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Metals
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Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel
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Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Welding and Joining".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 1894

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Xuelin Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: low-alloy steel; stainless steel; welding; physical metallurgical behavior
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advanced alloy materials and steel materials are widely used in aerospace, marine engineering, the construction industry, and other fields. A considerable portion of engineering construction is carried out through welding or riveting methods. The most critical aspect ensuring the mechanical and service performance of the connection area to meet the technical requirements of high safety and a long lifespan. During welding or other joining processes, materials such as alloys and steels are subject to external heating or processing effects, causing changes in the matrix microstructure and properties of the materials. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive research on the welding and joining behavior of materials under different working conditions, including but not limited to the microstructural evolution, changes in mechanical properties, impact toughness, fracture toughness, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and other indicators.

Dr. Xuelin Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • welding metals
  • joining
  • mechanical properties
  • HSLA steel
  • fatigue performance
  • low-alloy steel
  • stainless steel
  • welding
  • physical metallurgical behavior

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2082 KiB  
Article
Laser–Arc Welding Adaptive Model of Multi-Pre-Welding Condition Based on GA-BP Neural Network
by Zesheng Wu, Zhaodong Zhang and Gang Song
Metals 2025, 15(6), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15060611 - 28 May 2025
Viewed by 357
Abstract
In large welding structures, maintaining a uniform assembly condition and machined dimension in the pre-welding groove is challenging. The assembly condition and machined dimension of the pre-welding groove significantly impact the selection of the welding parameters. In this study, laser–arc hybrid welding is [...] Read more.
In large welding structures, maintaining a uniform assembly condition and machined dimension in the pre-welding groove is challenging. The assembly condition and machined dimension of the pre-welding groove significantly impact the selection of the welding parameters. In this study, laser–arc hybrid welding is used to perform butt welding on 6 mm Q345 steel in various assembly conditions, and we propose an adaptive model of the BP neural network optimized by a genetic algorithm (GA) for laser–arc welding. By employing the GA algorithm to optimize the parameters of the neural network, the relationship between the pre-welding groove parameters and welding parameters is established. The mean square error (MSE) of the GA-BP neural network is 0.75%. It is verified via experiments that the neural network can predict the welding parameters required to process a specific welding morphology under different pre-welding grooves. This model provides technical support for the development of intelligent welding systems for large and complex components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel)
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24 pages, 23216 KiB  
Article
Effect of Aging at Different Temperatures on Microstructure Evolution of 347H Heat-Resistant Steel-Welded Joints
by Jun Xiao, Geng Tian, Di Wang, Kuo Cao and Aimin Zhao
Metals 2025, 15(5), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050518 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
This study used 347H heat-resistant steel as the base material and systematically investigated the microstructural evolution and second-phase precipitation in typical regions during welding and aging processes. The results showed that the weld metal consisted of austenitic dendrites and inter-dendritic ferrite in a [...] Read more.
This study used 347H heat-resistant steel as the base material and systematically investigated the microstructural evolution and second-phase precipitation in typical regions during welding and aging processes. The results showed that the weld metal consisted of austenitic dendrites and inter-dendritic ferrite in a lath-like form. In the welded samples, the HAZ (Heat-Affected Zone) and BM (Base Material) regions were composed of equiaxed crystals. The microhardness of the HAZ was lower, mainly due to the coarser grain size and fewer second-phase particles. After aging at 700 °C, the hardness of all regions of the welded joint increased significantly due to the precipitation of M23C6 and MX phases. When the aging temperature increased to above 800 °C, the stability of the M23C6 phase decreased, and the diffusion rate of Nb in the matrix accelerated, promoting the preferential growth and stable presence of the MX phase. As the MX phase competes with the M23C6 phase for carbon during its formation, its generation suppresses the further precipitation of the M23C6 phase. Under 800 °C aging conditions, the γ/δ interface exhibited high interfacial energy, and the Nb content in the ferrite was higher, which facilitated the formation of the MX phase along this interface. As the aging