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Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes
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Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Photochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 8451

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Liang Han

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
Interests: organic chemistry; syntheses; fine chemicals; functional dyes; sensitizing dyes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dyes are widely used in the textile, pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, plastics, paint, ink, photographic and paper industries. Moreover, the traditional dyes have been developed into functional dyes, which can be further used in semiconductors, photosensitizers, emitters in optoelectronics devices, optical and luminescent sensors for biological and environmental monitoring systems, and therapeutic agents for medical purposes, and so on.

Dye’s characteristics are closely related to their photochemical properties, which has been investigated thoroughly. For example, dyes with photon absorption/emission at distinct wavelengths can be used as the industrial colorants or potential optical signal indicators in chemosensors; dyes with white-light emission are used in solid-state lighting, flat-panel display devices, and backlights for liquid crystalline display; dyes with the ability to produce singlet oxygen under light irradiation can be used for photodynamic therapy (PDT); dyes are used as the photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for their abilities of photoexcitation and electron injection. On the other hand, dye properties are further optimized through the modification of molecular structures, which is promoted by the organic synthesis.

This Special Issue entitled “Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes” welcomes manuscripts (original research papers, short communications, or focus reviews) pointed out by the keywords given below. However, other related topics are also welcome.

Dr. Liang Han
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • synthesis of dyes
  • photochemistry of dyes
  • organic dyes
  • functional organic dyes
  • photo-inducing materials
  • organic photoelectric materials

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4171 KiB  
Article
Efficient Photodegradation of Dyes from Single and Binary Aqueous Solutions Using Copper(II) Coordination Polymers
by Ildiko Buta, Maria Andreea Nistor and Simona Gabriela Muntean
Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081652 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
The present study reports the application of three copper(II) coordination polymers, namely 1∞[Cu3L2(N3)] CH3COO (CP1), 1∞[Cu3L2(NO3)]NO3·2CH3OH·2H2O ( [...] Read more.
The present study reports the application of three copper(II) coordination polymers, namely 1∞[Cu3L2(N3)] CH3COO (CP1), 1∞[Cu3L2(NO3)]NO3·2CH3OH·2H2O (CP2), and 1∞[Cu3L2(H2O)](ClO4)2 (CP3), where H2L stands for N,N′-bis[(2-hydroxybenzilideneamino)propyl]-piperazine) as catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 and Methyl Orange dyes from single and binary aqueous solutions. The influence of the photocatalyst nature, hydrogen peroxide presence, reaction time, dye concentration, and catalyst dose on the photodegradation efficiency was studied. Under visible light irradiation, complex CP1 demonstrated the highest photodegradation efficiency of 92.40% and 80.50% towards Acid Orange 7 and Methyl Orange, respectively. The kinetic studies indicated that the photodegradation process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The highest rate of the degradation process was obtained when CP1 is used, and the necessary time for the degradation of the dyes increases with increasing concentration of the dye solutions. The degradation efficiency of more than 75% after five recycling/reuse cycles of CP1 and the yields higher than 72% obtained for the degradation of dyes from the binary system demonstrate the photocatalytic capacity of CP1. A photocatalytic oxidation mechanism was proposed and the stability of the CP1 complex before and after the photodegradation process of dyes, both from simple and binary solutions, was investigated and confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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9 pages, 1734 KiB  
Article
Heptamethine Cyanine Dye-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Improving Performance of HTL-Free Perovskite Solar Cells
by Man-Ge Cai, Arina Watanabe, Zhenyu Xu, Yong-Chang Zhai, Achmad Syarif Hidayat, Naoki Ueoka, Miftakhul Huda, Kimitaka Higuchi, Esko I. Kauppinen, Kazumasa Funabiki and Yutaka Matsuo
Molecules 2025, 30(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30010060 - 27 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 809
Abstract
Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology holds great promise with continuously improving power conversion efficiency; however, the use of metal electrodes hinders its commercialization and the development of tandem designs. Although single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), as one-dimensional materials, have the potential to replace metal [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology holds great promise with continuously improving power conversion efficiency; however, the use of metal electrodes hinders its commercialization and the development of tandem designs. Although single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), as one-dimensional materials, have the potential to replace metal electrodes in PSCs, their poor conductivity still limits their application. In this study, the near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing anionic heptamethine cyanine dye-doped SWCNTs functioned in a dual role as an efficient charge-selective layer and electrode in PSCs. Benefiting from the improvement in conductivities and matched energy level of doped-SWCNT, the dual-role SWCNT electrodes applied to PSCs achieved a better performance than the undoped PSCs with a higher short circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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15 pages, 10160 KiB  
Article
Structural and Electronic Properties of Novel Azothiophene Dyes: A Multilevel Study Incorporating Explicit Solvation Effects
by Laura Vautrin, Alexandrine Lambert, Faouzi Mahdhaoui, Riad El Abed, Taoufik Boubaker and Francesca Ingrosso
Molecules 2024, 29(17), 4053; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174053 - 27 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Among azobenzene derivatives, azothiophenes represent a relatively recent family of compounds that exhibit similar characteristics as dyes and photoreactive systems. Their technological applications are extensive thanks to the additional design flexibility conferred by the heteroaromatic ring. In this study, we present a comprehensive [...] Read more.
Among azobenzene derivatives, azothiophenes represent a relatively recent family of compounds that exhibit similar characteristics as dyes and photoreactive systems. Their technological applications are extensive thanks to the additional design flexibility conferred by the heteroaromatic ring. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of the structural and electronic properties of novel dyes derived from 3-thiophenamine, utilizing a multilevel approach. We thoroughly examined the potential energy surfaces of the E and Z isomers for three molecules, each bearing different substituents on the phenyl ring at the para position relative to the diazo group. This exploration was conducted through quantum chemistry calculations at various levels of theory, employing a continuum solvent model. Subsequently, we incorporated an explicit solvent (a dimethyl sulfoxide–water mixture) to simulate the most stable isomers using classical molecular dynamics, delivering a clear picture of the local solvation structure and intermolecular interactions. Finally, a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach was employed to accurately describe the evolution of the solutes’ properties within their environment, accounting for finite temperature effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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15 pages, 7230 KiB  
Article
Degradation of Orange G Using PMS Triggered by NH2-MIL-101(Fe): An Amino-Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework
by Lijie Mo, Guangzhou Chen and Hua Wang
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071488 - 27 Mar 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1507
Abstract
As an azo dye, OG has toxic and harmful effects on ecosystems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a green, environmentally friendly, and efficient catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of OG. In this study, the catalysts MIL-101(Fe) and [...] Read more.
As an azo dye, OG has toxic and harmful effects on ecosystems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a green, environmentally friendly, and efficient catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of OG. In this study, the catalysts MIL-101(Fe) and NH2-MIL-101(Fe) were prepared using a solvothermal method to carry out degradation experiments. They were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, XPS, and FT-IR, and the results showed that the catalysts were successfully prepared. Then, a catalyst/PMS system was constructed, and the effects of different reaction systems, initial pH, temperature, catalyst dosing, PMS concentration, and the anion effect on the degradation of OG were investigated. Under specific conditions (100 mL OG solution with a concentration of 50 mg/L, pH = 7.3, temperature = 25 °C, 1 mL PMS solution with a concentration of 100 mmol/L, and a catalyst dosage of 0.02 g), the degradation of OG with MIL-101(Fe) was only 36.6% within 60 min; as a comparison, NH2-MIL-101(Fe) could reach up to 97.9%, with a reaction constant k value of 0.07245 min−1. The NH2-MIL-101 (Fe)/PMS reaction system was able to achieve efficient degradation of OG at different pH values (pH = 3~9). The degradation mechanism was analyzed using free-radical quenching tests. The free-radical quenching tests showed that SO4•−, •OH, and 1O2 were the main active species during the degradation of OG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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13 pages, 4205 KiB  
Article
A High Crystalline Perylene-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2O2 Evolution
by Mengke Hu, Chenxi Wu, Shufan Feng and Jianli Hua
Molecules 2023, 28(19), 6850; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196850 - 28 Sep 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2430
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a kind of crystalline porous material that have shown great potential for photocatalysis on account of their mild synthesis conditions and high crystallinity. Perylene-based photocatalysts have great potential for photocatalytic H2O2 production due to their [...] Read more.
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a kind of crystalline porous material that have shown great potential for photocatalysis on account of their mild synthesis conditions and high crystallinity. Perylene-based photocatalysts have great potential for photocatalytic H2O2 production due to their excellent photochemical stability and broad spectral absorption. In this work, we designed and synthesized a high crystalline perylene-based HOF (PTBA) and an amorphous analog sample PTPA for photocatalytic H2O2 evolution. Under visible light irradiation, PTBA shows a higher photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 2699 μmol g−1 h−1 than PTPA (2176 μmol g−1 h−1) and an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 2.96% at 500 nm. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of PTBA is attributed to the promotion of the separation and transfer of photocarriers due to its high crystallinity. This work provides a precedent for the application of HOFs in the field of photocatalytic H2O2 generation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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Review

