Next Issue
Volume 16, January-1
Previous Issue
Volume 15, December-1
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
9.2
4.3
Journals
Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 24
nanomaterials-logo

Journal Menu

► Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser
share announcement

Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 24 (December-2 2025) – 69 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): We demonstrate a tunable plasmonic SERS platform based on gold-coated bullseye gratings, where geometry—not just field intensity—governs molecular detection performance. By systematically varying grating period and filling fraction, we reveal that the strongest local electromagnetic field does not necessarily yield the highest Raman enhancement. Instead, optimal SERS arises from matching the field directionality with molecular polarizability and adsorption orientation. This work bridges plasmonic design, molecular physics, and device fabrication, offering clear design rules for next-generation SERS substrates with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and rational geometric optimization for real-world sensing applications. View this paper
  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
31 pages, 3076 KB  
Review
Progress and Applications of Nanocomposites in the Technology of Biosensors
by Catalina Cioates Negut, Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden and Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241905 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
There has been tremendous progress in the development and application of nanotechnology in the past ten years. There are a plethora of nanoparticles and nanomaterials that have been developed and used to improve the biosensors’ overall performance. Nanocomposites integrate several nanomaterials inside a [...] Read more.
There has been tremendous progress in the development and application of nanotechnology in the past ten years. There are a plethora of nanoparticles and nanomaterials that have been developed and used to improve the biosensors’ overall performance. Nanocomposites integrate several nanomaterials inside a matrix to improve their structural and functional characteristics, resulting in enhanced biosensor efficacy. This review covers the achievements in nanocomposites containing metal, polymer, inorganic, carbon-based, or gold nanoparticles as new biosensors for detecting a wide range of (bio)molecules with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and a low limit of detection. The purpose is to give an overview of current advances and applications in the field of nanocomposites utilized in biosensors’ design. Emphasis will be placed on the possible uses of these nanocomposites in biosensing across a range of industries, medication delivery, food safety, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Advances of Nanocomposites for Biosensors)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 22151 KB  
Article
Calcium-Enriched Magnetic Core–Shell Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Bone Regeneration
by Despoina Kordonidou, Georgia K. Pouroutzidou, Nikoletta Florini, Ioannis Tsamesidis, Konstantina Kazeli, Dimitrios Gkiliopoulos, George Vourlias, Makis Angelakeris, Philomela Komninou, Panos Patsalas and Eleana Kontonasaki
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241904 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 518
Abstract
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are biocompatible, non-toxic, and easily functionalized. Coating them with mesoporous silica (mSiO2) offers high surface area, pore volume, and tunable surface chemistry for drug loading. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles [...] Read more.
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are biocompatible, non-toxic, and easily functionalized. Coating them with mesoporous silica (mSiO2) offers high surface area, pore volume, and tunable surface chemistry for drug loading. In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with mSiO2 shells enriched with calcium ions (Ca2+), aiming to enhance bioactivity for bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Different synthesis routes were tested to optimize shell formation Their characterization confirmed the presence of a crystalline Fe3O4 core with partial conversion to maghemite (Fe2O3) post-coating. The silica shell was mostly amorphous and the optimized samples exhibited mesoporous structure (type IVb). Calcium incorporation slightly altered the magnetic properties without significantly affecting core crystallinity or particle size (11.68–13.56 nm). VSM analysis displayed symmetric hysteresis loops and decreased saturation magnetization after coating and Ca2+ addition. TEM showed spherical morphology with some agglomeration. MTT assays confirmed overall non-toxicity, except for mild cytotoxicity at high concentrations in the Ca2+-enriched sample synthesized by a modified Stöber method. Their capacity to induce human periodontal ligament cell osteogenic differentiation, further supports the potential of Fe3O4/mSiO2/Ca2+ core–shell nanoparticles as promising candidates for bone-related biomedical applications due to their favorable magnetic, structural, and biological properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5932 KB  
Article
A Dual-Functional Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2MoO6 Heterojunction for Simultaneous Environmental Remediation and CO2 Photoreduction
by Reshalaiti Hailili and Yiming Gan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241903 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 395
Abstract
The development of versatile photocatalysts is crucial for comprehensive solutions to the intertwined challenges of the energy crisis and environmental pollution. This study presents a novel Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2MoO6 (BTNO/BMO) heterojunction fabricated via a solvothermal method. Advanced characterization [...] Read more.
The development of versatile photocatalysts is crucial for comprehensive solutions to the intertwined challenges of the energy crisis and environmental pollution. This study presents a novel Bi3TiNbO9/Bi2MoO6 (BTNO/BMO) heterojunction fabricated via a solvothermal method. Advanced characterization techniques verified the successful synthesis of the as-integrated BTNO/BMO heterostructure. The BTNO/BMO composite exhibited superior performance in multiple applications: efficient degradation of tetracycline reaching 90.2%, removal of gaseous nitric oxide (NO), and photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) with a yield of 51.3 μmol·g−1. The constructed Type-II heterojunction demonstrated a remarkable ability to suppress charge recombination, thereby significantly enhancing the photocatalytic activity. This work highlights the dual-functional capability of the BTNO/BMO heterojunction for simultaneous environmental purification and fuel production, providing a promising material platform and a strategic design concept for sustainable technological development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Harvesting with Nanomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 9321 KB  
Article
One-Step Ambient-Condition Synthesis of PEG- and PVA-Coated SPIONs: Morphological, Magnetic, and MRI Performance Assessment
by Laura Turilli, Angelo Galante, Franco D’Orazio, Valeria Daniele and Giuliana Taglieri
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1902; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241902 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 308
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are commonly produced through wet-chemical methods that require high temperature and pressure and involve multiple synthesis steps. Our research group has developed an innovative, sustainable, and patented one-step aqueous synthesis operating at ambient temperature and pressure, enabling the [...] Read more.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are commonly produced through wet-chemical methods that require high temperature and pressure and involve multiple synthesis steps. Our research group has developed an innovative, sustainable, and patented one-step aqueous synthesis operating at ambient temperature and pressure, enabling the direct production of SPIONs in suspension. In this work, we investigated the extension of this method to obtain polymer-coated SPIONs for biomedical imaging applications. Two water-soluble and biocompatible polymers—poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)—were selected and prepared into twelve samples varying in polymer concentration and iron precursor molarity. Each formulation was characterized and compared to bare SPIONs synthesized with the same approach using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and alternating gradient magnetometry (AGM). The results confirm that the one-step method yields polymer-coated nanoparticles with a cubic spinel magnetite core. PEG produced spherical, monodisperse particles (10–30 nm) exhibiting superparamagnetic behavior but lower magnetization values (1–5 emu/g). In contrast, PVA-coated nanoparticles showed a morphology dependent on polymer concentration and reagent molarity, while maintaining an average size of ~10 nm and superparamagnetic behavior, with magnetization comparable to bare SPIONs (25–50 emu/g). A preliminary MRI evaluation of a selected PVA-coated sample revealed relaxivity values of r1 = 0.12 mM−1 s−1 and r2 = 6.44 mM−1 s−1, supporting the potential of this synthesis route for imaging-oriented nanomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy: 4th Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2463 KB  
Article
Phase Transitions and Switching Dynamics of Topological Domains in Hafnium Oxide-Based Cylindrical Ferroelectrics from Three-Dimensional Phase Field Simulation
by Pengying Chang, Hanxiao Zhang, Mengyao Xie, Huan Zhang and Yiyang Xie
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241901 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
The phase transitions and switching dynamics of topological polar textures in hafnium oxide (HfO2)-based cylindrical-shell ferroelectrics are studied using a three-dimensional (3D) phase field model based on the self-consistent solution of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model and Poisson equation. The comprehensive interplays [...] Read more.
