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Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing

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A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2025 | Viewed by 26453

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Prof. Dr. Mihaela Ghica

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Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: biomaterials (collagen drug delivery systems); rheology; cosmeceuticals; drug systems formulation and technological processes optimization; response surface methodology; Taguchi design
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Dr. Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya

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National Research and Development Institute for Textile and Leather, Division Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Collagen Department, Bucharest, Romania
Interests: collagen obtaining; lyophilization techniques; drug delivery systems collagen-based; wound dressings; Solid NMR spectroscopy; FT-IR spectroscopy; DTA/TGA and DSC analysis

Prof. Dr. Lacramioara Popa

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Physical and Colloidal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
Interests: quality by design (QbD); analytical quality by design (AQbD); drug systems formulation (Chitosan); surfaces’ characteristics (wettability/hidrophilicity/hidrophobicity—pharmaceutical powders)
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Prof. Dr. Cristina Elena Dinu-Pirvu

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Physical and Colloidal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
Interests: targeted drug delivery; nanoparticulate systems; solubility enhancement techniques; biotechnology; topical/transdermal drug delivery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

From ancient times up until today, despite the comprehensive research and development of miscellaneous wound care strategies, the wound healing process still represents a massive challenge for medical and pharmaceutical fields. Wound management is a complex procedure that involves various factors playing crucial roles in the healing mechanism. Even if cutaneous lesions are caused by diseases, trauma, surgery, chemical, thermal or electrical factors, they can happen at any time throughout a person’s life, affecting their quality of life to a lesser or greater extent. Globally, the incidence of skin lesions is continuously increasing from year to year and, currently, it is estimated that there are more than 8 million people who are affected by different skin injuries, with or without infections. Wound care total cost estimation varies from 28 billion USD to 97 billion USD, diabetic ulcers and surgical lesions being the most expensive to cure.

Wound healing is a deeply particular dynamic various phase process, involving multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms for tissue repair. Some wounds’ complexity and healing complications appeal to new approaches for their management. Therefore, no single treatment is sufficient to finalize wound healing. To surmount these limitations, a highly explored therapeutic strategy is to develop different innovative wound dressings, designed on various biomaterials, from natural and synthetic biopolymers to their combinations, applied in different forms, ranging from hydrogels, hydrocolloids, films, sponges, foams to scaffolds and textiles improved with natural compounds, plant extracts, drugs, or nanoparticles. The synergy of biocompatibility and cellular proliferative actions of these wound dressing compounds is expressed in the healing process acceleration, enhancing structural, functional, and cosmetic properties of the novel grown tissue.

This Special Issue has the main objective of presenting the most recent research regarding the new original tailored wound dressings, enriched with a myriad of natural and synthetic compounds as potential therapeutic and delivery systems for the treatment and management of various cutaneous lesions.

Prof. Dr. Mihaela Violeta Ghica
Dr. Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya
Prof. Dr. Lacramioara Popa
Prof. Dr. Cristina Elena Dinu-Pirvu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

skin lesion
wound healing
wound dressing
regenerative medicine
biomaterials
smart biopolymers
therapeutic system
controlled delivery system
scaffolds
biocompatibility

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 2182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wound-Healing Potential of Myristica fragrans Essential Oil: A Multi-Targeted Approach Involving Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Regulation

by Yahya I. Asiri and Krishnaraju Venkatesan

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(6), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18060880 - 12 Jun 2025

