Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Shape–Preserved CoFeNi–MOF/NF Exhibiting Superior Performance for Overall Water Splitting across Alkaline and Neutral Conditions
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102195 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
This study reported a multi–functional Co0.45Fe0.45Ni0.9–MOF/NF catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and overall water splitting, which was synthesized via a novel shape–preserving two–step hydrothermal method. The resulting bowknot flake structure on NF
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This study reported a multi–functional Co0.45Fe0.45Ni0.9–MOF/NF catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and overall water splitting, which was synthesized via a novel shape–preserving two–step hydrothermal method. The resulting bowknot flake structure on NF enhanced the exposure of active sites, fostering a superior electrocatalytic surface, and the synergistic effect between Co, Fe, and Ni enhanced the catalytic activity of the active site. In an alkaline environment, the catalyst exhibited impressive overpotentials of 244 mV and 287 mV at current densities of 50 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. Transitioning to a neutral environment, an overpotential of 505 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was achieved with the same catalyst, showing a superior property compared to similar catalysts. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that Co0.45Fe0.45Ni0.9–MOF/NF shows versatility as a bifunctional catalyst, excelling in both OER and HER, as well as overall water splitting. The innovative shape–preserving synthesis method presented in this study offers a facile method to develop an efficient electrocatalyst for OER under both alkaline and neutral conditions, which makes it a promising catalyst for hydrogen production by water splitting.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Let’s Print an Ecology in 3D (and 4D)
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Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda, Marek Hebda, Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur and Wei-Ting Lin
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102194 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
The concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology
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The concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology has been adapted to address the dynamic interplay of energy, resources, and information shaping both natural and artificial ecosystems. Previously, 3D (and 4D) printing technologies have been presented as potential tools within this ecological framework, promising a new economy for nature. However, despite the considerable scientific discourse surrounding both ecology and 3D printing, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the interplay between these directions. Therefore, a holistic review of incorporating ecological principles into 3D printing practices is presented, emphasizing environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and innovation. Furthermore, the ‘unecological’ aspects of 3D printing, disadvantages related to legal aspects, intellectual property, and legislation, as well as societal impacts, are underlined. These presented ideas collectively suggest a roadmap for future research and practice. This review calls for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing and the development of responsible practices aligned with ecological goals.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Materials for Additive Manufacturing)
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Open AccessArticle
Electronic Structure of Mg-, Si-, and Zn-Doped SnO2 Nanowires: Predictions from First Principles
by
Alexander Platonenko, Sergei Piskunov, Thomas C.-K. Yang, Jurga Juodkazyte, Inta Isakoviča, Anatoli I. Popov, Diana Junisbekova, Zein Baimukhanov and Alma Dauletbekova
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2193; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102193 - 07 May 2024
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We investigated the electronic structure of Mg-, Si-, and Zn-doped four-faceted [001]- and [110]-oriented SnO2 nanowires using first-principles calculations based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method. This approach, employing atomic-centered Gaussian-type functions as a basis set, was combined with
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We investigated the electronic structure of Mg-, Si-, and Zn-doped four-faceted [001]- and [110]-oriented SnO2 nanowires using first-principles calculations based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method. This approach, employing atomic-centered Gaussian-type functions as a basis set, was combined with hybrid density functional theory (DFT). Our results show qualitative agreement in predicting the formation of stable point defects due to atom substitutions on the surface of the SnO2 nanowire. Doping induces substantial atomic relaxation in the nanowires, changes in the covalency of the dopant–oxygen bond, and additional charge redistribution between the dopant and nanowire. Furthermore, our calculations reveal a narrowing of the band gap resulting from the emergence of midgap states induced by the incorporated defects. This study provides insights into the altered electronic properties caused by Mg, Si, and Zn doping, contributing to the further design of SnO2 nanowires for advanced electronic, optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and photocatalytic applications.