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16 pages, 5222 KiB  
Review
Application and Challenge of Metalloporphyrin Sensitizers in Noninvasive Dynamic Tumor Therapy
by Jiacheng Ouyang, Dan Li, Lizhen Zhu, Xiaoyuan Cai, Lanlan Liu, Hong Pan and Aiqing Ma
Molecules 2024, 29(20), 4828; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204828 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481
Abstract
Dynamic tumor therapies (mainly including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT)) offer new approaches to cancer treatment. They are often characterized by their noninvasive nature, high selectivity, and low toxicity. Sensitizers are crucial for dynamic therapy. Developing efficient sensitizers with good biocompatibility [...] Read more.
Dynamic tumor therapies (mainly including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT)) offer new approaches to cancer treatment. They are often characterized by their noninvasive nature, high selectivity, and low toxicity. Sensitizers are crucial for dynamic therapy. Developing efficient sensitizers with good biocompatibility and controllability is an important aim in dynamic therapy. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins attract great attention due to their excellent photophysical properties and low cytotoxicity under non-light. Compared to porphyrins, metalloporphyrins show greater potential for dynamic therapy due to their enhanced photochemical and photophysical properties after metal ions coordinate with porphyrin rings. This paper reviews some metalloporphyrin-based sensitizers used in photo/sonodynamic therapy and combined therapy. In addition, the probable challenges and bottlenecks in clinical translation are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Synthesis and Photochemistry of Dyes)
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