Viewed by 238

Abstract

Background: Essential oils are widely studied for their therapeutic potential, including their role in wound healing. Myristica fragrans essential oil (MEO) has been previously investigated for various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. However, its mechanistic role in accelerating wound healing and modulating critical pathways, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, remains poorly characterized. MEO contains a rich profile of monoterpene esters, sesquiterpenoids, and phenolic acids, which may contribute to its bioactivity through unique multi-targeted mechanisms. Objective: This research aims to investigate the curative properties of MEO on wound repair, specifically its capacity to regulate inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in an excision wound model using Wistar rats. Methods: Chemical characterization via GC-MS analysis identified Nitrobenzoate Esters (12.85%), Terpenoid/Cineole (6.99%), and Gamma-Terpinene (4.67%) as the dominant constituents. This study utilized a full-thickness excision wound model, and wound contraction, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), a macrophage cell surface marker (CD68), oxidative stress markers (ROS MDA, SOD, GSH), and apoptotic regulation (Caspase-3) was evaluated using macroscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Result: MEO treatment significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (658.3 ± 32.7 pg/mg, *** p < 0.005) and TNF-α (266.7 ± 33.3 pg/mg, *** p < 0.005), compared to the control group (983.3 ± 60.1 and 650 ± 42.8 ** p < 0.05, respectively). CD68 expression was also markedly decreased (12.67 ± 0.71 ng/mL, *** p < 0.005). Furthermore, MEO effectively attenuated oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels while restoring antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Mace Essential Oil (MEO) effectively promotes wound healing by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in a preclinical rat model. Its unique bioactive components suggest significant therapeutic potential as a botanical agent for skin repair. Further research is warranted to explore its application in advanced wound-care formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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22 pages, 3787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Smart pH-Sensitive Collagen-Hydroxyethylcellulose Films with Naproxen for Burn Wound Healing

by Elena-Emilia Tudoroiu, Mădălina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu, Lăcrămioara Popa, Valentina Anuța, Mădălina Ignat, Emilia Visileanu, Durmuș Alpaslan Kaya, Răzvan Mihai Prisada and Mihaela Violeta Ghica

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050689 - 7 May 2025

Viewed by 622

Abstract

Background: Developing versatile dressings that offer wound protection, maintain a moist environment, and facilitate healing represents an important therapeutic approach for burn patients. Objectives: This study presents the development of new smart pH-sensitive collagen-hydroxyethylcellulose films, incorporating naproxen and phenol red, designed to provide controlled drug release while enabling real-time pH monitoring for burn care. Methods: Biopolymeric films were prepared by the solvent-casting method using ethanol and glycerol as plasticizers. Results: Orange-colored films were thin, flexible, and easily peelable, with uniform, smooth, and nonporous morphology. Tensile strength varied from 0.61 N/mm² to 3.33 N/mm², indicating improved mechanical properties with increasing collagen content, while wetting analysis indicated a hydrophilic surface with contact angle values between 17.61° and 75.51°. Maximum swelling occurred at pH 7.4, ranging from 5.65 g/g to 9.20 g/g and pH 8.5, with values from 4.74 g/g to 7.92 g/g, suggesting effective exudate absorption. In vitro degradation proved structural stability maintenance for at least one day, with more than 40% weight loss. Films presented a biphasic naproxen release profile with more than 75% of the drug released after 24 h, properly managing inflammation and pain on the first-day post-burn. The pH variation mimicking the stages of the healing process demonstrated the color transition from yellow (pH 5.5) to orange (pH 7.4) and finally to bright fuchsia (pH 8.5), enabling easy visual evaluation of the wound environment. Conclusions: New multifunctional films combine diagnostic and therapeutic functions, providing a promising platform for monitoring wound healing, making them suitable for real-time wound assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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15 pages, 5717 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topical Biocomposites Based on Collagen, Hyaluronic Acid and Metronidazole as Periodontitis Treatment

by Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya, Alice Geanina Simonca, Ileana Rau, Alina Elena Coman, Minodora Maria Marin, Lacramioara Popa, Roxana Trusca, Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pirvu and Mihaela Violeta Ghica

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101336 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1458

