Micromachines

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3 pages, 152 KiB

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Editorial for the Special Issue of Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines

by Norihisa Miki, Koji Miyazaki and Yuya Morimoto

Micromachines 2019, 10(9), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10090618 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

The Micro-Nano Science and Technology Division of the JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers) promotes academic activities to pioneer novel research topics on microscopic mechanics [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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12 pages, 12791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Influence of Nanoscale Structure on Water Wetting and Condensation

by Masaki Hiratsuka, Motoki Emoto, Akihisa Konno and Shinichiro Ito

Micromachines 2019, 10(9), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10090587 - 31 Aug 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5227

Abstract

Recent advances in the microfabrication technology have made it possible to control surface properties at micro- and nanoscale levels. Functional surfaces drastically change wettability and condensation processes that are essential for controlling of heat transfer. However, the direct observation of condensation on micro- [...] Read more.

Recent advances in the microfabrication technology have made it possible to control surface properties at micro- and nanoscale levels. Functional surfaces drastically change wettability and condensation processes that are essential for controlling of heat transfer. However, the direct observation of condensation on micro- and nanostructure surfaces is difficult, and further understanding of the effects of the microstructure on the phase change is required. In this research, the contact angle of droplets with a wall surface and the initial condensation process were analyzed using a molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the impact of nanoscale structures and their adhesion force on condensation. The results demonstrated the dependence of the contact angle of the droplets and condensation dynamics on the wall structure and attractive force of the wall surface. Condensed water droplets were adsorbed into the nanostructures and formed a water film in case of a hydrophilic surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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11 pages, 3537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Lipid Accumulation Using Electrical Impedance Measurement under Three-Dimensional Culture Condition

by Daiki Zemmyo and Shogo Miyata

Micromachines 2019, 10(7), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10070455 - 6 Jul 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

The degeneration of adipocyte has been reported to cause obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases. To treat these diseases, an effective in vitro evaluation and drug-screening system for adipocyte culture is required. The objective of this study is to establish an in vitro [...] Read more.

The degeneration of adipocyte has been reported to cause obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases. To treat these diseases, an effective in vitro evaluation and drug-screening system for adipocyte culture is required. The objective of this study is to establish an in vitro three-dimensional cell culture system to enable the monitoring of lipid accumulation by measuring electrical impedance, and to determine the relationship between the impedance and lipid accumulation of adipocytes cultured three dimensionally. Consequently, pre-adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells, were cultured and differentiated to the adipocytes in our culture system, and the electrical impedance of the three-dimensional adipocyte culture at a high frequency was related to the lipid accumulation of the adipocytes. In conclusion, the lipid accumulation of adipocytes could be evaluated in real time by monitoring the electrical impedance during in vitro culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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15 pages, 4766 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

4D Printing of Multi-Hydrogels Using Direct Ink Writing in a Supporting Viscous Liquid

by Takuya Uchida and Hiroaki Onoe

Micromachines 2019, 10(7), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10070433 - 30 Jun 2019

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 7919

Abstract

We propose a method to print four-dimensional (4D) stimuli-responsive hydrogel structures with internal gaps. Our 4D structures are fabricated by printing an N-isopropylacrylamide-based stimuli-responsive pre-gel solution (NIPAM-based ink) and an acrylamide-based non-responsive pre-gel solution (AAM-based ink) in a supporting viscous liquid (carboxymethyl cellulose [...] Read more.