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Open AccessArticle
The Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of an 8-Inch SiC Single Crystal with Reduced BPD Density
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Chengyuan Sun, Yunfei Shang, Zuotao Lei, Yujian Wang, Hao Xue, Chunhui Yang and Yingmin Wang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102192 - 07 May 2024
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The basal plane dislocation (BPD) density is one of the most important defects affecting the application of SiC wafers. In this study, numerical simulations and corresponding experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of cooling processes, seed-bonding methods, and graphite crucible materials on
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The basal plane dislocation (BPD) density is one of the most important defects affecting the application of SiC wafers. In this study, numerical simulations and corresponding experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of cooling processes, seed-bonding methods, and graphite crucible materials on the BPD density in an 8-inch N-type 4H-SiC single crystal grown by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method. The results showed that the BPD density could be effectively reduced by increasing the cooling rate, optimizing the seed-bonding method, and adopting a graphite crucible with a similar coefficient of thermal expansion as the SiC single crystal. The BPD density in the experiments showed that a high cooling rate reduced the BPD density from 4689 cm−2 to 2925 cm−2; optimization of the seed-bonding method decreased the BPD density to 1560 cm−2. The BPD density was further reduced to 704 cm−2 through the adoption of a graphite crucible with a smaller thermal expansion coefficient.
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Open AccessArticle
Preparation of Structure-Function Integrated Layered CNT/Mg Composites
by
Shiping Deng, Linchi Zou, Zengxiang Liao and Zhijie Lin
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102191 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg)-matrix composites have excellent damping and electromagnetic shielding properties. However, the mismatch between their strength and toughness limits their wide application. The aim of this work is to overcome the strength-toughness mismatch by constructing micro- and nanostructures while maintaining the good functional
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Magnesium (Mg)-matrix composites have excellent damping and electromagnetic shielding properties. However, the mismatch between their strength and toughness limits their wide application. The aim of this work is to overcome the strength-toughness mismatch by constructing micro- and nanostructures while maintaining the good functional properties of Mg-matrix composites. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to spread carbon nanotubes (CNTs) out evenly on a Mg foil matrix. After spark plasma sintering (SPS), the grain organisation was refined, and the interlayer bonding was strengthened by hot rolling deformation. Finally, the microstructure, mechanical properties, damping properties, and electromagnetic shielding properties of the composites were analysed. Compared with the pure Mg laminates, the tensile strength and elongation of the CNT/Mg laminates were increased by 6.4% and 108.4%, respectively, with the significant improvement in toughness resulting from the increase in energy required for crack propagation due to the laminate structure. When the total rolling deflection reaches 80%, the interlayer bond strength of the material is significantly increased, the grain is further refined, and the strength and elongation of the composite material reaches the optimum, with the tensile strength reaching 241.70 MPa and the elongation reaching 6.90%. The interlayer interface and grain refinement also affected the damping Mg and electromagnetic shielding effect of the composites. This work provides an experimental idea for the preparation of high-performance structure-function integrated Mg-based materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Carrier Gas Flow Rate on the Synthesis of Monolayer WSe2 via Hydrogen-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition
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Xuemin Luo, Yanhui Jiao, Hang Li, Qi Liu, Jinfeng Liu, Mingwei Wang and Yong Liu
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102190 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), particularly monolayer TMDs with direct bandgap properties, are key to advancing optoelectronic device technology. WSe2 stands out due to its adjustable carrier transport, making it a prime candidate for optoelectronic applications. This study explores monolayer WSe2 synthesis
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Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), particularly monolayer TMDs with direct bandgap properties, are key to advancing optoelectronic device technology. WSe2 stands out due to its adjustable carrier transport, making it a prime candidate for optoelectronic applications. This study explores monolayer WSe2 synthesis via H2-assisted CVD, focusing on how carrier gas flow rate affects WSe2 quality. A comprehensive characterization of monolayer WSe2 was conducted using OM (optical microscope), Raman spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, AFM, SEM, XPS, HRTEM, and XRD. It was found that H2 incorporation and flow rate critically influence WSe2’s growth and structural integrity, with low flow rates favoring precursor concentration for product formation and high rates causing disintegration of existing structures. This research accentuates the significance of fine-tuning the carrier gas flow rate for optimizing monolayer WSe2 synthesis, offering insights for fabricating monolayer TMDs like WS2, MoSe2, and MoS2, and facilitating their broader integration into optoelectronic devices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Low-Dimensional Transition Metal Oxides and Selenides)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental and Thermal Stress Field Numerical Simulation Study on Laser Metal Deposition of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb Alloy