temperature continued to rise, the hardness of the HAZ and BM regions initially increased and then decreased. After aging at 800 °C, the hardness decreased because the M23C6 phase no longer precipitated. After aging at 900 °C, the hardness of the HAZ and BM regions significantly increased, mainly due to the large precipitation of the MX phase. The hardness of the W (Weld Zone) and FZ (Fusion Zone) regions gradually decreased with the increase in aging temperature, mainly due to the reduction of inter-dendritic ferrite content, coarsening of second-phase particles, weakening of the pinning effect, and grain growth. In the 900 °C aging samples, the MX phase particle size from largest to smallest was as follows: W > HAZ > BM. The Nb-enriched ferrite provided the chemical driving force for the precipitation of the MX phase, while the δ/γ interface provided favorable conditions for its nucleation and growth; thus, the MX phase particles were the largest in the W region. The HAZ region, due to residual stress and smaller grain boundary area, had MX phase particle size second only to the W region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 8294 KiB  
Article
Study of Electrochemical Migration Behavior of Sn1.0Ag Solder
by Tianshuo Zhou, Fuye Lu, Min Shang, Yunpeng Wang and Haitao Ma
Metals 2025, 15(4), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040434 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness and the implementation of related regulations, lead-free soldering materials are gradually replacing the traditional leaded soldering materials in the field of electronics manufacturing. Sn–Ag soldering materials have become a research hotspot because of their good mechanical [...] Read more.
With the enhancement of environmental protection awareness and the implementation of related regulations, lead-free soldering materials are gradually replacing the traditional leaded soldering materials in the field of electronics manufacturing. Sn–Ag soldering materials have become a research hotspot because of their good mechanical properties, solderability, and thermal fatigue reliability, but their high cost limits their large-scale application. The low silver content of the Sn–Ag solder reduces the cost while maintaining an excellent performance. However, as the size of electronic components shrinks and the package density increases, the solder joint spacing decreases, the potential gradient increases, and electrochemical migration (ECM) becomes a key factor affecting the reliability of solder joints. In this study, the ECM failure process was simulated by the water droplet method, and the SEM and XPS analyses were utilized to investigate the ECM mechanism of Sn1.0Ag solder alloys, and the effects of different concentrations of NaCl solutions on their ECM were investigated. The results showed that the ECM of the Sn1.0Ag solder occurred in a 0.01 M NaCl solution, the dendritic composition was pure Sn, and the white precipitate was a mixture of Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)4. With the increase in the NaCl concentration, the corrosion resistance of the Sn1.0Ag solder alloy decreases and the ECM reaction intensifies, but with a high concentration of the NaCl solution, a large amount of precipitation hinders the migration of Sn ions, resulting in the generation of no dendrites. The present study provides new insights into the ECM behavior of a low-silver-content Sn–Ag solder system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel)
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22 pages, 7759 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Thermal and Flow Behaviors with Weld Microstructures During Laser Welding with Filler Wire for 2195 Al-Li Alloys
by Dejun Liu, Qihang Xv, Gan Tian, Ling Zhao, Xinzhi Yang and Maochuan Li
Metals 2025, 15(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040348 - 23 Mar 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of heat transfer and molten pool flow behavior on the final structure of laser filler wire welds, aiming to improve weld quality. Laser filler wire welding experiments and numerical simulations were performed on 2195 Al-Li alloy workpieces with [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effects of heat transfer and molten pool flow behavior on the final structure of laser filler wire welds, aiming to improve weld quality. Laser filler wire welding experiments and numerical simulations were performed on 2195 Al-Li alloy workpieces with varying welding parameters. Numerical simulation of the heat transfer and flow in the molten pool was carried out using the CFD method, and the moving filler wire was introduced from the computational boundary by secondary development. Simulation results indicated that reducing welding speed and increasing wire feeding rate enhanced the cooling rate of the weld. Additionally, energy absorbed by the filler wire contributed between 6% and 16% of the total energy input during the liquid bridge transition. Comparing experimental and simulation data revealed that the cooling rate significantly affected the weld’s micro-structure and hardness. Notably, the formation of the equiaxed grain zone (EQZ) was crucial for weld performance. Excessive cooling rates hindered EQZ formation, reducing flow in this critical region. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing welding parameters to enhance weld quality and performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Welding and Joining of Alloys and Steel)
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