The phase transitions and switching dynamics of topological polar textures in hafnium oxide (HfO2)-based cylindrical-shell ferroelectrics are studied using a three-dimensional (3D) phase field model based on the self-consistent solution of the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau model and Poisson equation. The comprehensive interplays of bulk free energy, gradient energy, depolarization energy, and elastic energy are taken into account. When a cylindrical ferroelectric device is biased under the in-plane radial electric field, there is a size-controlled phase transition between the ferroelectric (FE), antiferroelectric (AFE), and paraelectric (PE) phases, depending on ferroelectric film thickness and cylindrical shell radius. For in-plane polarization textures at the equilibriums, the FE phase has a Néel-like texture with a center-type four-quad domain, the AFE phase has a monodomain texture, and the PE phase has a Bloch-like texture with a vortex four-quad domain. These polarization domain textures are resultant from energy competition and topologically protected by the geometrical confinement. The polarization dynamics from polar states towards equilibriums are analyzed considering the separated contributions of x- and y-components of polarizations that are driven by x-y in-plane electric fields. The emergent topological domains and phase transitions provide guidelines for geometrical engineering of a novel nano-structured ferroelectric device that is different from the planar one, offering new possibilities for multi-functional high-density ferroelectric memory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HfO2-Based Ferroelectric Thin Films and Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5408 KB  
Article
High-Temperature Electrical Transport Behavior of p-Doped Boron Diamond Film/n-WS2 Nanosheet Heterojunction
by Changxing Li, Dandan Sang, Yarong Shi, Shunhao Ge, Lena Du and Qinglin Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241900 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
WS2 is a promising material for applications in wearable devices, field-effect transistors, and high-performance heterojunctions. However, significant challenges remain regarding effective regulation and temperature stability. This study investigates the temperature-dependent electrical properties of WS2 heterojunctions prepared by electrophoretic deposition on boron-doped [...] Read more.
WS2 is a promising material for applications in wearable devices, field-effect transistors, and high-performance heterojunctions. However, significant challenges remain regarding effective regulation and temperature stability. This study investigates the temperature-dependent electrical properties of WS2 heterojunctions prepared by electrophoretic deposition on boron-doped diamond films. The results reveal that the rectification ratio of lightly doped boron heterojunctions at room temperature is 9.1, indicating thermal excitation behavior at temperatures above 100 °C. In contrast, heavily doped boron heterojunctions maintain a rectification ratio consistently below 1 over a temperature range from room temperature to 180 °C, indicating reverse rectification. The lowest rectification ratio observed at 140 °C is 0.17. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that hydrogen (H) termination generates an internal electric field in the opposite direction, causing a reversal of the rectification polarity, while oxygen (O) termination favors forward rectification. Additionally, due to vacancy defects in WS2, the heterojunction exhibits negative differential resistance at 120 °C, with a peak-to-valley ratio of 2.4. Higher doping levels, in comparison to lower concentrations, offer a more stable rectification ratio at elevated temperatures, making the material more suitable for high-temperature, high-frequency, and high-power applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene and Other 2D Materials)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

52 pages, 23254 KB  
Review
Biochemical Reduction of Metal Salts as a Prominent Approach for Biohybrid Nanomaterials Production: A Review
by Daniil A. Bogachikhin, Marina A. Abramkina, Anastasia K. Dzuba, Bogdan Ya. Karlinskii and Vyacheslav A. Arlyapov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241899 - 17 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 560
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are unique materials with diverse properties and a wide range of paramount applications in various scientific fields, from catalysis and electrochemistry to pharmaceuticals and high-tech composite materials. Among the many methods for producing nanoparticles, those that use renewable plant biomass or [...] Read more.
Metal nanoparticles are unique materials with diverse properties and a wide range of paramount applications in various scientific fields, from catalysis and electrochemistry to pharmaceuticals and high-tech composite materials. Among the many methods for producing nanoparticles, those that use renewable plant biomass or its extracts, as well as biogenic approaches for synthesizing nanoparticles within living cells, are particularly promising from the viewpoint of Green Chemistry and sustainable development. These techniques, which are part of the rapidly growing field of Nanobiotechnology, can help solve problems associated with the use of toxic or expensive chemicals and increase the sustainability and affordability of the production of nanoparticles and biohybrid materials based on them. This review explores various methods for creating nanoparticles from both precious and base metals, using a variety of reducing agents and enzymes found in plants and bacteria, as well as promising biochemical approaches involving the reduction of metal salts inside living cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1970 KB  
Article
Tunable Structural Color in Au-Based One-Dimensional Hyperbolic Metamaterials
by Ricardo Téllez-Limón, René I. Rodríguez-Beltrán, Fernando López-Rayón, Mauricio Gómez-Robles, Katie Figueroa-Guardiola, Jesús E. Chávez-Padua, Victor Coello and Rafael Salas-Montiel
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241898 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
Structural coloration arising from nanoscale light–matter interactions has emerged as a key research area in nanophotonics. Among the various materials investigated, noble metals—particularly gold—play a central role due to their well-defined plasmonic response and chemical stability, but their structural coloring typically requires complex [...] Read more.