We propose a method to print four-dimensional (4D) stimuli-responsive hydrogel structures with internal gaps. Our 4D structures are fabricated by printing an N-isopropylacrylamide-based stimuli-responsive pre-gel solution (NIPAM-based ink) and an acrylamide-based non-responsive pre-gel solution (AAM-based ink) in a supporting viscous liquid (carboxymethyl cellulose solution) and by polymerizing the printed structures using ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. First, the printed ink position and width were investigated by varying various parameters. The position of the printed ink changed according to physical characteristics of the ink and supporting liquid and printing conditions including the flow rates of the ink and the nozzle diameter, position, and speed. The width of the printed ink was mainly influenced by the ink flow rate and the nozzle speed. Next, we confirmed the polymerization of the printed ink in the supporting viscous liquid, as well as its responsivity to thermal stimulation. The degree of polymerization became smaller, as the interval time was longer after printing. The polymerized ink shrunk or swelled repeatedly according to thermal stimulation. In addition, printing multi-hydrogels was demonstrated by using a nozzle attached to a Y shape connector, and the responsivity of the multi-hydrogels to thermal-stimulation was investigated. The pattern of the multi-hydrogels structure and its responsivity to thermal-stimulation were controlled by the flow ratio of the inks. Finally, various 4D structures including a rounded pattern, a spiral shape pattern, a cross point, and a multi-hydrogel pattern were fabricated, and their deformations in response to the stimuli were demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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9 pages, 2575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Connecting Mechanism for Artificial Blood Vessels with High Biocompatibility

by Ai Watanabe and Norihisa Miki

Micromachines 2019, 10(7), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10070429 - 28 Jun 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4767

Abstract

This paper proposes a connecting mechanism for artificial vessels, which can be attached/detached with ease and does not deteriorate the biocompatibility of the vessels at the joint. The inner surface of the artificial vessels is designed to have high biocompatibility. In order to [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a connecting mechanism for artificial vessels, which can be attached/detached with ease and does not deteriorate the biocompatibility of the vessels at the joint. The inner surface of the artificial vessels is designed to have high biocompatibility. In order to make the best of the property, the proposed connecting mechanism contacts and fixes the two artificial vessels whose contacting edges are turned inside out. In this manner, blood flowing inside the vessels only has contact with the biocompatible surface. The biocompatibility, or biofouling at the joint was investigated after in vitro blood circulation tests for 72 h with scanning electron microscopy. Blood coagulation for a short term (120 min) was evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). A decrease of APTT was observed, although it was too small to conclude that the connector augmented the blood coagulation. The micro dialysis device which our group has developed as the artificial kidney was inserted into the blood circulation system with the connector. Decrease of APTT was similarly small. These experiments verified that the proposed connector can be readily applicable for implantable medical devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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9 pages, 12521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extension of the Measurable Wavelength Range for a Near-Infrared Spectrometer Using a Plasmonic Au Grating on a Si Substrate

by Yu Suido, Yosuke Yamamoto, Gaulier Thomas, Yoshiharu Ajiki and Tetsuo Kan

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060403 - 17 Jun 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4380

Abstract

In this paper, we proposed near-infrared spectroscopy based on a Si photodetector equipped with a gold grating and extended the measurable wavelength range to cover 1200–1600 nm by improving a spectrum derivation procedure. In the spectrum derivation, photocurrent data during alteration of the [...] Read more.

In this paper, we proposed near-infrared spectroscopy based on a Si photodetector equipped with a gold grating and extended the measurable wavelength range to cover 1200–1600 nm by improving a spectrum derivation procedure. In the spectrum derivation, photocurrent data during alteration of the incidence angle of the measured light were converted using a responsivity matrix R, which determines the spectroscopic characteristics of the photodetector device. A generalized inverse matrix of R was used to obtain the spectrum and to fit a situation where multiple surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks appeared in the scanning range. When light composed of two wavelengths, 1250 nm and 1450 nm, was irradiated, the two wavelengths were distinctively discriminated using the improved method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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7 pages, 1716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Writing of Copper Micropatterns Using Near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser-Pulse-Induced Reduction of Glyoxylic Acid Copper Complex

by Mizue Mizoshiri, Keiko Aoyama, Akira Uetsuki and Tomoji Ohishi

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060401 - 17 Jun 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

We have fabricated Cu-based micropatterns in an ambient environment using femtosecond laser direct writing to reduce a glyoxylic acid Cu complex spin-coated onto a glass substrate. To do this, we scanned a train of focused femtosecond laser pulses over the complex film in [...] Read more.