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Xiaolei Li, Sen Zhao, Gang Yuan, Lujun Cui, Shirui Guo, Bo Zheng, Yinghao Cui, Yongqian Chen, Yue Zhao and Chunjie Xu
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102189 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
The experimental and numerical simulation analysis of a TiAl alloy by laser metal deposition technology is presented in this paper. The research examines the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of samples as laser power varies. It also delves into how the temperature
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The experimental and numerical simulation analysis of a TiAl alloy by laser metal deposition technology is presented in this paper. The research examines the macroscopic morphology, microstructure, and mechanical properties of samples as laser power varies. It also delves into how the temperature field and residual stress evolve under different laser powers. The results reveal that the microstructure of samples is mainly composed of α2-Ti3Al phase and a γ-TiAl phase and that the details of the microstructure are significantly affected by laser power. As laser power increases, coarse lamellar structure content increases, corresponding to a decrease in α2 phase content. The deposited layer hardness ranges from 550 HV to 600 HV, and the average deposition layer hardness decreases with increased laser power. Simulation results predict the molten pool’s size, temperature, and residual stresses. A significant increase in the molten pool size is observed when the laser power exceeds 1000 W, and the measured molten pool depths correspond closely to simulation predictions. However, significant tensile stresses are generated in the deposition layer due to high cooling rates, mainly in the x direction. Cracks are observed on the surface of the deposition layer at all laser powers.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Technology with Metal Materials)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
The Production of Three-Dimensional Metal Objects Using Oscillatory-Strain-Assisted Fine Wire Shaping and Joining
by
Anagh Deshpande and Keng Hsu
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102188 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Material shaping and joining are the two fundamental processes that lie at the core of many forms of metal manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing. Current metal additive manufacturing processes such as laser/e-beam powder bed fusion and Directed Energy Deposition predominantly use heat and
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Material shaping and joining are the two fundamental processes that lie at the core of many forms of metal manufacturing techniques, including additive manufacturing. Current metal additive manufacturing processes such as laser/e-beam powder bed fusion and Directed Energy Deposition predominantly use heat and subsequent melt–fusion and solidification to achieve shaping and joining. The energy efficiency of these processes is severely limited due to energy conversion losses before energy is delivered at the point of melt–fusion for shaping and joining, and due to losses through heat transfer to the surrounding environment. This manuscript demonstrates that by using the physical phenomenon of lowered yield stress of metals and enhanced diffusion in the presence of low amplitude high frequency oscillatory strain, metal shaping and joining can be performed in an energy-efficient way. The two performed simultaneously enable a metal additive manufacturing process, namely Resonance-Assisted Deposition (RAD), that has several unique capabilities, like the ability to print net-shape components from hard-to-weld alloys like Al6061 and the ability to print components with a very high aspect ratio. In this study, we show this process’s capabilities by printing solid components using aluminum-based metal alloys.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Joining and Additive Manufacturing)
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Open AccessArticle
Relationship between Ambient Temperature and Reasonable Heat Dissipation Coefficient of Mass Concrete Pouring Blocks
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Jiaming Zhang, Hongshi Zhang, Yunpeng Zhao, Wenqiang Xu, Min Su, Jinyu Ge and Sheng Qiang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102187 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
In engineering practice, similar surface insulation measures are typically applied to different parts of mass concrete surfaces. However, this can lead to cracking at the edges of the concrete surface or the wastage of insulation materials. In comparison to flat surfaces, the edges