Abstract

Background: It is well known that periodontitis affects the gums and surrounding connective tissue. The chronic inflammatory response induced by bacteria in the gingival tissue leads to the loss of the collagen connection between the tooth and the bone and ultimately to bone loss. Methods: In this context, the aim of this research was the obtaining and characterization of a drug release supports in the form of sponges based on collagen, hyaluronic acid as a support and metronidazole as an antibiotic for the treatment of periodontitis. The sponges were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, water uptake, contact angle, SEM microscopy, in vitro metronidazole release analysis from sponges and data modeling. Results: The results showed that all the sponges had a porous structure with interconnected pores, the pore sizes being influenced by hyaluronic acid and metronidazole; the spongious structure became much more dense for samples with metronidazole content. All metronidazole-loaded sponges showed good surface wettability and an adequate swelling capacity for a suitable antimicrobial release at the periodontal pocket. The porous structures allow a controlled release, fast in the first hour, essential to control the initial microbial load at the periodontal level, which continues slowly in the following hours to ensure an effective treatment of periodontitis. Conclusions: Correlating all physical–chemical and bio-pharmaceutical results obtained, a promising solution for periodontitis treatment could be a met-ronidazole–collagen–hyaluronic system consisting of 1% collagen, 1.5% metronidazole and 0.8% hyaluronic acid, and in vitro and in vivo tests are recommended to continue studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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16 pages, 14211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wound Healing Performance in a Moist Environment of Crystalline Glucose/Mannose Film as a New Dressing Material Using a Rat Model: Comparing with Medical-Grade Wound Dressing and Alginate

by Celine Chia Qi Wong, Kanako Tomura and Osamu Yamamoto

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(11), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111532 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5139

Abstract

Although medical wound dressings produced using hydrocolloids and alginate were effective in wound healing, adhesion at the wound site and the resulting delayed healing have been a problem. As a new wound dressing material, crystalline wound dressings produced from glucose/mannose were used in this study, which aimed to clarify the properties, adhesion reduction, and wound healing performance of a new wound dressing. Crystalline glucose/mannose films were obtained via alkali treatment using the solution casting method. The structure of the crystalline glucose/mannose films was analogous to the cellulose II polymorph, and the crystallinity decreased with time in hydrated conditions. The crystalline glucose/mannose films had adequate water absorption of 34 × 10⁻⁴ g/mm³ for 5 min. These allowed crystalline glucose/mannose films to remove excess wound exudates while maintaining a moist wound healing condition. This in vivo study demonstrated the healing effects of three groups, which were crystalline glucose/mannose group > alginate group > hydrocolloid group. At 1 week, the crystalline glucose/mannose group was also found to be non-adhesive to the portion of wound healing. This was evidenced by the earlier onset of the healing process, which assisted in re-epithelization and promotion of collagen formation and maturation. These results implied that crystalline glucose/mannose films were a promising candidate that could accelerate the wound healing process, compared with medical-grade wound dressing and alginate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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19 pages, 6882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermosensitive Polyurethane-Based Hydrogels as Potential Vehicles for Meloxicam Delivery

by Ioana-Alexandra Plugariu, Luiza Madalina Gradinaru, Mihaela Avadanei, Irina Rosca, Loredana Elena Nita, Claudia Maxim and Maria Bercea

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(11), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16111510 - 24 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

Meloxicam (MX) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used mainly to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. In the present study, thermosensitive polyurethane (PU)-based hydrogels with various excipients (PEG, PVP, HPC, and essential oil) were prepared and loaded with MX. Rheological investigations were carried out on the PU-based formulations in various shear regimes, and their viscoelastic characteristics were determined. The average size of the PU micelles was 35.8 nm at 37 °C and slightly increased at 37 nm in the presence of MX. The zeta potential values of the hydrogels were between −10 mV and −11.5 mV. At pH = 6 and temperature of 37 °C, the formulated PU-based hydrogels loaded with MX could deliver significant amounts of the active substance, between 60% and 80% over 24–48 h and more than 90% within 2 weeks. It was found that anomalous transport phenomena dominated MX’s release mechanism from the PU-based networks. The results are encouraging for further studies aiming to design alternative carriers to commercial dosage forms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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14 pages, 4180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Properties and pH Environment of Foam Dressing Containing Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract and Gelatin

by Sukhontha Hasatsri, Jariya Suthi, Nattaporn Siriwut and Onjira Charoensappakit