We have fabricated Cu-based micropatterns in an ambient environment using femtosecond laser direct writing to reduce a glyoxylic acid Cu complex spin-coated onto a glass substrate. To do this, we scanned a train of focused femtosecond laser pulses over the complex film in air, following which the non-irradiated complex was removed by rinsing the substrates with ethanol. A minimum line width of 6.1 µm was obtained at a laser-pulse energy of 0.156 nJ and scanning speeds of 500 and 1000 µm/s. This line width is significantly smaller than that obtained in previous work using a CO₂ laser. In addition, the lines are electrically conducting. However, the minimum resistivity of the line pattern was 2.43 × 10⁻⁶ Ω·m, which is ~10 times greater than that of the pattern formed using the CO₂ laser. An X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that the balance between reduction and re-oxidation of the glyoxylic acid Cu complex determines the nature of the highly reduced Cu patterns in the ambient air. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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9 pages, 4719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cyclic Stretch on Tissue Maturation in Myoblast-Laden Hydrogel Fibers

by Shinako Bansai, Takashi Morikura, Hiroaki Onoe and Shogo Miyata

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060399 - 15 Jun 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7307

Abstract

Engineering of the skeletal muscles has attracted attention for the restoration of damaged muscles from myopathy, injury, and extraction of malignant tumors. Reconstructing a three-dimensional muscle using living cells could be a promising approach. However, the regenerated tissue exhibits a weak construction force [...] Read more.

Engineering of the skeletal muscles has attracted attention for the restoration of damaged muscles from myopathy, injury, and extraction of malignant tumors. Reconstructing a three-dimensional muscle using living cells could be a promising approach. However, the regenerated tissue exhibits a weak construction force due to the insufficient tissue maturation. The purpose of this study is to establish the reconstruction system for the skeletal muscle. We used a cell-laden core-shell hydrogel microfiber as a three-dimensional culture to control the cellular orientation. Moreover, to mature the muscle tissue in the microfiber, we also developed a custom-made culture device for imposing cyclic stretch stimulation using a motorized stage and the fiber-grab system. As a result, the directions of the myotubes were oriented and the mature myotubes could be formed by cyclic stretch stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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10 pages, 5260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistance Change Mechanism of Electronic Component Mounting through Contact Pressure Using Elastic Adhesive

by Takashi Sato, Tomoya Koshi and Eiji Iwase

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060396 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4535

Abstract

For mounting electronic components through contact pressure using elastic adhesives, a high contact resistance is an inevitable issue in achieving solderless wiring in a low-temperature and low-cost process. To decrease the contact resistance, we investigated the resistance change mechanism by measuring the contact [...] Read more.

For mounting electronic components through contact pressure using elastic adhesives, a high contact resistance is an inevitable issue in achieving solderless wiring in a low-temperature and low-cost process. To decrease the contact resistance, we investigated the resistance change mechanism by measuring the contact resistance with various contact pressures and copper layer thicknesses. The contact resistivity decreased to 4.2 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m² as the contact pressure increased to 800 kPa and the copper layer thickness decreased to 5 µm. In addition, we measured the change in the total resistance with various copper layer thicknesses, including the contact and wiring resistance, and obtained the minimum combined resistance of 123 mΩ with a copper-layer thickness of 30 µm using our mounting method. In this measurement, a low contact resistance was obtained with a 5-µm-thick copper layer and a contact pressure of 200 kPa or more; however, there is a trade-off with respect to the copper layer thickness in obtaining the minimum combined resistance because of the increasing wiring resistance. Subsequently, based on these measurements, we developed a sandwich structure to decrease the contact resistance, and a contact resistivity of 8.0 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m² was obtained with the proposed structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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9 pages, 1925 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Design of Rigidity and Breaking Strain for a Kirigami Structure with Non-Uniform Deformed Regions

by Hiroki Taniyama and Eiji Iwase

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060395 - 14 Jun 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5599

Abstract

We modeled a kirigami structure by considering the influence of non-uniform deforming cuts in order to theoretically design the mechanical characteristics of the structure. It is known that the end regions of kirigami structures are non-uniformly deformed when stretched, because the deformation is [...] Read more.

