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Toxins, Volume 17, Issue 6

June 2025 - 52 articles

Cover Story: StingReady is a novel device designed to improve the accuracy, safety, and reproducibility of sting challenge tests—the gold standard for assessing venom immunotherapy efficacy. It enables controlled exposure to hymenopteran stings, including Vespa velutina, without the need for anesthesia or removal of wings or legs. Successfully tested in real-life conditions, the device allows safe transport and natural sting delivery with minimal insect manipulation. StingReady offers a practical, ethical, and field-to-clinic solution for evaluating allergic patients under real sting conditions. View this paper
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Articles (52)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,267 Views
13 Pages

Differential Retention and Loss of a Mycotoxin in Fungal Evolution

  • Lin Chen,
  • Ziying Yan,
  • Bolei Yang,
  • Bowen Tai,
  • Weizhao Li,
  • Erfeng Li,
  • Gang Wang and
  • Fuguo Xing

19 June 2025

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is designated as a mycotoxin and is regulated worldwide due to its harmful effects on humans and animals, but the evolutionary history and ecological significance of OTA in fungi remain poorly understood. Phylogenetic analysis sugg...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
1,211 Views
9 Pages

Molecular Diagnosis in Hymenoptera Allergy: Comparison of Euroline DPA-Dx and ImmunoCAP

  • Lluís Marquès,
  • Arantza Vega,
  • Federico de la Roca,
  • Carmen Domínguez,
  • Víctor Soriano-Gomis,
  • Teresa Alfaya,
  • Laia Ferré-Ybarz,
  • José-María Vega,
  • Mario Tubella and
  • Berta Ruiz-León

19 June 2025

The efficacy of Hymenoptera venom immunotherapy is contingent upon the accurate identification of the insect responsible for the allergic reaction. The techniques used to detect specific IgE suffer from difficulties due to the cross-reactivity betwee...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,377 Views
20 Pages

Assessing Alternaria Species and Related Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat in Algeria: A Food Safety Risk

  • Meriem Barkahoum Daichi,
  • Mario Masiello,
  • Miriam Haidukowski,
  • Annalisa De Girolamo,
  • Antonio Moretti,
  • Amor Bencheikh,
  • Noureddine Rouag and
  • Stefania Somma

18 June 2025

Alternaria species are important fungal pathogens occurring worldwide in wheat, causing both productive and qualitative losses, and posing a toxicological risk to human health due to the production of their mycotoxins in kernels. This study aimed to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,098 Views
17 Pages

Comparative Efficacy of Ribosome-Inactivating Protein-Containing Immunotoxins in 2D and 3D Models of Sarcoma

  • Giulia Calafato,
  • Massimo Bortolotti,
  • Letizia Polito and
  • Andrea Bolognesi

18 June 2025

Sarcomas are very complex and clinically challenging mesenchymal tumors. Although the standard therapeutic approach has improved the 5-year survival rate, many patients experience local relapses and/or distant metastases. To improve patient outcome,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,479 Views
18 Pages

Growth Dynamics and Toxin Production of Pseudo-nitzschia Species Isolated from the Central Adriatic Sea

  • Tina Tomašević,
  • Jasna Arapov,
  • Ivana Ujević,
  • Tina Bonačić,
  • Mia Bužančić,
  • Antonija Bulić,
  • Sanda Skejić,
  • Romana Roje-Busatto and
  • Živana Ninčević Gladan

17 June 2025

The marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are globally distributed primary producers, with certain species capable of producing neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). This study investigates the toxicity and growth rat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,523 Views
16 Pages

17 June 2025

Background: Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious disease constituting a heavy burden on society due to high mortality and morbidity. Inflammation and oxidative stress constitute key pathological mechanisms in ALI caused by sepsis. LL-3...

  • Review
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,830 Views
14 Pages

Biological Mechanisms of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis Toxin: Linking Inflammation, Colorectal Cancer, and Clinical Implications

  • Seyedesomaye Jasemi,
  • Paola Molicotti,
  • Milena Fais,
  • Ilaria Cossu,
  • Elena Rita Simula and
  • Leonardo A. Sechi

16 June 2025

Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) has emerged as a gut microbiome pathogen that can promote intestinal inflammation and contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC). Its principal virulence factor, the Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT), is a zinc-d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,551 Views
17 Pages

16 June 2025

Botanical insecticides derived from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seeds have gained significant interest due to their sustainable characteristics and low environmental impact. However, their use in sericulture remains contentious due to the heig...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,106 Views
18 Pages

Defence Against Desiccation and Predation in Lophyohylini Casque-Headed Tree Frogs

  • César Alexandre,
  • Pedro L. Mailho-Fontana,
  • Bianca C. L. F. Távora,
  • Marta M. Antoniazzi and
  • Carlos Jared

16 June 2025

Casque-headed tree frogs (Lophyohylini) can have a very large and distinctive head characterised by hyperossification of their cranial skin. This type of skull was primarily associated with phragmosis, a behaviour in which the frog enters holes backw...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,351 Views
21 Pages

An Experimental Model of Acute Pulmonary Damage Induced by the Phospholipase A2-Rich Venom of the Snake Pseudechis papuanus

  • Daniela Solano,
  • Alexandra Rucavado,
  • Teresa Escalante,
  • Edith Bastos Gandra Tavares,
  • Suellen Karoline Moreira Bezerra,
  • Clarice Rosa Olivo,
  • Edna Aparecida Leick,
  • Julio Alejandro Rojas Moscoso,
  • Lourdes Dias and
  • Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
  • + 2 authors

12 June 2025

An experimental model of acute pulmonary damage was developed based on the intravenous injection of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-rich venom of Pseudechis papuanus (Papuan black snake) in mice. Venom caused pulmonary edema, with the accumulation of a p...

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651