Structural coloration arising from nanoscale light–matter interactions has emerged as a key research area in nanophotonics. Among the various materials investigated, noble metals—particularly gold—play a central role due to their well-defined plasmonic response and chemical stability, but their structural coloring typically requires complex and highly engineered nanostructures. However, modern photonic technologies demand scalable approaches to produce structural colors that can be finely tuned. In this contribution, we experimentally and numerically demonstrate the fine tunability of structural color in gold-based one-dimensional hyperbolic metamaterials (1D-HMMs) by varying their structural parameters: number of layers (N), period (T), and filling fraction (p). Our results show that variations in N lead to changes in luminance with minimal shifts in chromaticity, while variations in T introduce moderate color shifts without affecting luminance. In contrast, changes in p produce the largest modifications in chromaticity, though the trend is non-monotonic and less predictable. These findings highlight the potential of 1D-HMMs for achieving finely controlled gold-based coloration for advanced photonic technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Photonics and Optoelectronics: Practical Applications and Advances)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1899 KB  
Article
A Highly Hydrophobic and Flame-Retardant Melamine Sponge for Emergency Oil Spill Response
by Chengyong Zheng, Bo Wang, Wei Xie and Shuilai Qiu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1897; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241897 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
Frequent crude oil spills during offshore oil and gas production and transportation have inflicted irreversible detrimental effects on both human activities and marine ecosystems; with particular risks of secondary disasters such as combustion and explosions. To address these challenges; advanced oil sorption technologies [...] Read more.
Frequent crude oil spills during offshore oil and gas production and transportation have inflicted irreversible detrimental effects on both human activities and marine ecosystems; with particular risks of secondary disasters such as combustion and explosions. To address these challenges; advanced oil sorption technologies have been developed to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional remediation methods. In this study, a flame-retardant protective coating was fabricated on melamine sponge (MS) through precipitation polymerization of octa-aminopropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), endowing the MS@PPOS-PDMS-Si composite with exceptional char-forming capability. Secondary functional layer: By coupling the complementary physicochemical properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and SiO2 nanofibers, we enabled them to function jointly, achieving superior performance in the material systems; this conferred enhanced hydrophobicity and structural stability to the MS matrix. Characterization results demonstrated a progressive reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) from 137.66 kW/m2 to118.35 kW/m2, 91.92 kW/m2, and ultimately 46.23 kW/m2, accompanied by a decrease in total smoke production (TSP) from 1.62 m2 to 0.76 m2, indicating significant smoke suppression. Furthermore, the water contact angle (WCA) exhibited substantial improvement from 0° (superhydrophilic) to 140.7° (highly hydrophobic). Cyclic sorption–desorption testing revealed maintained oil–water separation efficiency exceeding 95% after 10 operational cycles. These findings position the MS@PPOS-PDMS-Si composite as a promising candidate for emergency oil spill response and marine pollution remediation applications, demonstrating superior performance in fire safety, environmental durability, and operational reusability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 4225 KB  
Article
Defect-Mediated Threshold Voltage Tuning in β-Ga2O3 MOSFETs via Fluorine Plasma Treatment
by Lisheng Wang, Yifan Zhang, Junxing Dong, Jingzhuo Wang, Zenan Wang, Yuan Feng, Xianghu Wang, Si Shen and Hai Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241896 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
We demonstrate high-performance MOSFETs on β-Ga2O3 films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). The high crystalline quality of the β-Ga2O3 epilayer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. An optimized CF4-plasma treatment [...] Read more.
We demonstrate high-performance MOSFETs on β-Ga2O3 films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE). The high crystalline quality of the β-Ga2O3 epilayer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. An optimized CF4-plasma treatment was employed to introduce fluorine (F) into the near-surface region, effectively suppressing donor-like states. The resulting devices exhibit an ultralow off-state current of 1 × 10−9 mA/mm and a stable on/off ratio of 105. A controllable positive threshold voltage shift up to +12.4 V was achieved by adjusting the plasma duration. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that incorporated F atoms form F–Ga-related bonds and compensate oxygen-related donor defects. Sentaurus TCAD simulations reveal reduced near-surface charge and a widened depletion region, providing a physical explanation for the experimentally observed increase in breakdown voltage from 453 V to 859 V. These results clarify the role of fluorine in modulating surface defect states in PA-MBE β-Ga2O3 and demonstrate an effective route for threshold-voltage engineering and leakage suppression in Ga2O3 power devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 15131 KB  
Article
Compositional Effects on Chemical Ordering, Local Atomic Pressure and Thermal Stability in Truncated Octahedral Pd-Ir-Rh Trimetallic Nanoalloys
by Tuğba Göcen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241895 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive atomistic investigation of the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of Pd60IrnRh19−n trimetallic nanoclusters adopting a truncated octahedral geometry. The compositional evolution of chemical ordering, local pressure distributions, and melting behavior was systematically analyzed [...] Read more.