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In engineering practice, similar surface insulation measures are typically applied to different parts of mass concrete surfaces. However, this can lead to cracking at the edges of the concrete surface or the wastage of insulation materials. In comparison to flat surfaces, the edges of mass concrete structures dissipate heat more rapidly, leading to more pronounced stress concentration phenomena. Therefore, reinforced insulation measures are necessary. To reduce energy consumption and enhance overall insulation effectiveness, it is essential to study the specific insulation requirements of both the flat surfaces and edges of concrete separately and implement targeted surface insulation measures. Taking the bridge abutment planned for pouring in Nanjing City as the research object, this study established a finite element model to explore the effects of different ambient temperatures and different surface heat dissipation coefficients on the early-age temperature and stress fields of different parts of the abutment’s surface. Based on simulation results, reasonable heat dissipation coefficients that meet the requirements for crack prevention on both the structure’s plane and edges under different ambient temperatures were obtained. The results indicate that under the same conditions, the reasonable heat dissipation coefficient at the edges was smaller than that on the flat surfaces, indicating the need for stronger insulation measures at the edges. Finally, mathematical models correlating ambient temperature with reasonable heat dissipation coefficients for the structure’s plane and edges at these temperatures were established, with high data correlation and determination coefficients (R2) of 0.95 and 0.92. The mathematical models were validated, and the results from finite element calculations were found to be consistent with those from the mathematical models, validating the accuracy of the mathematical models. The conclusions drawn can provide references for the insulation of similar engineering concrete planes and edges.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials, Structures and Designs for Durable Roads)
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Open AccessArticle
Energy-Based Unified Models for Predicting the Fatigue Life Behaviors of Austenitic Steels and Welded Joints in Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants
by
Jeong Ho Hwang, Dae-Woong Kim, Jae-Yong Lim and Seong-Gu Hong
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102186 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
The development of a cost-effective and accurate model for predicting the fatigue life of materials is essential for designing thermal power plants and assessing their structural reliability under operational conditions. This paper reports a novel energy-based approach for developing unified models that predict
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The development of a cost-effective and accurate model for predicting the fatigue life of materials is essential for designing thermal power plants and assessing their structural reliability under operational conditions. This paper reports a novel energy-based approach for developing unified models that predict the fatigue life of boiler tube materials in ultra-supercritical (USC) power plants. The proposed method combines the Masing behavior with a cyclic stress–strain relationship and existing stress-based or strain-based fatigue life prediction models. Notably, the developed models conform to the structure of the modified Morrow model, which incorporates material toughness (a temperature compensation parameter) into the Morrow model to account for the effects of temperature. A significant advantage of this approach is that it eliminates the need for tensile tests, which are otherwise essential for assessing material toughness in the modified Morrow model. Instead, all material constants in our models are derived solely from fatigue test results. We validate our models using fatigue data from three promising USC boiler tube materials—Super304H, TP310HCbN, and TP347H—and their welded joints at operating temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C. The results demonstrate that approximately 91% of the fatigue data for all six materials fall within a 2.5× scatter band of the model’s predictions, indicating a high level of accuracy and broad applicability across various USC boiler tube materials and their welded joints, which is equivalent to the performance of the modified Morrow model.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding and Joining Technologies: Processes, Parameters, Structures, Properties and Simulations)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Studies of Fluidized Bed Calcination of Granulated Clay Material
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Katarzyna Kaczyńska and Piotr Pełka
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102185 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
The work presents a detailed analysis of the possibilities of the thermal processing of clay raw material granulates in a fluidized bed reactor powered by coal fuel. Potential customers of calcined granulates include the following: plants producing refractory materials for the steel industry,
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The work presents a detailed analysis of the possibilities of the thermal processing of clay raw material granulates in a fluidized bed reactor powered by coal fuel. Potential customers of calcined granulates include the following: plants producing refractory materials for the steel industry, producers of refractory concrete, sanitaryware plants, tile plants, large-size tile plants, industry abrasives, chemicals, paints, paper, food and medical industries and others. The advantage of the presented fluid bed calcination technology is the possibility of the continuous operation of the reactor and the short time of the material in the bed, compared to the previously used methods of calcination in a shaft and rotary kiln, which lasts less than twenty minutes in the temperature range of 650–850 °C. During the experimental studies of calcination in the fluidized bed layer, the influence of the type of coal, its particle size and the mass share of coal in the feed mixture on the calcination process and the final product obtained was analysed. As a result of the conducted research, it was proven that solid fuels such as anthracite and steam coal type 31.2 (flaming) can be successfully used in the fluidized bed calcination process of clay materials. The key parameter determining the fluidized bed calcination process is the fuel particle distribution.