We modeled a kirigami structure by considering the influence of non-uniform deforming cuts in order to theoretically design the mechanical characteristics of the structure. It is known that the end regions of kirigami structures are non-uniformly deformed when stretched, because the deformation is inhibited at the regions close to both the ends connected to the uncut region in the longitudinal direction. The non-uniform deformation affects the overall mechanical characteristics of the structure. Our model was intended to elucidate how cuts at both ends influence these characteristics. We focused on the difference in the deformation degree caused by a cut between the regions close to the ends and the center of the stretched kirigami device. We proposed a model comprising of connected springs in series with different rigidities in the regions close to the ends and the center. The spring model showed good prediction tendency with regard to the curve of the stress–strain diagram obtained using the tensile test with a test piece. Therefore, the results show that it is possible to theoretically design the mechanical characteristics of a kirigami structure, and that such a design can well predict the influence of cuts, which induce non-uniform deformation at both ends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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9 pages, 1982 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Thermal Tactile Sensation Display with Controllable Thermal Conductivity

by Seiya Hirai and Norihisa Miki

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060359 - 29 May 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4883

Abstract

We demonstrate a thermal tactile sensation display that can present various thermal sensations, namely cold/cool/warm/hot feelings, by varying the effective thermal conductivity of the display. Thermal sensation is one of the major tactile sensations and needs to be further investigated for advanced virtual [...] Read more.

We demonstrate a thermal tactile sensation display that can present various thermal sensations, namely cold/cool/warm/hot feelings, by varying the effective thermal conductivity of the display. Thermal sensation is one of the major tactile sensations and needs to be further investigated for advanced virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) systems. Conventional thermal sensation displays present hot/cold sensations by changing the temperature of the display surface, whereas the proposed display is the first one that controls its effective thermal conductivity. The device contains an air cavity and liquid metal that have low and high thermal conductivity, respectively. When the liquid metal is introduced to fill up the air cavity, the apparent thermal conductivity of the device increases. This difference in the thermal conductivity leads to the users experiencing different thermal tactile sensations. Using this device, the threshold to discriminate the effective thermal conductivity was experimentally deduced for the first time. This thermal tactile display can be a good platform for further study of thermal tactile sensation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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11 pages, 8503 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Temporal Observation of Adipocyte Microfiber Using Anchoring Device

by Akiyo Yokomizo, Yuya Morimoto, Keigo Nishimura and Shoji Takeuchi

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060358 - 29 May 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4715

Abstract

In this paper, we propose an anchoring device with pillars to immobilize an adipocyte microfiber that has a fiber-shaped adipocyte tissue covered by an alginate gel shell. Because the device enabled the immobilization of the microfiber in a culture dish even after its [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose an anchoring device with pillars to immobilize an adipocyte microfiber that has a fiber-shaped adipocyte tissue covered by an alginate gel shell. Because the device enabled the immobilization of the microfiber in a culture dish even after its transportation and the exchange of the culture medium, we can easily track the specific positions of the microfiber for a long period. Owing to the characteristics of the anchoring device, we successfully performed temporal observations of the microfiber on the device for a month to investigate the function and morphology of three-dimensional cultured adipocytes. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of the anchoring device to drug testing, we evaluated the lipolysis of the microfiber’s adipocytes by applying reagents with an anti-obesity effect. Therefore, we believe that the anchoring device with the microfiber will be a useful tool for temporal biochemical analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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11 pages, 5075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magneto-Impedance Sensor Driven by 400 MHz Logarithmic Amplifier

by Tomoo Nakai

Micromachines 2019, 10(6), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060355 - 29 May 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3426

Abstract

A thin-film magnetic field sensor is useful for detecting foreign matters and nanoparticles included in industrial and medical products. It can detect a small piece of tool steel chipping or breakage inside the products nondestructively. An inspection of all items in the manufacturing [...] Read more.