This study presents a comprehensive atomistic investigation of the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of Pd60IrnRh19−n trimetallic nanoclusters adopting a truncated octahedral geometry. The compositional evolution of chemical ordering, local pressure distributions, and melting behavior was systematically analyzed using Gupta potential-based basin-hopping global optimization. The accuracy of the Gupta potential predictions was further validated for all configurations using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The surface layer consisted solely of Pd atoms and was held constant throughout the study. Meanwhile, Ir and Rh atoms were distributed within the 19-atom core region, allowing a detailed evaluation of how variations in core composition affect the energetic and thermal stability of the clusters. The Pd60Ir6Rh13 configuration exhibits the minimum value of mixing energy, corresponding to the most symmetric and energetically stable atomic arrangement. Local pressure analyses showed that Ir incorporation enhances internal compressive stress and induces tensile relaxation on the Pd surface, achieving an optimal strain balance at n = 6. Melting analyses based on caloric curves and Lindemann indices revealed a non-monotonic dependence of melting temperature on Ir content, with Ir-rich clusters displaying the highest thermal resistance and Rh-rich systems showing reduced stability. These findings clarify how Ir/Rh distribution governs the energetic, mechanical, and thermal response of Pd–Ir–Rh nanoalloys, offering a coherent atomistic framework for understanding their composition-dependent stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 6465 KB  
Article
Scalable Synthesis of Aragonite Whiskers Under Higher Initial Ca2+ Concentrations
by Ruixue Wang, Zihao Xu, Baojun Yang and Bainian Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241894 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 307
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) whiskers are promising materials for the high-value utilization of calcium-based resources. Here, aragonite whiskers were synthesized at a carbonation temperature of 90 °C using carbide slag ammonium leachate as the calcium source and CO2 as the precipitant. [...] Read more.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) whiskers are promising materials for the high-value utilization of calcium-based resources. Here, aragonite whiskers were synthesized at a carbonation temperature of 90 °C using carbide slag ammonium leachate as the calcium source and CO2 as the precipitant. The effects of control agents, carbonation temperature, Ca2+ solution feeding rate, CO2 flow rate, and stirring speed on whisker morphology and aspect ratio were systematically investigated. Characterization via SEM and XRD revealed that the optimal conditions—carbonation temperature of 90 °C, Ca2+ feeding rate of 1.2 mL∙min−1, ethanol addition of 2 mL, CO2 flow rate of 150 mL∙min−1, and stirring speed of 300 rpm—yielded uniform CaCO3 whiskers with an average length of ~10 μm, an aspect ratio of ~24, and an aragonite purity of 99.42%. TEM confirmed that the whiskers are single crystals growing preferentially along the [001] direction. Hydroxyl groups were found to suppress lateral growth on the (200) facet, favoring elongation along the c-axis and enabling high-aspect-ratio whisker formation. These findings provide useful guidance for the scalable synthesis and industrial application of aragonite whiskers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2115 KB  
Article
Control of Liquid-Absorbing Structure to Improve Performance of Transpiration-Type Thermoelectric Power-Generating Device Using Carbon Nanotube Composite Paper
by Kazuhide Yakata, Yuma Morita, Koya Arai and Takahide Oya
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241893 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
We propose an improved transpiration-type thermoelectric power-generating paper (t-TEPGP) with controlled water absorption. We have succeeded in developing t-TEPGP based on the carbon nanotube (CNT) composite paper (CNTCP). The CNTCP that was developed in our previous study is a composite material made from [...] Read more.
We propose an improved transpiration-type thermoelectric power-generating paper (t-TEPGP) with controlled water absorption. We have succeeded in developing t-TEPGP based on the carbon nanotube (CNT) composite paper (CNTCP). The CNTCP that was developed in our previous study is a composite material made from CNTs and pulp, enabling thermoelectric power generation due to its CNT content. Furthermore, CNTCP can spontaneously generate a temperature difference without requiring an external heat source, as it utilizes both the liquid absorption capacity via capillary action and the latent heat of vaporization released when the liquid evaporates. This study aimed to control the generated temperature gradient by partially modifying the internal structure of CNTCP during its manufacturing process—specifically, by altering its water absorption capacity through the choice of hot pressing or oven drying. Pressing was expected to reduce water absorption, while oven drying was predicted to increase it. Through multiple experiments, we confirmed that a sample spontaneously generated a maximum temperature difference of 0.6 °C due to evaporation heat, producing an electromotive force (E.M.F.) of 47 μV. This performance was approximately twice that of previous studies. Furthermore, we confirmed that a sample consisting of three pairs could generate an E.M.F. of 193 μV with a temperature difference of 1.2 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2493 KB  
Article
Nanoconfined Methane Storage Mechanism in Deep Coal Seams: A Wettability-Coupled Simplified Local Density Model
by Liang Ji, Xianyue Xiong, Zhihong Nie, Zhengchao Zhang, Ming Yuan, Yang Zhang, Chengchao Xu, Xiaolong Zhao, Hongtao Yang, Chengming Zhao and Zheng Sun
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241892 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 277
Abstract
In deep coal seams, where nanopores (~2 nm) dominate, wettability effects, which govern molecule–wall interaction strength, critically control the methane storage, yet remain poorly understood. This work establishes, for the first time, a theoretical framework coupling the Simplified Local Density (SLD) model with [...] Read more.
In deep coal seams, where nanopores (~2 nm) dominate, wettability effects, which govern molecule–wall interaction strength, critically control the methane storage, yet remain poorly understood. This work establishes, for the first time, a theoretical framework coupling the Simplified Local Density (SLD) model with wettability effects to systematically describe nanoconfined methane behavior. Key innovations include modifying the equation of state (EoS) by incorporating a molecule–wall interaction term, correlating the nanopore wall energy parameter and adsorption layer thickness with the interaction strength, and deriving wettability-dependent shifted critical properties. This approach successfully relates the local methane density distribution to the surface contact angle, bridging the knowledge gap between nanoconfined behavior and both pore size and wettability. The results show that (a) the bulk-like gas proportion in deep seams exceeds 35%, far higher than in shallow seams, indicating superior development potential; (b) the bulk-like gas increases faster with pressure than adsorbed gas, while the adsorption amount decreases by up to 46%, as the contact angle rises from 0° to 80°; (c) the modified EoS significantly impacts the bulk-like gas, reducing its amount by about 8% in 3 nm pores due to weakened intermolecular interactions. This study underscores the necessity of integrating wettability to accurately predict the nanoconfined fluid behavior, especially for deep coal seam gas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Gas Capture, Adsorption, Separation and Storage, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6199 KB  
Article
Temperature-Dependent Atomic Layer Deposition of Passivating ZnO Nanolayers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
by Elizabeth Adzo Addae, Marek Szindler, Wojciech Sitek and Krzysztof Matus
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241891 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
The influence of ZnO nanolayers as a passivating layer prevents electrons from recombining with the electrolyte or oxidized dye molecules at the interface by acting as a blocking layer for semiconducting materials. At 300 °C, it was observed that FTO-ZnO 500-cycle samples recorded [...] Read more.