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(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Investigating the Forming Characteristics of 316 Stainless Steel Fabricated through Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
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Yi Feng and Ding Fan
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102184 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), recognized for its capability to fabricate large-scale, complex parts, stands out due to its significant deposition rates and cost-effectiveness, positioning it as a forward-looking manufacturing method. In this research, we employed two welding currents to produce samples
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Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), recognized for its capability to fabricate large-scale, complex parts, stands out due to its significant deposition rates and cost-effectiveness, positioning it as a forward-looking manufacturing method. In this research, we employed two welding currents to produce samples of 316 austenitic stainless steel utilizing the Cold Metal Transfer wire arc additive manufacturing process (CMT-WAAM). This study initially evaluated the maximum allowable arc travel speed (MAWFS) and the formation characteristics of the deposition bead, considering deposition currents that vary between 100 A and175 A in both CMT and CMT pulse(CMT+P) modes. Thereafter, the effect of the CMT+P mode arc on the microstructure evolution was analyzed using the EBSD technique. The findings indicate that the arc travel speed and deposition current significantly affect the deposition bead’s dimensions. Specifically, an increase in travel speed or a reduction in current results in reduced bead width and height. Moreover, the employment of the CMT+P arc mode led to a reduction in the average grain size in the mid-section of the sample fabricated by CMT arc and wire additive manufacturing, from 13.426 μm to 9.429 μm. Therefore, the components of 316 stainless steel produced through the CMT+P-WAAM method are considered fit for industrial applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Metallurgical Behaviour of Welded Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Boron Nitride/Carbon Fiber High-Oriented Thermal Conductivity Material with Leaves–Branches Structure
by
Dengfeng Shu, Jiachen Sun, Fei Huang, Wenbo Qin, Chengbiao Wang and Wen Yue
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102183 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
In the realm of thermal interface materials (TIMs), high thermal conductivity and low density are key for effective thermal management and are particularly vital due to the growing compactness and lightweight nature of electronic devices. Efficient directional arrangement is a key control strategy
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In the realm of thermal interface materials (TIMs), high thermal conductivity and low density are key for effective thermal management and are particularly vital due to the growing compactness and lightweight nature of electronic devices. Efficient directional arrangement is a key control strategy to significantly improve thermal conductivity and comprehensive properties of thermal interface materials. In the present work, drawing inspiration from natural leaf and branch structures, a simple-to-implement approach for fabricating oriented thermal conductivity composites is introduced. Utilizing carbon fibers (CFs), known for their ultra-high thermal conductivity, as branches, this design ensures robust thermal conduction channels. Concurrently, boron nitride (BN) platelets, characterized by their substantial in-plane thermal conductivity, act as leaves. These components not only support the branches but also serve as junctions in the thermal conduction network. Remarkably, the composite achieves a thermal conductivity of 11.08 W/(m·K) with just an 11.1 wt% CF content and a 1.86 g/cm3 density. This study expands the methodologies for achieving highly oriented configurations of fibrous and flake materials, which provides a new design idea for preparing high-thermal conductivity and low-density thermal interface materials.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing, Characterization and Mechanical Behavior)
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Open AccessArticle
Electronically Temperature-Dependent Interplay between He and Trivacancy in Tungsten Plasma-Facing Materials
by
Zhao-Zhong Fu and Bi-Cai Pan
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102182 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Both microvoids and helium (He) impurities are widely present in tungsten (W) plasma-facing materials (PFMs), where the interaction between microvoids and He atoms has led to the intriguing development of microvoids. In this paper, we comprehensively investigated the interaction between He atoms and
