Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Viral Infections

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 828

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
Interests: arenaviruses; bioinformatics; bunyaviruses; diagnostic biomarkers; emerging viruses; hemorrhagic fevers; hantaviruses; non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and siRNAs); RNA vaccine platform; vaccine development; viral metagenomics; virus evolution

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viral infections remain a major global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in molecular biology, diagnostics, and therapeutic strategies have transformed the landscape of viral infection management, offering new opportunities for early detection, effective treatments, and preventive measures. However, the emergence of novel viruses, increasing resistance, and global pandemics highlight the continuous need for innovation and multidisciplinary collaboration in this field.

Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention represent the three fundamental pillars of virology. Accurate and rapid diagnostic tools are essential for detecting viral infections, guiding clinical decision-making, and shaping public health strategies. The development of molecular techniques, such as PCR, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and point-of-care diagnostics, has improved the sensitivity and specificity of viral detection. At the same time, novel biomarkers and immunological approaches are being explored to enhance diagnostic accuracy and facilitate early intervention.

In parallel, significant progress has been made in the treatment of viral infections, particularly with the development of antiviral agents, immunotherapies, and RNA-based therapeutics. Nevertheless, challenges such as drug resistance, viral persistence, and limited therapeutic options for certain viruses remain areas of active research.

Preventive strategies, including vaccination programs and antiviral prophylaxis, have proven highly effective in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. The ongoing development of mRNA vaccines and other novel vaccine platforms demonstrates the potential to combat both existing and emerging viral threats.

As the Guest Editor of this Special Issue, I would like to invite original research articles, reviews, and short communications focusing on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of viral infections. Contributions exploring innovative technologies, translational approaches, and real-world applications are particularly welcome.

Dr. Alexandro Guterres
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • viral infections
  • molecular diagnostics
  • antiviral therapies
  • RNA-based vaccines
  • point-of-care testing
  • emerging viruses
  • drug resistance
  • immunotherapy
  • viral biomarkers
  • prevention strategies

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 595 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Gamma-Interferon from CMV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Defines Protection Against Clinically Significant CMV Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: The Quanti-CMV Score
by Elisa Ruiz-Arabi, Juan José Castón, Aurora Páez-Vega, Raquel Fernández-Moreno, Federico Giovagnorio, Belén Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Angela Cano, Alberto Rodríguez-Benot, José M. Vaquero-Barrios, Isabel Machuca, Elisa Vidal, Sara Cantisán and Julián Torre-Cisneros
Microorganisms 2025, 13(3), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030589 - 4 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The cutoff value of the commercial interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (QuantiFERON-CMV) proposed by the manufacturer is assumed to be predictive. We aimed to determine the optimal cutoff value for protection against clinically significant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection within 30 days. We analyzed two different [...] Read more.
The cutoff value of the commercial interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (QuantiFERON-CMV) proposed by the manufacturer is assumed to be predictive. We aimed to determine the optimal cutoff value for protection against clinically significant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection within 30 days. We analyzed two different cohorts: adult CMV seropositive kidney transplant (KT) recipients with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction from the TIMOVAL study and seropositive lung transplant (LT) patients from the CYTOCOR study. The optimal cutoff value was established using Youden’s index. We estimated the predictive capacity of the cutoff value through the AUROC and assessed the diagnostic accuracy of the assay at the different cutoff values. We finally evaluated clinical variables that could improve the predictive ability of the assay on a predictive score. Four hundred-four samples from 130 transplant recipients were analyzed. The optimal cutoff value was ≥2.2 IU/mL for both populations, with a positive predictive value of 99% and 99.5% (95% CI, 98–100%) for KT and LT recipients, respectively. The AUROC of the predictive score was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73–0.97). Using the proposed cutoff value and the Quanti-CMV score may allow the individualization of preventive strategies and serve as an objective tool to support clinical decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Viral Infections)
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Review

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34 pages, 2053 KiB  
Review
Molecular Insights into HPV-Driven Cervical Cancer: Oncoproteins, Immune Evasion, and Epigenetic Modifications
by Luciana Alexandra Pavelescu, Nicoleta Larisa Mititelu-Zafiu, Dana Elena Mindru, Radu Vladareanu and Antoanela Curici
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051000 - 27 Apr 2025
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Abstract
Cervical cancer ranks third in mortality and fourth in incidence among women worldwide as one of the leading causes of death from cancer in females. The main reason behind cervical carcinogenesis is long-term infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, particularly HPV16 and [...] Read more.
Cervical cancer ranks third in mortality and fourth in incidence among women worldwide as one of the leading causes of death from cancer in females. The main reason behind cervical carcinogenesis is long-term infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, particularly HPV16 and HPV18. This review investigates HPV distribution across the world, along with cervical cancer molecular development mechanisms and current treatment strategies. Epidemiological data show that disease patterns vary significantly between different geographic regions because underdeveloped nations bear a higher disease burden. The molecular mechanisms of oncogenes E6 and E7 disrupt tumor suppressor pathways, while epigenetic modifications through DNA methylation and miRNA dysregulation promote malignant cell transformation. The reduction in HPV infection through prophylactic vaccination has shown promise, yet barriers related to accessibility and coverage still exist. The therapeutic technologies of gene expression inhibitors together with immunotherapies and epigenetic targeting agents show promise but require optimization to achieve specific targeting while minimizing off-target effects. A combined approach that integrates HPV vaccination with early diagnosis and molecular-specific therapies represents the most effective method to manage cervical cancer impact. The future care of patients will require increased translational research along with better immunization programs to drive prevention and therapeutic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Viral Infections)
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