The influence of ZnO nanolayers as a passivating layer prevents electrons from recombining with the electrolyte or oxidized dye molecules at the interface by acting as a blocking layer for semiconducting materials. At 300 °C, it was observed that FTO-ZnO 500-cycle samples recorded the lowest Rq and Ra values of 1210 nm and 0.877 nm, respectively, resulting in homogeneous, crystalline, and smooth surface thin films. SEM images of FTO-ZnO 500 cycles-300 °C (150.00 KX) show a much more crystalline and homogeneous layer, while FTO-ZnO 500 cycles-100 °C (150.00 KX) show an irregular and agglomerated surface. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy also revealed that ALD successfully deposited ZnO on the FTO glass substrates, especially at 300 °C, resulting in uniform layers. In visible light wavelength (400 nm–800 nm), FTO-ZnO 500 cycles-300 °C exhibited the highest stable transmittance value of 0.78 a.u. However, it can be observed that the temperature with the slowest grain growth at 500 cycles of ZnO deposition was 200 °C, with a layer thickness of 60 nm. The device efficiency increased progressively with deposition temperature, reaching a maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.63% for ZnO films deposited at 300 °C with 500 ALD cycles. The observed enhancement is attributed to improved crystallinity, grain growth, and film uniformity at elevated deposition temperatures, which collectively enhance charge transport and reduce recombination losses. These results demonstrate that optimizing the ALD temperature is a key factor in achieving high-quality ZnO films and improved DSSC performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale-Film: Growth, Interfacial Microstructure and Optical Properties)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4634 KB  
Article
UV-Enhanced Artificial Synapses Based on WSe2-SrAl2O4 Composites
by Qi Sun, Xin Long, Chuanwen Chen, Ni Zhang and Ping Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241890 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Optoelectronic synapses based on transition metal dichalcogenides have received much attention as artificial synapses due to their good stability in the air and excellent photoelectric properties; however, they suffer from ultraviolet light-triggered synapses due to the ultraviolet insensitivity of transition metal dichalcogenides. In [...] Read more.
Optoelectronic synapses based on transition metal dichalcogenides have received much attention as artificial synapses due to their good stability in the air and excellent photoelectric properties; however, they suffer from ultraviolet light-triggered synapses due to the ultraviolet insensitivity of transition metal dichalcogenides. In this paper, an ultraviolet-enhanced artificial synapse was achieved on WSe2 combined with SrAl2O4: 6% Eu2+, 4% Dy3+ phosphor. The strong ultraviolet absorption of SrAl2O4: 6% Eu2+, 4% Dy3+ phosphor and radiation reabsorption are responsible for the ultraviolet-enhanced response of the WSe2-SrAl2O4 synapse. The excitatory post-synaptic current of the WSe2-SrAl2O4 synapse triggered by a single pulse at 365 nm was enhanced 4 times more than that from 2D WSe2, while the decay time of the post-synaptic current was 9.7 times longer than those from the WSe2 device. The excellent ultraviolet sensitivity and decay time promoted the good regulation of the synaptic plasticity of the WSe2-SrAl2O4 device in terms of power densities, pulse widths, pulse intervals, and pulse numbers. Furthermore, outstanding learning behavior was simulated successfully with a forgetting time of 25 s. Handwritten digit recognition was realized with 96.39% accuracy, based on the synaptic weight of the WSe2-SrAl2O4 synapse. This work provides a new pathway for ultraviolet photoelectric synapse and brain-inspired computing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 15595 KB  
Article
Study on Calcified Alkali Leaching of Vanadium-Extracted Tailings and Preparation of Barium Orthovanadate
by Jinwei Qu, Yiqiu Wang, Xinyu Hao and Na Ma
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1889; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241889 - 17 Dec 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
While vanadium-extracted tailings contain valuable components, their utilization is difficult due to their high sodium content. In this work, a new oxygen-pressure calcification and alkaline leaching strategy to achieve barium orthovanadate vanadium precipitation is developed to realize the resourceful recycling and utilization of [...] Read more.
While vanadium-extracted tailings contain valuable components, their utilization is difficult due to their high sodium content. In this work, a new oxygen-pressure calcification and alkaline leaching strategy to achieve barium orthovanadate vanadium precipitation is developed to realize the resourceful recycling and utilization of vanadium-extracted tailings. First, the preparation of barium orthovanadate via calcified alkaline leaching and vanadium precipitation was studied, and the effects of CaO addition, NaOH concentration, leaching temperature, and liquid–solid ratio on the leaching rates of sodium and vanadium were evaluated in single-factor experiments. Under the optimum leaching conditions (CaO addition of 20%, alkali concentration of 150 g·L−1, leaching temperature of 180 °C, and liquid–solid ratio of 10:1), the leaching rates of vanadium and sodium reached 85.25% and 82.36%, respectively. Subsequently, the vanadium-containing leaching solution was subjected to a vanadium precipitation test, and the effects of pH, Ba(OH)2 addition (expressed as nBa/nV), vanadium precipitation temperature, and vanadium precipitation time on the vanadium precipitation rate were investigated. Under the optimum vanadium precipitation conditions (pH 14, nBa/nV = 1.5:1, temperature of 30 °C, reaction time of 60 min), a vanadium precipitation rate of more than 99% was achieved. The precipitated vanadium product of this reaction was confirmed to be Ba3(VO4)2 with a purity of more than 99%. Notably, the wastewater generated during the test process can be mixed with an alkali and returned to the leaching process for reuse, and the dealkalized residue can be used as a raw material for ore reduction in iron smelting processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 4847 KB  
Review
Bubbles in 2D Materials: Formation Mechanisms, Impacts, and Removal Strategies for Next-Generation Electronic Devices
by Kaitai Du, Baoshi Qiao, Xiaolei Ding, Changjin Huang and Huan Hu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241888 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 739
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials and their van der Waals heterostructures have shown great potential in quantum physics, flexible electronics, and optoelectronic devices. However, interfacial bubbles originated from trapped air, solvent residues, adsorbed molecules and reaction byproducts remain a key limitation to performance. This review provides [...] Read more.
Two-dimensional materials and their van der Waals heterostructures have shown great potential in quantum physics, flexible electronics, and optoelectronic devices. However, interfacial bubbles originated from trapped air, solvent residues, adsorbed molecules and reaction byproducts remain a key limitation to performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanisms, characteristics, impacts, and optimization strategies related to bubbles in 2D heterostructures. We first summarize common fabrication approaches for constructing 2D heterostructures and discuss the mechanisms of bubble formation together with their physicochemical features. Then, we introduce characterization techniques ranging from macroscopic morphological observation to atomic-scale interfacial analysis, including optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods systematically. The effects of bubbles on the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of 2D materials are subsequently examined. Finally, we compare key interface optimization strategies—such as thermal annealing, chemical treatments, AFM-based cleaning, electric field-driven approaches, clean assembly and AI-assisted methods. We demonstrate that, although substantial advances have been made in understanding interfacial bubbles, key fundamental challenges persist. Future breakthroughs will require the combined advancement of mechanistic insight, in situ characterization, and process engineering. Moreover, with the rapid adoption of AI and autonomous experimental platforms in materials fabrication and data analysis, AI-enabled process optimization and real-time characterization are emerging as key enablers for achieving high-cleanliness and scalable van der Waals heterostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Materials Heterostructure for Advanced Sensors and Optoelectronic Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2376 KB  
Article
A Dual-Scale Encapsulation Strategy for Phase Change Materials: GTS-PEG for Efficient Heat Storage and Release
by Sixing Zhang, Guangyao Zhao, Zhen Li, Zhehui Zhao, Jiakang Yao, Geng Qiao, Zongkun Chen, Yuwei Wang, Donghui Zhang, Dongliang Guo, Zhixiang Zhu and Yu Han
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241887 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 256
Abstract
With the advancement of new power systems, phase-change materials (PCMs), owing to their ability to convert and store electrical energy, are increasingly recognized as a key solution to the intermittency of power supply. Nevertheless, such materials face challenges, including leakage and low thermal [...] Read more.
