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Metals
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Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications,...
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Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications, and Manufacturing

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (27 September 2021) | Viewed by 10213

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Carlos Angulo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
Interests: wear in tool steels; additive manufacturing; hot stamping technology; influence of microstructure on wear; computational mechanics
Prof. Dr. Luis Norberto López De Lacalle

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
The Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center-CFAA, 48170 Zamudio, Biscay, Spain
Interests: manufacturing process
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

To minimize the wear rate of cold and hot work tools, it is necessary to understand the factors that are related to steels’ wear mechanisms. This knowledge can be used to select the proper tool steel and thereby increase the tool life. Thus, the tribological characteristics of the metal blank surface in terms of friction coefficient depend on the blank temperature and contact pressure.

Wear mechanisms involved with tool damage on the one hand, and fatigue life on the other, are determined by factors that are directly related to the mechanical properties of the materials. The study of wear behavior in friction processes is carried out using specific tribological tests in order to characterize different tool steel grades, with and without coatings. The development of new advanced materials requires the use of advanced manufacturing technologies.

This Special Issue aims to address the tribological behavior of tool steels for cold and hot work. Papers dealing with processing techniques, modeling of the mechanical behavior, characterization of material microstructure, testing solutions, temperature dependence, as well as advanced applications are encouraged. Proposed topics are the following ones:

  • Tool steel grades and characteristics
  • Metallurgy of tool steels
  • Wear and tribology
  • Effect of chemical alloying elements, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and others
  • High-speed steels
  • Mechanical behavior of tool steels: tensile, fatigue, and other mechanical characteristics
  • Manufacturing of dies and molds
  • Production with tool steels: cold and hot stamping, extruding, forming, drawing, injection, and others
  • Cutting tools
  • Presses, injection machines, and other equipment
  • Coatings for tool steels and dies
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Surface integrity
  • Sculptured surface machining

Prof. Dr. Carlos Angulo
Prof. Dr. Luis Norberto López De Lacalle
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Tool steel grades and characteristics - Metallurgy of tool steels - Wear and tribology Effect of chemical alloying elements, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and others
  • High-speed steels
  • Mechanical behavior of tool steels: tensile, fatigue, and other mechanical characteristics
  • Manufacturing of dies and molds
  • Production with tool steels: cold and hot stamping, extruding, forming, drawing, injection, and others
  • Cutting tools
  • Presses, injection machines, and other equipment
  • Coatings for tool steels and dies
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Surface integrity
  • Sculptured surface machining