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Both microvoids and helium (He) impurities are widely present in tungsten (W) plasma-facing materials (PFMs), where the interaction between microvoids and He atoms has led to the intriguing development of microvoids. In this paper, we comprehensively investigated the interaction between He atoms and trivacancy (V3), a fundamental microvoid in W-PFMs, at the level of tight-binding theory. Our study showed that He atoms can catalyze the decomposition of the original V3 or facilitate its transformation into another V3 variant. We propose that a He atom near the V3 defect induces significant changes in the distribution of d-electron charges within the W atoms lining the inner wall of the V3 defect, making the W atom nearest to this He atom cationic and the other W atoms anionic. The attractive interaction between them promotes the decomposition and deformation of V3. As electronic excitation increases, the ionization of W atoms on the V3 wall gradually intensifies, thereby enhancing the cationic characteristics of the W atoms closest to the He atom. This process also prompts other W atoms to shift from anions to cations, leading to a transition in the electrostatic interactions between them from attraction to repulsion. This transformation, driven by electronic excitation, plays a significant inhibitory role in the decomposition and deformation of V3.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Computational Materials Sciences)
Open AccessReview
Design, Manufacturing, and Analysis of Periodic Three-Dimensional Cellular Materials for Energy Absorption Applications: A Critical Review
by
Autumn R. Bernard and Mostafa S. A. ElSayed
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102181 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Cellular materials offer industries the ability to close gaps in the material selection design space with properties not otherwise achievable by bulk, monolithic counterparts. Their superior specific strength, stiffness, and energy absorption, as well as their multi-functionality, makes them desirable for a wide
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Cellular materials offer industries the ability to close gaps in the material selection design space with properties not otherwise achievable by bulk, monolithic counterparts. Their superior specific strength, stiffness, and energy absorption, as well as their multi-functionality, makes them desirable for a wide range of applications. The objective of this paper is to compile and present a review of the open literature focusing on the energy absorption of periodic three-dimensional cellular materials. The review begins with the methodical cataloging of qualitative and quantitative elements from 100 papers in the available literature and then provides readers with a thorough overview of the state of this research field, discussing areas such as parent material(s), manufacturing methods, cell topologies, cross-section shapes for truss topologies, analysis methods, loading types, and test strain rates. Based on these collected data, areas of great and limited research are identified and future avenues of interest are suggested for the continued maturation and growth of this field, such as the development of a consistent naming and classification system for topologies; the creation of test standards considering additive manufacturing processes; further investigation of non-uniform and non-cylindrical struts on the performance of truss lattices; and further investigation into the performance of lattice materials under the impact of non-flat surfaces and projectiles. Finally, the numerical energy absorption (by mass and by volume) data of 76 papers are presented across multiple property selection charts, highlighting various materials, manufacturing methods, and topology groups. While there are noticeable differences at certain densities, the graphs show that the categorical differences within those groups have large overlap in terms of energy absorption performance and can be referenced to identify areas for further investigation and to help in the preliminary design process by researchers and industry professionals alike.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Sandwich Composites)
Open AccessArticle
Research on Crack Propagation of Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant: Experiments and Simulation
by
Hanwen Liu, Jiangning Wang and Xiaolong Fu
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102180 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
To understand the fracture properties of the nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellant, single-edge notched tension (SENT) tests were carried out at room temperature (20 °C) under different tensile rates (10–500 mm/min). The mechanical response, crack morphology, evolution path, and crack propagation velocity
