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Dear Colleagues,

Staphylococcus aureus is an antibiotic-resistant pathogen causing a tremendous healthcare burden worldwide. Alternative medical interventions to antibiotics are urgently needed, but unfortunately attempts to develop vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have so far failed or have met with limited success. There are several potential reasons behind limited success/failure and one of the most important is the lack of a sufficient understanding of protective mechanisms. In this Special Issue we will focus on the role of antibodies, cell mediated immunity, and trained immunity for preventing or treating S. aureus infections. The ultimate aim of this issue is to gather, from key opinion leaders in the field, the most advanced knowledge for guiding research and development of novel medical interventions against this deadly pathogen with the potential to save thousands of lives and reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Dr. Fabio Bagnoli
Dr. Sanjay Phogat
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Staphylococcus aureus
vaccines
antibodies
cell mediated immunity
trained immunity
antimicrobial resistance

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Staphylococcus aureus Causes the Arrest of Neutrophils in the Bloodstream in a Septicemia Model

by Svetlana N. Pleskova, Sergey Z. Bobyk, Ruslan N. Kriukov, Ekaterina N. Gorshkova and Nikolay A. Bezrukov

Microorganisms 2022, 10(9), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091696 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus induces the expression of VCAM-1, P- and E-selectins on the endothelial cells of the EA.hy926 cell line but, at the same time, causes the significant suppression of the force and work of adhesion between these receptors of endotheliocytes and the receptors of neutrophils in an experimental septicemia model. Adhesion contacts between the receptors of neutrophils and endotheliocytes are statistically significantly suppressed under non-opsonized and opsonized S. aureus treatment, which disrupts the initial stage of transendothelial migration of neutrophils—adhesion. Thus, S. aureus causes the arrest of neutrophils in the bloodstream in an experimental septicemia model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Mechanisms against Staphylococcus aureus: Antibodies, Cell Mediated Immunity and Trained Immunity)

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12 pages, 2057 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Mobile Phones

by Aída Hamdan-Partida, Samuel González-García, Francisco Javier Martínez-Ruíz, Miguel Ángel Zavala-Sánchez, Anaíd Bustos-Hamdan and Jaime Bustos-Martínez

Microorganisms 2022, 10(3), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030669 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2803

Abstract

The widespread use of mobile phones (MP) among healthcare personnel might be considered as an important source of contamination. One of the most pathogenic bacteria to humans is Staphylococcus aureus, which can be transmitted through the constant use of MP. Nevertheless, which specific type of strains are transmitted and which are their sources have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study is to determine the source of contamination of MP and characterize the corresponding genotypic and phenotypic properties of the strains found. Nose, pharynx, and MP samples were taken from a group of health science students. We were able to determinate the clonality of the isolated strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa gene typing (spa-type). Adhesin and toxin genes were detected, and the capacity of biofilm formation was determined. Several of the MP exhibited strains of S. aureus present in the nose and/or pharynx of their owners. methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA), and community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains were found, which indicated a variety of genotypes. This study concludes that MP can be contaminated with the strains of S. aureus present in the nose and/or pharynx of the owners; these strains can be of different types and there is no dominant genotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Mechanisms against Staphylococcus aureus: Antibodies, Cell Mediated Immunity and Trained Immunity)

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19 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human MAIT Cells Respond to Staphylococcus aureus with Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity

by Andrew J. R. Cooper, Jonah Clegg, Féaron C. Cassidy, Andrew E. Hogan and Rachel M. McLoughlin

Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010148 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2664

Abstract

Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to play protective roles during infection with diverse pathogens through their propensity for rapid innate-like cytokine production and cytotoxicity. Among the potential applications for MAIT cells is to defend against Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen of serious clinical significance. However, it is unknown how MAIT cell responses to S. aureus are elicited, nor has it been investigated whether MAIT cell cytotoxicity is mobilized against intracellular S. aureus. In this study, we investigate the capacity of human MAIT cells to respond directly to S. aureus. MAIT cells co-cultured with dendritic cells (DCs) infected with S. aureus rapidly upregulate CD69, express IFNγ and Granzyme B and degranulate. DC secretion of IL-12, but not IL-18, was implicated in this immune response, while TCR binding of MR1 is required to commence cytokine production. MAIT cell cytotoxicity resulted in apoptosis of S. aureus-infected cells, and reduced intracellular persistence of S. aureus. These findings implicate these unconventional T cells in important, rapid anti-S. aureus responses that may be of great relevance to the ongoing development of novel anti-S. aureus treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Mechanisms against Staphylococcus aureus: Antibodies, Cell Mediated Immunity and Trained Immunity)

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