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(5), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050685 - 2 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

Eclipta prostrata (E. prostrata) has several biological activities, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, that improve wound healing. It is well known that physical properties and pH environment are crucial considerations when developing wound dressings containing medicinal plant extracts in order to create an appropriate environment for wound healing. In this study, we prepared a foam dressing containing E. prostrata leaf extract and gelatin. Chemical composition was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pore structure was obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physical properties of the dressing, including absorption and dehydration properties, were also evaluated. The chemical properties were measured to determine the pH environment after the dressing was suspended in water. The results revealed that the E. prostrata dressings had a pore structure with an appropriate pore size (313.25 ± 76.51 µm and 383.26 ± 64.45 µm for the E. prostrata A and E. prostrata B dressings, respectively). The E. prostrata B dressings showed a higher percentage of weight increase in the first hour and a faster dehydration rate in the first 4 h. Furthermore, the E. prostrata dressings had a slightly acidic environment (5.28 ± 0.02 and 5.38 ± 0.02 for the E. prostrata A and E. prostrata B dressings at 48 h, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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13 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supporting the Wound Healing Process—Curcumin, Resveratrol and Baicalin in In Vitro Wound Healing Studies

by Kacper Jagiełło, Oliwia Uchańska, Konrad Matyja, Mateusz Jackowski, Benita Wiatrak, Paweł Kubasiewicz-Ross and Ewa Karuga-Kuźniewska

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010082 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2928

Abstract

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of the selected bioflavonoids curcumin, resveratrol and baicalin on the wound healing process in an in vitro model. In the study, Balb3t3 and L929 cell lines were used. The first step was the evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the substances tested (MTT assay). Then, using the scratch test (ST), the influence of bioflavonoids on the healing process was evaluated in an in vitro model. The second stage of the work was a mathematical analysis of the results obtained. On the basis of experimental data, the parameters of the Brian and Cousens model were determined in order to determine the maximum value of the cellular and metabolic response that occurs for the examined range of concentrations of selected bioflavonoids. In the MTT assays, no cytotoxic effect of curcumin, resveratrol and baicalin was observed in selected concentrations, while in the ST tests for selected substances, a stimulatory effect was observed on the cell division rate regardless of the cell lines tested. The results obtained encourage further research on the use of substances of natural origin to support the wound healing process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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Review

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27 pages, 9997 KiB

Open AccessReview

Silk Fibroin Nanofibers: Advancements in Bioactive Dressings through Electrospinning Technology for Diabetic Wound Healing

by Afaf Aldahish, Nirenjen Shanmugasundaram, Rajalakshimi Vasudevan, Taha Alqahtani, Saud Alqahtani, Ahmad Mohammad Asiri, Praveen Devanandan, Tamilanban Thamaraikani, Chitra Vellapandian and Narayanan Jayasankar

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101305 - 30 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3240

Abstract

Background: Non-healing diabetic wounds represent a significant clinical challenge globally, necessitating innovative approaches in drug delivery to enhance wound healing. Understanding the pathogenesis of these wounds is crucial for developing effective treatments. Bioactive dressings and polymeric nanofibers have emerged as promising modalities, with silk biomaterials gaining attention for their unique properties in diabetic wound healing. Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to examine the challenges and innovations in treating non-healing diabetic wounds, emphasizing the global burden and the need for effective solutions. This review explores the complex mechanisms of wound healing in diabetes and evaluates the therapeutic potential of bioactive dressings and polymeric nanofibers. Special focus is given to the application of silk biomaterials, particularly silk fibroin, for wound healing, detailing their properties, mechanisms, and clinical translation. This review also describes various nanofiber fabrication methods, especially electrospinning technology, and presents existing evidence on the effectiveness of electrospun silk fibroin formulations. Recent Findings: Recent advancements highlight the potential of silk biomaterials in diabetic wound healing, owing to their biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and controlled drug release properties. Electrospun silk fibroin-based formulations have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, demonstrating accelerated wound closure and tissue regeneration. Summary: Non-healing diabetic wounds present a significant healthcare burden globally, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Bioactive dressings and polymeric nanofibers, particularly silk-based formulations fabricated through electrospinning, offer promising avenues for enhancing diabetic wound healing. Further research is warranted to optimize formulation parameters and validate efficacy in larger clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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32 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biodegradable Electrospun Scaffolds as an Emerging Tool for Skin Wound Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