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To understand the fracture properties of the nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellant, single-edge notched tension (SENT) tests were carried out at room temperature (20 °C) under different tensile rates (10–500 mm/min). The mechanical response, crack morphology, evolution path, and crack propagation velocity during the fracture process were studied using a combination of a drawing machine and a high-speed camera. The mode I critical stress intensity factor KIc was calculated to analyze the tensile fracture toughness of the NEPE propellant, and a criterion related to KIc was proposed as a means of determining whether the solid rocket motors can normally work. The experimental results demonstrated that the NEPE propellant exhibited blunting fracture phenomena during crack propagation, resulting in fluctuating crack propagation velocity. The fracture toughness of the NEPE propellant exhibited clear rate dependence. When the tensile rate increased from 10 mm/min to 500 mm/min, the magnitude of the critical stress intensity factor increased by 62.3%. Moreover, numerical studies based on bond-based peridynamic (BBPD) were performed by modeling the fracture process of the NEPE propellant, including the crack propagation speed and the load–displacement curve of the NEPE propellant. The simulation results were then compared with the experiments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computational Modeling of Damage and Failure of Composite Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Pre-Heating on Residual Stresses and Deformation in Laser-Based Directed Energy Deposition Repair: A Comparative Analysis
by
Usman Tariq, Sung-Heng Wu, Muhammad Arif Mahmood, Michael M. Woodworth and Frank Liou
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102179 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Laser-directed energy deposition (DED), a metal additive manufacturing method, is renowned for its role in repairing parts, particularly when replacement costs are prohibitive. Ensuring that repaired parts avoid residual stresses and deformation is crucial for maintaining functional integrity. This study conducts experimental and
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Laser-directed energy deposition (DED), a metal additive manufacturing method, is renowned for its role in repairing parts, particularly when replacement costs are prohibitive. Ensuring that repaired parts avoid residual stresses and deformation is crucial for maintaining functional integrity. This study conducts experimental and numerical analyses on trapezoidal shape repairs, validating both the thermal and mechanical models with experimental results. Additionally, the study presents a methodology for creating a toolpath applicable to both the DED process and Abaqus CAE software. The findings indicate that employing a pre-heating strategy can reduce residual stresses by over 70% compared to no pre-heating. However, pre-heating may not substantially reduce final distortion. Notably, final distortion can be significantly mitigated by pre-heating and subsequently cooling to higher temperatures, thereby reducing the cooling rate. These insights contribute to optimizing DED repair processes for enhanced part functionality and longevity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Joining and Additive Manufacturing)
Open AccessArticle
Characterization and Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Properties of Ag- and TiOx-Based (x = 2, 3) Composite Nanomaterials under UV Irradiation
by
Nicola Morante, Veronica Folliero, Federica Dell’Annunziata, Nicoletta Capuano, Antonietta Mancuso, Katia Monzillo, Massimiliano Galdiero, Diana Sannino and Gianluigi Franci
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102178 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
Metal and metal oxide nanostructured materials have been chemically and physically characterized and tested concerning methylene blue (MB) photoremoval and UV antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In detail, silver nanoparticles and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles were modified to obtain
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Metal and metal oxide nanostructured materials have been chemically and physically characterized and tested concerning methylene blue (MB) photoremoval and UV antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In detail, silver nanoparticles and commercial BaTiO3 nanoparticles were modified to obtain nanocomposites through sonicated sol–gel TiO2 synthesis and the photodeposition of Ag nanoparticles, respectively. The characterization results of pristine nanomaterials and synthetized photocatalysts revealed significant differences in specific surface area (SSA), the presence of impurities in commercial Ag nanoparticles, an anatase phase with brookite traces for TiO2-based nanomaterials, and a mixed cubic–tetragonal phase for BaTiO3. Silver nanoparticles exhibited superior antibacterial activity at different dosages; however, they were inactive in the photoremoval of the dye. The silver–TiOx nanocomposite demonstrated an activity in the UV photodegradation of MB and UV inhibition of bacterial growth. Specifically, TiO2/AgNP (30–50 nm) reduced growth by 487.5 and 1.1 × 103 times for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, at a dose of 500 ug/mL under UV irradiation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art of Materials Science and Engineering in Italy)
Open AccessArticle
The Design of a Novel Alkali-Activated Binder for Solidifying Silty Soft Clay and the Study of its Solidification Mechanism
by