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 5313 KiB  
Article
Reduction of Die Wear and Structural Defects of Railway Screw Spike Heads Estimated by FEM
by Jackeline Alcázar, Germán Abate, Nazareno Antunez, Alejandro Simoncelli, Antonio J. Sánchez Egea, Daniel Martinez Krahmer and Norberto López de Lacalle
Metals 2021, 11(11), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111834 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
Railway spike screws are manufactured by hot forging on a massive scale, due to each kilometer of railway track needing 8600 spike screws. These components have a low market value, so the head must be formed in a single die stroke. The service [...] Read more.
Railway spike screws are manufactured by hot forging on a massive scale, due to each kilometer of railway track needing 8600 spike screws. These components have a low market value, so the head must be formed in a single die stroke. The service life of the dies is directly related to the amount of energy required to form a single screw. The existing standard for spike screws specifies only the required tolerances for the head dimensions, particularly the angle of the hub faces and the radius of agreement of the hub with the cap. Both geometrical variables of the head and process conditions (as-received material diameter and flash thickness) are critical parameters in spike production. This work focuses on minimizing the energy required for forming the head of a railway spike screw by computational simulation. The variables with the highest degree of incidence on the energy, forging load, and filling of the die are ordered statistically. The results show that flash thickness is the variable with the most significant influence on forming energy and forming load, as well as on die filling. Specifically, the minimum forming energy was obtained for combining of a hub wall angle of 1.3° an as-received material diameter of 23.54 mm and a flash thickness of 2.25 mm. Flash thickness generates a lack of filling at the top vertices of the hub, although this defect does not affect the functionality of the part or its serviceability. Finally, the wear is mainly concentrated on the die splice radii, where the highest contact pressure is concentrated according to the computational simulation results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications, and Manufacturing)
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17 pages, 8697 KiB  
Article
Oversizing Thread Diagnosis in Tapping Operation
by Alain Gil Del Val, Fernando Veiga, Mariluz Penalva and Miguel Arizmendi
Metals 2021, 11(4), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040537 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
Automotive, railway and aerospace sectors require a high level of quality on the thread profiles in their manufacturing systems knowing that the tapping process is a complex manufacturing process and the last operation in a manufacturing cell. Therefore, a multivariate statistical process control [...] Read more.
Automotive, railway and aerospace sectors require a high level of quality on the thread profiles in their manufacturing systems knowing that the tapping process is a complex manufacturing process and the last operation in a manufacturing cell. Therefore, a multivariate statistical process control chart, for each tap, is presented based on the principal components of the torque signal directly measured from spindle motor drive to diagnosis the thread profile quality. This on-line multivariate control chart has implemented an alarm to avoid defected screw threads (oversized). Therefore, it could work automatically without any operator intervention assessing the thread quality and the safety is guaranteed during the tapping process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications, and Manufacturing)
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20 pages, 10294 KiB  
Article
Tool Wear Prediction in the Forming of Automotive DP980 Steel Sheet Using Statistical Sensitivity Analysis and Accelerated U-Bending Based Wear Test
by Junho Bang, Namsu Park, Junghan Song, Hong-Gee Kim, Gihyun Bae and Myoung-Gyu Lee
Metals 2021, 11(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020306 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
The forming process of ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) may cause premature damage to the tool surface due to the high forming pressure. The damage to and wear of the tool surface increase maintenance costs and deteriorate the surface quality of the sheet products. Hence, [...] Read more.
The forming process of ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) may cause premature damage to the tool surface due to the high forming pressure. The damage to and wear of the tool surface increase maintenance costs and deteriorate the surface quality of the sheet products. Hence, a reliable prediction model for tool wear can help in the efficient management of the quality and productivity of formed sheet products of UHSS. In this study, a methodology is proposed for predicting the wear behavior of stamping tools that are used in the forming process of DP980 steel sheet. Pin-on-disk tests were conducted based on the Taguchi method to develop the tool wear prediction model. Using statistical analysis based on the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and ANOVA result, the contact pressure and the sliding distance were selected as the major contact parameters for tool wear. The Archard wear model has a limitation in predicting the nonlinear behavior of tool wear. Therefore, the power-law nonlinear regression model as a function of the contact pressure and the sliding distance was constructed. To verify the reliability of the constructed tool wear prediction model, the U-draw bending tests were designed. The modified U-draw bending test, which accelerates tool wear, is newly designed to evaluate the tool wear for different contact pressures and sliding distances. The modified die generated a contact pressure four times higher than that of the conventional die from the finite element (FE) simulation results. The tool wear prediction model was validated by comparing the predicted results with the experimental results of DP980 sheets formed using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) CrN-coated STD11 tool steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications, and Manufacturing)
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13 pages, 16745 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cooling Path on Microstructures and Hardness of Hot-Stamped Steel
by Yaowen Xu, Qiumei Ji, Gengwei Yang, Siqian Bao, Gang Zhao, Xiaodong Miao and Xinping Mao
Metals 2020, 10(12), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121692 - 18 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3099
Abstract
The final mechanical properties of hot-stamped steel are determined by the microstructures which are greatly influenced by the cooling process after hot stamping. This research studied the effect of the cooling path on the microstructures and hardness of 22MnB5 hot-stamped steel. The cooling [...] Read more.
The final mechanical properties of hot-stamped steel are determined by the microstructures which are greatly influenced by the cooling process after hot stamping. This research studied the effect of the cooling path on the microstructures and hardness of 22MnB5 hot-stamped steel. The cooling path was divided into continuous and discontinuous (primary and secondary) processes. After cooling, the Vickers hardness along the thickness of the specimens was measured. The results indicate that, for a continuous cooling process, there was a critical cooling rate of 25 °C/s to obtain fully martensitic microstructure. For the discontinuous cooling process, the slower was the cooling rate, the higher was the degree of auto-tempering that occurred, and the greater was the amount of carbides that formed, regardless of the primary or secondary cooling rate. When the cooling rate was lower than the critical value, a higher primary cooling rate suppressed the auto-tempering of lath martensite and increased the quenched hardness. By contrast, the hardness was not sensitive to the cooling rate when it exceeded the critical value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tool Steels for Cold or Hot Work: Steel Grades, Applications, and Manufacturing)
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