production in A. carbonarius. In the first part of this study, we evaluated the capacity of Streptomyces strains for binding OTA on their surfaces after 0, 30 and 60 min of incubation with PBS solution supplemented with OTA. In the second part, we tested the ability of these strains, as well as their supernatants, to detoxify the ISP2 medium. Finally, we studied the effect of the Streptomyces cocultured with Aspergillus carbonarius on the expression of OTA biosynthesis genes. Results showed that, among the strains co-cultured with A. carbonarius, the strain G10 was able to reduce the expression of acpks, acOTApks, acOTAnrps and vea genes, thus reducing OTA from solid PDA medium to 13.50% of reduction. This strain was remarkably able to detoxify and bind OTA up to 47.07%. Strain AT8 was stronger in detoxifying OTA (52.61%), but had no significant effect on the studied gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain)

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1^st International MYCOKEY Conference: Advances on Mycotoxin Reduction in the Food and Feed Chain