by Deepika Sharma, Shriyansh Srivastava, Sachin Kumar, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Rym Hassani, Hamad Ghaleb Dailah, Asaad Khalid and Syam Mohan

Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(2), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16020325 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4660

Abstract

Skin is designed to protect various tissues, and because it is the largest and first human bodily organ to sustain damage, it has an incredible ability to regenerate. On account of extreme injuries or extensive surface loss, the normal injury recuperating interaction might be inadequate or deficient, bringing about risky and disagreeable circumstances that request the utilization of fixed adjuvants and tissue substitutes. Due to their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactive abilities, such as antibacterial, immunomodulatory, cell proliferative, and wound mending properties, biodegradable polymers, both synthetic and natural, are experiencing remarkable progress. Furthermore, the ability to convert these polymers into submicrometric filaments has further enhanced their potential (e.g., by means of electrospinning) to impersonate the stringy extracellular grid and permit neo-tissue creation, which is a basic component for delivering a mending milieu. Together with natural biomaterial, synthetic polymers are used to solve stability problems and make scaffolds that can dramatically improve wound healing. Biodegradable polymers, commonly referred to as biopolymers, are increasingly used in other industrial sectors to reduce the environmental impact of material and energy usage as they are fabricated using renewable biological sources. Electrospinning is one of the best ways to fabricate nanofibers and membranes that are very thin and one of the best ways to fabricate continuous nanomaterials with a wide range of biological, chemical, and physical properties. This review paper concludes with a summary of the electrospinning (applied electric field, needle-to-collector distance, and flow rate), solution (solvent, polymer concentration, viscosity, and solution conductivity), and environmental (humidity and temperature) factors that affect the production of nanofibers and the use of bio-based natural and synthetic electrospun scaffolds in wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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19 pages, 3162 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Harnessing the Interactions of Wound Exudate Cells with Dressings Biomaterials for the Control and Prognosis of Healing Pathways

by Shirin Saberianpour, Gianluca Melotto, Lucy Redhead, Nadia Terrazzini, Jaqueline Rachel Forss and Matteo Santin

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091111 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

The global socioeconomic challenge generated by wounds requires an understanding of healing and non-healing pathways in patients. Also, the interactions occurring between the wound dressing biomaterials with cells relevant to the healing process have not been sufficiently investigated, thus neglecting the role that wound dressing composition can play in healing. Through the study of six cases of acute surgical wounds, the present work analyses the early (24 h post-surgery) interactions of biochemical and cellular components with (i) Atrauman, a device made of knitted woven synthetic polymeric fibre when used as a primary dressing, and (ii) Melolin, a hydrocolloid engineered as two layers of synthetic and cellulose non-woven fibres when used as a secondary dressing. A pathway towards healing could be observed in those cases where endoglin-expressing cells and M2 macrophages were retained by Atrauman fibres at the interface with the wound bed. On the contrary, cases where the secondary dressing Melolin absorbed these cell phenotypes in its mesh resulted in a slower or deteriorating healing process. The data obtained indicate that a subtraction of progenitor cells by Melolin may impair the healing process and that the analysis of the retrieved wound dressings for biomarkers expressed by cells relevant to wound healing may become an additional tool to determine the patient’s prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Specific Dosage Form: Wound Dressing)

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