With the advancement of new power systems, phase-change materials (PCMs), owing to their ability to convert and store electrical energy, are increasingly recognized as a key solution to the intermittency of power supply. Nevertheless, such materials face challenges, including leakage and low thermal conductivity, which lead to reduced utilization efficiency. In this study, guar gum was used as the macroscopic framework, while self-prepared and optimized silica aerogel microsheets served as the microscopic framework to synergistically encapsulate the polyethylene glycol (PEG). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were incorporated to improve overall thermal conductivity, resulting in the composite PCM, GTS-PEG. In-depth characterization demonstrated effective PEG retention within the matrix, with a melting heat storage density of 164.16 J/g. Upon 30 min of continuous heating at 90 °C, the mass loss remained as low as 4.83%, indicating excellent thermal stability. The addition of TiO2 increased thermal conductivity to 0.53 W/(m·K), representing a 140% boost over unmodified material. As a result, GTS-PEG not only successfully overcomes the leakage and thermal conductivity limitations of conventional PCMs but also, as a green and low-carbon innovative solution, paves a new path for the coordinated optimization and efficient conversion of power grid energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 5536 KB  
Article
Automated Particle Size Analysis of Supported Nanoparticle TEM Images Using a Pre-Trained SAM Model
by Xiukun Zhong, Guohong Liang, Lingbei Meng, Wei Xi, Lin Gu, Nana Tian, Yong Zhai, Yutong He, Yuqiong Huang, Fengmin Jin and Hong Gao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241886 - 16 Dec 2025
Viewed by 564
Abstract
This study addresses the challenges associated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis of supported nanoparticles, including low signal-to-noise ratio, poor contrast, and interference from complex substrate backgrounds. This study proposes an automated segmentation and particle size analysis method based on a large-scale [...] Read more.
This study addresses the challenges associated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis of supported nanoparticles, including low signal-to-noise ratio, poor contrast, and interference from complex substrate backgrounds. This study proposes an automated segmentation and particle size analysis method based on a large-scale deep learning model, namely segment anything model (SAM). Using Ru/TiO2 and related materials as representative systems, the pretrained SAM is employed for zero-shot segmentation of nanoparticles, which is further integrated with a custom image processing pipeline, including optical character recognition (OCR) module, morphological optimization, and connected component analysis to achieve high-precision particle size quantification. Experimental results demonstrate that the method retains robust performance under challenging imaging conditions, with a size estimation error between 3% and 5% and a per-image processing time under 1 min, significantly outperforming traditional manual annotation and threshold-based segmentation approaches. This framework provides an efficient and reliable analytical tool for morphological characterization and structure–performance correlation studies in supported nanocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4323 KB  
Article
Synthesis of Turbostratic Graphene with Micron-Sized Domains from Activated Charcoal by Fast Joule Heating
by Aisen Ruslanovich Prokopiev, Nikolay Nikolaevich Loskin and Pavel Vasilievich Vinokurov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241885 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 805
Abstract
The development of economical and scalable methods for synthesizing high-quality graphene remains a pivotal challenge in materials science. This study presents an efficient approach for synthesizing turbostratic graphene with micron-sized domains from an accessible bioprecursor-activated charcoal—using fast Joule heating. We demonstrate that ultra-rapid [...] Read more.
The development of economical and scalable methods for synthesizing high-quality graphene remains a pivotal challenge in materials science. This study presents an efficient approach for synthesizing turbostratic graphene with micron-sized domains from an accessible bioprecursor-activated charcoal—using fast Joule heating. We demonstrate that ultra-rapid thermal annealing (~16.2 kJ/g, up to 3000 K) triggers a phase transition from amorphous carbon to a highly graphitized structure. Comprehensive characterization via SEM, AFM, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD revealed the formation of large flakes with lateral dimensions up to 1.5 µm and thicknesses ranging from 4 to 200 nm. Raman mapping further uncovered a heterogeneous structure with alternating regions exhibiting different degrees of interlayer coupling, characteristic of turbostratic stacking. The key feature of the material is its turbostratic layer stacking, confirmed by the combination of XRD data showing an interlayer distance of 3.436 Å and Raman spectra characteristic of decoupled graphene layers. The synthesized material exhibits excellent electrical transport properties, with a bulk resistivity of 0.51 Ω·cm—an order of magnitude lower than that of the initial charcoal. These findings highlight the potential of the developed method for producing electrode materials for energy storage devices and conductive composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 15478 KB  
Article
Copper-Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Applications
by Amaia M. Goitandia, Maialen Argaiz, Miren Blanco, Giorgia Grilli, Elisa Recchia, Alessandra Amoroso, Nathalie Totaro, Andrea Ciammaruconi, Riccardo De Santis, Leire Ruiz Rubio, Fabiana Arduini and Florigio Lista
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241884 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
The escalating global crisis of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections, along with the continuous threat of viral outbreaks, poses a serious risk to public health worldwide and underscores the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were successfully [...] Read more.
The escalating global crisis of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections, along with the continuous threat of viral outbreaks, poses a serious risk to public health worldwide and underscores the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were successfully synthesized and subsequently functionalized with copper to impart broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The oxidation state of copper on the MSN surface was modulated through thermal treatments, allowing the evaluation of its influence on antimicrobial efficacy. The modified MSNs were tested against key bacterial pathogens, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, achieving complete bactericidal activity after 2 h of exposure to E. coli. Moreover, as well as influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and MS2 bacteriophage (MS2) were evaluated, reaching an efficiency higher than 80%, 90%, and 97%, respectively. The results indicated that copper-modified MSNs exhibit potent antibacterial and antiviral activity, highlighting their potential as an antibiotic-free alternative for preventing microbial infections while mitigating the development of AMR bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 17680 KB  
Article
Silver Nanowire-Amorphous Indium Zinc Oxide Composite Electrodes for Transparent Film Heaters
by Xingzhen Yan, Mengying Lyu and Ziyao Niu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241883 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
Transparent conductive films based on silver nanowire meshes have demonstrated significant potential as alternatives to conventional tin-doped indium oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films. However, these materials feature high junction resistance, poor damp heat (DH) stability, and weak mechanical adhesion to substrates, [...] Read more.