Yaohui Jing, Yannian Zhang, Lin Zhang and Qingjie Wang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102177 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
In order to overcome the problems of the high economic and environmental costs of a traditional ordinary portland cement-based binder, this study used self-combusted coal gangue (SCCG), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and phosphorous slag (PS) to prepare a novel SCCG-GBFS-PS (SGP) ternary
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In order to overcome the problems of the high economic and environmental costs of a traditional ordinary portland cement-based binder, this study used self-combusted coal gangue (SCCG), granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and phosphorous slag (PS) to prepare a novel SCCG-GBFS-PS (SGP) ternary alkali-activated binder for solidifying silty soft clay (SC). Firstly, the parameters of the SGP ternary binder were optimized using orthogonal experiments. Then the effects of the SGP ternary binder content (mass ratio of the SGP ternary binder and the SGP-solidified soil), initial water content of SC (mass ratio of SC’ water and SC) and types of additives on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the SGP-solidified soil were analyzed. Finally, the hydration products and microstructure of the SGP-solidified soil were analyzed to investigate the solidification mechanism of the SGP ternary binder. The results showed that the optimal mass ratio of GBFS and PS is 2:1, and the optimal alkali activator content (mass ratio of Na2O and the SGP ternary binder) and modulus of alkali activator (molar ratio of SiO2 and Na2O of alkali activator) were 13% and 1.3, respectively. When the SGP ternary binder content was 16% and the initial water content of SC was 35%, the SGP-solidified soil met the requirement of UCS for tertiary cured soil. The incorporation of triethanolamine and polyvinyl alcohol improved the UCS, while the incorporation of Na2SO4 significantly deteriorated the UCS of the SGP-solidified soil. The C-S-H gels and C(N)-A-S-H gels generated by hydration of the SGP-solidified soil were interspersed, interwoven and adhered to each other to form a network-like space structure that played the roles of skeleton, bonding soil particles and filling pores, which improved the macroscopic properties of the SGP-solidified soil. The results of this study provide a reference for the design and development of a solid waste-based binder for solidifying SC.
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Open AccessArticle
Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Resistance Welding Process for Unidirectional Carbon Fiber/PPS Composites
by
Da-Wei Yu, Xiao-Ting Qing, Hong-Yu Lin, Jie Yang, Jia-Cao Yang and Xiao-Jun Wang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102176 - 07 May 2024
Abstract
The use of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) as one of the lightweight solutions will inevitably encounter problems in connection. Resistance welding has the characteristics of high strength, simplicity, and high reliability, and is considered a very potential hot-melt connection technology. The resistance welding technology
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The use of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) as one of the lightweight solutions will inevitably encounter problems in connection. Resistance welding has the characteristics of high strength, simplicity, and high reliability, and is considered a very potential hot-melt connection technology. The resistance welding technology of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide composites (UCF/PPS) was systematically studied. The experimental results show that the 100-mesh brass mesh has the best resin wetting effect and heating efficiency, and the PPS/oxidized 100-mesh brass mesh composite resistance element (Ox-RE/PPS) has the highest welding strength. The welding failure mode changes from interface failure and RE failure to interlayer structure damage and fiber fracture. The single-factor experimental results show that the maximum welding strength is reached at 310 °C, 1.15 MPa, and 120 kW/m2. According to the conclusion of the single-factor experiment, the Box–Behnken method was further used to design a three-factor, three-level experiment, and a quadratic regression model was established according to the test results. The results of variance analysis, fitting curve analysis, and perturbation plot analysis proved that the model had high fitting and prediction abilities. From the 3D surface diagram analysis, the influence of power density is the largest, and the interaction between welding temperature and power density is the most significant. Combined with the analysis of Design Expert 13 software, the optimal range of process parameters was obtained as follows: welding temperature 313–314 °C, welding pressure 1.04–1.2 MPa, and power density 124–128 kW/m2. The average strength of resistance welding joints prepared in the optimal range of process parameters was 13.58 MPa.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Manufacturing Technologies of Thermoplastic Composites)
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