A thin-film magnetic field sensor is useful for detecting foreign matters and nanoparticles included in industrial and medical products. It can detect a small piece of tool steel chipping or breakage inside the products nondestructively. An inspection of all items in the manufacturing process is desirable for the smart manufacturing system. This report provides an impressive candidate for realizing this target. A thin-film magneto-impedance sensor has an extremely high sensitivity, especially, it is driven by alternatiing current (AC) around 500 MHz. For driving the sensor in such high frequency, a special circuit is needed for detecting an impedance variation of the sensor. In this paper, a logarithmic amplifier for detecting a signal level of 400 MHz output of the sensor is proposed. The logarithmic amplifier is almost 5 mm × 5 mm size small IC-chip which is widely used in wireless devices such as cell phones for detecting high-frequency signal level. The merit of the amplifier is that it can translate hundreds of MHz signal to a direct current (DC) voltage signal which is proportional to the radio frequency (RF)signal by only one IC-chip, so that the combination of a chip Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), a magneto-impedance (MI) sensor and the logarithmic amplifier can compose a simple sensor driving circuit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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16 pages, 4148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Separation of Nano- and Microparticle Flows Using Thermophoresis in Branched Microfluidic Channels

by Tetsuro Tsuji, Yuki Matsumoto, Ryo Kugimiya, Kentaro Doi and Satoyuki Kawano

Micromachines 2019, 10(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10050321 - 12 May 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4422

Abstract

Particle flow separation is a useful technique in lab-on-a-chip applications to selectively transport dispersed phases to a desired branch in microfluidic devices. The present study aims to demonstrate both nano- and microparticle flow separation using microscale thermophoresis at a Y-shaped branch in microfluidic [...] Read more.

Particle flow separation is a useful technique in lab-on-a-chip applications to selectively transport dispersed phases to a desired branch in microfluidic devices. The present study aims to demonstrate both nano- and microparticle flow separation using microscale thermophoresis at a Y-shaped branch in microfluidic channels. Microscale thermophoresis is the transport of tiny particles induced by a temperature gradient in fluids where the temperature variation is localized in the region of micrometer order. Localized temperature increases near the branch are achieved using the Joule heat from a thin-film micro electrode embedded in the bottom wall of the microfluidic channel. The inlet flow of the particle dispersion is divided into two outlet flows which are controlled to possess the same flow rates at the symmetric branches. The particle flow into one of the outlets is blocked by microscale thermophoresis since the particles are repelled from the hot region in the experimental conditions used here. As a result, only the solvent at one of outlets and the residual particle dispersion at the other outlet are obtained, i.e., the separation of particles flows is achieved. A simple model to explain the dynamic behavior of the nanoparticle distribution near the electrode is proposed, and a qualitative agreement with the experimental results is obtained. The proposed method can be easily combined with standard microfluidic devices and is expected to facilitate the development of novel particle separation and filtration technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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18 pages, 5296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Analyses of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Flow around a Micro-Pillar Subjected to Rotational Vibration

by Kanji Kaneko, Takayuki Osawa, Yukinori Kametani, Takeshi Hayakawa, Yosuke Hasegawa and Hiroaki Suzuki

Micromachines 2018, 9(12), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9120668 - 17 Dec 2018

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5785

Abstract

The steady streaming (SS) phenomenon is gaining increased attention in the microfluidics community, because it can generate net mass flow from zero-mean vibration. We developed numerical simulation and experimental measurement tools to analyze this vibration-induced flow, which has been challenging due to its [...] Read more.

The steady streaming (SS) phenomenon is gaining increased attention in the microfluidics community, because it can generate net mass flow from zero-mean vibration. We developed numerical simulation and experimental measurement tools to analyze this vibration-induced flow, which has been challenging due to its unsteady nature. The validity of these analysis methods is confirmed by comparing the three-dimensional (3D) flow field and the resulting particle trajectories induced around a cylindrical micro-pillar under circular vibration. In the numerical modeling, we directly solved the flow in the Lagrangian frame so that the substrate with a micro-pillar becomes stationary, and the results were converted to a stationary Eulerian frame to compare with the experimental results. The present approach enables us to avoid the introduction of a moving boundary or infinitesimal perturbation approximation. The flow field obtained by the micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) measurement supported the three-dimensionality observed in the numerical results, which could be important for controlling the mass transport and manipulating particulate objects in microfluidic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 9th Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology on Micromachines)

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