Transparent conductive films based on silver nanowire meshes have demonstrated significant potential as alternatives to conventional tin-doped indium oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films. However, these materials feature high junction resistance, poor damp heat (DH) stability, and weak mechanical adhesion to substrates, which are critical issues that must be addressed before any practical applications. In this paper, transparent conducting films composed of silver nanowire (AgNW) frameworks and amorphous indium zinc oxide (IZO) fillers were prepared by a spin-coating method. The AgNW-IZO composite films exhibited a higher conductivity and better DH stability and adhesion to substrates than that of their constituent parts alone. The lowest sheet resistance of the composite films was 3.3 ohm/sq with approximately 70% transparency in the visible spectrum. No degradation was observed after 8 months. The excellent DH stability and mechanical adhesion might facilitate applications of these AgNW-IZO composite films in optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, the composite electrode is shown to have potential as a transparent heater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3982 KB  
Article
High Reliability and Breakdown Voltage of GaN HEMTs on Free-Standing GaN Substrates
by Shiming Li, Mei Wu, Ling Yang, Hao Lu, Bin Hou, Meng Zhang, Xiaohua Ma and Yue Hao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241882 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are pivotal for next-generation power-switching applications, but their reliability under high electric fields remains constrained by lattice mismatches and high dislocation densities in heterogeneous substrates. Herein, we systematically investigate the electrical performance and reliability of [...] Read more.
Gallium nitride (GaN)-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are pivotal for next-generation power-switching applications, but their reliability under high electric fields remains constrained by lattice mismatches and high dislocation densities in heterogeneous substrates. Herein, we systematically investigate the electrical performance and reliability of GaN-on-GaN HEMTs in comparison to conventional GaN-on-SiC HEMTs via DC characterization, reverse gate step stress, off-state drain step stress, and on-state electrical stress tests. Notably, the homogeneous epitaxial structure of GaN-on-GaN devices reduces dislocation density by 83.3% and minimizes initial tensile stress, which is obtained through HRXRD and Raman spectroscopy. The GaN-on-GaN HEMTs exhibit a record BFOM of 950 MW/cm2, enabled by a low specific on-resistance (RON-SP) of 0.6 mΩ·cm2 and a high breakdown voltage (BV) of 755 V. They withstand gate voltages up to −200 V and drain voltages beyond 200 V without significant degradation, whereas GaN-on-SiC HEMTs fail at −95 V (reverse gate stress) and 150 V (off-state drain stress). The reduced dislocation density suppresses leakage channels and defect-induced degradation, as confirmed by post-stress Schottky/transfer characteristics and Frenkel–Poole emission analysis. These findings establish GaN-on-GaN technology as a transformative solution for power electronics, offering a unique combination of high efficiency and long-term stability for demanding high-voltage applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electro-Thermal Transport in Nanometer-Scale Semiconductor Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

2 pages, 141 KB  
Retraction
RETRACTED: Atta et al. Synthesis of New Magnetic Crosslinked Poly (Ionic Liquid) Nanocomposites for Fast Congo Red Removal from Industrial Wastewater. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1286
by Ayman M. Atta, Abdelrahman O. Ezzat, Yaser M. Moustafa, Nourah I. Sabeela, Ahmed M. Tawfeek, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan and Ahmed I. Hashem
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241881 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 240
Abstract
The journal retracts the article “Synthesis of New Magnetic Crosslinked Poly (Ionic Liquid) Nanocomposites for Fast Congo Red Removal from Industrial Wastewater” [...] Full article
28 pages, 3387 KB  
Review
Silicon Carbide Neural Interfaces: A Review of Progress Toward Monolithic Devices
by Christopher L. Frewin, Matthew Melton, Evans Bernardin, Mohammad Beygi, Chenyin Feng and Stephen E. Saddow
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241880 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 806
Abstract
The promise of intracortical neural interfaces—to restore lost sensory and motor function and probe the brain’s activity—has long been constrained by device instability over chronic implantation. Conventional silicon-based probes, composed of heterogeneous materials, often fail due to mechanical mismatch, inflammatory responses, and interface-driven [...] Read more.
The promise of intracortical neural interfaces—to restore lost sensory and motor function and probe the brain’s activity—has long been constrained by device instability over chronic implantation. Conventional silicon-based probes, composed of heterogeneous materials, often fail due to mechanical mismatch, inflammatory responses, and interface-driven degradation, where stress can induce cracking, swelling, and exposure of cytotoxic elements to neural tissue. Silicon carbide (SiC) offers a compelling solution, combining chemical inertness, structural strength, and biocompatibility in both amorphous and crystalline forms. In this review, we discuss advances in SiC neural interfaces, highlighting contributions from multiple laboratories and emphasizing our own work on monolithic devices, constructed entirely from a single, homogeneous SiC material system. These devices mitigate interface-driven failures and show preliminary indications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility, with minimal image artifacts observed compared to conventional silicon probes, though further in vivo studies are needed to confirm thermal safety at high-field conditions. Collectively, SiC establishes a versatile platform for next-generation, durable neural interfaces capable of reliable, long-term brain interaction for both scientific and clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology and 2D Materials for Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1561 KB  
Article
Toward Subcellular Action Potential Detection with Nanodiamond Quantum Magnetometry
by Azmath Fathima, Peker Milas, Sheikh Mahtab, Tanmay Talukder, Mya Merritt, James Wachira, Solomon Tadesse, Michael Spencer and Birol Ozturk
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241879 - 15 Dec 2025
Viewed by 490
Abstract
Quantum sensing with nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamond enables detection of extremely small changes in temperature, host material strain, and magnetic and electric fields. Action potential detection has previously been demonstrated with cardiac tissue and whole organisms using NV defects in bulk [...] Read more.
Quantum sensing with nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamond enables detection of extremely small changes in temperature, host material strain, and magnetic and electric fields. Action potential detection has previously been demonstrated with cardiac tissue and whole organisms using NV defects in bulk diamond crystals. Nanodiamonds (NDs) with NV defects were previously used as effective fluorescent markers, as they do not bleach under laser illumination like conventional fluorescent dyes. Subcellular-level action potential recording with NDs is yet to be demonstrated. Here, we report our results on the confocal imaging of NDs and the feasibility of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) experiments with Cath.-a-differentiated (CAD) mouse brain cells. 10 nm and 60 nm NDs were shown to diffuse into cells within 30 min with no additional surface modification, as confirmed with confocal imaging. In contrast, 100 nm and 140 nm NDs were observed to remain localized on the cell surface. ND photoluminescence (PL) signals did not bleach over the course of 5 h long imaging studies. ODMR technique was used to detect externally applied millitesla-level magnetic fields with NDs in cell solutions. In summary, NDs were shown to be effective, non-bleaching fluorescent markers in mouse brain cells, with further potential for use in action potential recording at the subcellular level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Devices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4533 KB  
Article
YOLOv11-LADC: A Lightweight Detection Framework for Micro–Nano Damage Precursors in Thermal Barrier Coatings
by Cong Huang, Xing Peng, Feng Shi, Ci Song, Hongbing Cao, Xinjie Zhao and Hengrui Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241878 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 399
Abstract
Performance breakthroughs and safety assurance of aerospace equipment are critical to the advancement of modern aerospace technology. As a key protective system for the hot-end components of aeroengines, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play a vital role in ensuring the safe operation of aeroengines [...] Read more.
Performance breakthroughs and safety assurance of aerospace equipment are critical to the advancement of modern aerospace technology. As a key protective system for the hot-end components of aeroengines, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) play a vital role in ensuring the safe operation of aeroengines and overall flight safety. To address the core detection technology challenge for micro–nano damage precursors in aerospace TBCs, this study proposes an enhanced detection framework, namely YOLOv11-LADC. Specifically, the framework integrates the LSKA attention mechanism to construct the C2PSA-LA module, thereby enhancing the detection capability for micro–nano damage precursors and adaptability to complex small-sample datasets. Additionally, it introduces deformable convolutions (DeformConv) to build the C3k2-DeformCSP module, which dynamically adapts to the irregular deformations of micro–nano damage precursors while reducing computational complexity. A data augmentation strategy incorporating 19 transformations is employed to expand the dataset to 5140 images. A series of experimental results demonstrates that, compared with the YOLOv11 baseline model, the proposed model achieves a 1.6% improvement in precision (P) and a 2.0% increase in recall (R), while maintaining mAP50 and mAP50-95 at near-constant levels. Meanwhile, the computational complexity (GFLOPs) is reduced to 6.2, validating the superiority of the enhanced framework in terms of detection accuracy and training efficiency. This further confirms the feasibility and practicality of the YOLOv11-LADC algorithm for detecting multi-scale micro–nano damage precursors in aerospace TBCs. Overall, this study provides an effective solution for the intelligent, high-precision, and real-time detection of multi-scale micro–nano damage precursors in aerospace TBCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1580 KB  
Article
Large Piezoelectric Response and High Carrier Mobilities Enhanced via 6s2 Hybridization in Bismuth Chalcohalide Monolayers
by Jing Shi, Chang Han, Haibo Niu, Youzhang Zhu, Yachao Liu and Vei Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241877 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
In this study, we systematically investigated the piezoelectric and carrier transport properties of two-dimensional (2D) Bi-based chalcohalide monolayers (BiXY, X = Se, Te; Y = Br, I) using first-principles calculations. The phonon dispersion and elastic properties proved that BiXY monolayers are dynamically and [...] Read more.
In this study, we systematically investigated the piezoelectric and carrier transport properties of two-dimensional (2D) Bi-based chalcohalide monolayers (BiXY, X = Se, Te; Y = Br, I) using first-principles calculations. The phonon dispersion and elastic properties proved that BiXY monolayers are dynamically and mechanically stable. Our results reveal that the stereochemically active 6s2 lone-pair electrons of Bi3+ play a crucial role in determining the structural and electronic characteristics of these systems. The simultaneous enhancement of Born effective charges and the strong sensitivity of atomic positions to external strain give rise to pronounced piezoelectric responses in BiXY monolayers. Specifically, the calculated piezoelectric coefficients (d11) reached 13.16 and 17.76 pm/V for BiSeBr and BiSeI, respectively. The carrier transport properties were estimated using the deformation potential (DP) theory, which yielded upper-bound values under idealized conditions. For instance, in BiTeBr, the effective masses of electrons and holes were 0.15 and 0.40 m0, respectively, leading to high carrier mobilities of 2736.1 and 2689.9 cm2 V−1 s−1. These findings highlight the potential of Bi-based chalcohalide monolayers as promising candidates for next-generation multi-functional nanoelectronic and piezoelectric devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5183 KB  
Article
Sequential Ni-Pt Decoration on Co(OH)2 via Microwave Reduction for Highly Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
by Luan Liu, Hongru Liu, Zikang Chen, Genghua Cao, Xiaoyu Wu, Baorui Jia, Xuanhui Qu and Mingli Qin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(24), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15241876 - 14 Dec 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
A rapid solvent-free microwave-assisted strategy was developed to fabricate Pt- and Ni-modified Co(OH)2 catalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution. Among them, Ni-Pt@Co(OH)2, prepared via sequential Ni-first then Pt loading, exhibited the best performance. Structural analyses confirmed uniform Pt dispersion with dominant [...] Read more.
A rapid solvent-free microwave-assisted strategy was developed to fabricate Pt- and Ni-modified Co(OH)2 catalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution. Among them, Ni-Pt@Co(OH)2, prepared via sequential Ni-first then Pt loading, exhibited the best performance. Structural analyses confirmed uniform Pt dispersion with dominant Pt(111) facets, while ICP-MS showed reduced Pt usage compared to Pt@Co(OH)2. Electrochemical measurements in 1.0 M KOH revealed an overpotential of 71 mV at 10 mA·cm−2, comparable to Pt/C, and a mass activity 4–6.5 times higher across 25–75 mV. EIS demonstrated lower charge-transfer resistance, and stability tests showed negligible degradation after 3000 CV cycles and 11 h continuous operation. The outstanding performance arises from enhanced Pt utilization, abundant conductive sites, and strong Ni-Pt interfacial synergy, highlighting Ni-Pt@Co(OH)2 as a promising catalyst for efficient alkaline HER with reduced Pt consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-69
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop