Life

15 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Effects of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Candida–Streptococcal Biofilms

by Zuzanna Grzech-Leśniak, Jakub Pyrkosz, Jagoda Szwach, Patrycja Kosidło, Jacek Matys, Rafał Wiench, Magdalena Pajączkowska, Joanna Nowicka, Marzena Dominiak and Kinga Grzech-Leśniak

Life 2025, 15(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030474 (registering DOI) - 16 Mar 2025

Abstract

In contemporary dentistry, laser-based interventions have become one of the mainstays of care for patients with oral biofilm diseases, such as candidiasis, periodontal disease and peri-implantitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Er:YAG laser (LightWalker, Ljubljana, Fotona, Slovenia) [...] Read more.

In contemporary dentistry, laser-based interventions have become one of the mainstays of care for patients with oral biofilm diseases, such as candidiasis, periodontal disease and peri-implantitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Er:YAG laser (LightWalker, Ljubljana, Fotona, Slovenia) irradiation at varying irradiance levels (T1: 11.3 W/cm² and T2: 120.54 W/cm²) on microbial viability in single- and dual-species biofilm models, focusing on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Streptococcus mutans, to address challenges in managing complex oral biofilms in clinically relevant settings. The results showed substantial microbial reduction, with C. albicans being the most susceptible microorganism (93–99.9%), while C. glabrata exhibited marked resistance at higher irradiance levels. Interestingly, S. mutans demonstrated varying reductions based on the biofilm composition, highlighting the influence of microbial interactions. This study concluded that the Er:YAG laser effectively reduced biofilm viability, with its efficacy depending on the microbial composition and irradiance settings. These findings highlight the need for tailored erbium laser parameters to optimize clinical outcomes, underscoring the need for individualized polymicrobial biofilm management, particularly in periodontal and peri-implant therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2025)

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20 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessReview

Applications and Effectiveness of 3D Printing in Various Ankle Surgeries: A Narrative Review

by Jeong-Jin Park, Jun Young Choi, Jung-Min Lee, Hyun-Gyu Seok and Chul Hyun Park

Life 2025, 15(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030473 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Technological advancements have made three-dimensional printing prevalent in orthopedic surgery. It facilitates the production of customized implants and tailored patient instruments, enhancing surgical planning and results. This review focuses on the uses and effectiveness of patient-specific products manufactured using three-dimensional printing in [...] Read more.

Background: Technological advancements have made three-dimensional printing prevalent in orthopedic surgery. It facilitates the production of customized implants and tailored patient instruments, enhancing surgical planning and results. This review focuses on the uses and effectiveness of patient-specific products manufactured using three-dimensional printing in ankle surgery. Methods: A search of databases—PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar—yielded 41 articles for review. Results: Total talus replacement offers a viable alternative to standard treatments like arthrodesis and total ankle arthroplasty. Custom implants and patient-specific instrumentation in total ankle arthroplasty procedures guarantee a tailored fit and accurate alignment. For arthrodesis, three-dimensional printing enables the production of cages, effectively solving issues associated with conventional bone grafts, such as poor bone quality, significant defects, and nonunion. Additionally, patient-specific instrumentation facilitates the swift and accurate placement of Kirschner wires at the correct sites. When performing supramalleolar osteotomy, patient-specific instrumentation leads to shorter operation times, reduced blood loss, and less radiation exposure. Conclusions: Three-dimensional printing is increasingly employed in ankle surgeries, and as technology advances, it is anticipated to become critical for addressing complex ankle issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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18 pages, 4817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus P1 and HC-Pro in Enhancing Gene Expression and Suppressing RNA Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana

by Sunmee Choi, Suk Hyun Kwon, Gi Seok Kwon, Ho Seong Choi, Hyo Hyun Seo, Young Soon Kim, Jeong Hun Lee, Won Kyong Cho and Sang Hyun Moh

Life 2025, 15(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030472 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Potyviruses, a major group of plant viruses, utilize HC-Pro, a multifunctional protein, to suppress RNA silencing, a crucial plant defense mechanism. While HC-Pro’s role in RNA silencing suppression has been studied in several potyviruses, the specific mechanisms and interactions of HC-Pro from bean [...] Read more.

Potyviruses, a major group of plant viruses, utilize HC-Pro, a multifunctional protein, to suppress RNA silencing, a crucial plant defense mechanism. While HC-Pro’s role in RNA silencing suppression has been studied in several potyviruses, the specific mechanisms and interactions of HC-Pro from bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), a potyvirus with a broad host range, remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to investigate the role of P1 and HC-Pro from BYMV in enhancing gene expression and suppressing RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. The findings revealed that BYMV HC-Pro significantly enhanced reporter transgene expression, likely through the suppression of RNA silencing pathways. This effect was further amplified by the presence of the P1 protein, another viral component. Analysis of HC-Pro mutants revealed that the conserved FRNK box within HC-Pro is crucial for its suppression activity and its ability to enhance gene expression. Furthermore, HC-Pro significantly downregulated the expression of key RNA silencing-related genes, including DCL2, DCL4, RDR6, AGO1-1, AGO1-2, and AGO2. These findings demonstrate that the BYMV P1::HC-Pro complex serves as a potent suppressor of RNA silencing and a promising tool for enhancing gene expression in plants. The results have significant implications for developing novel strategies in plant biotechnology, particularly for the production of high-value recombinant proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Enchancing the Production in Plant)

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32 pages, 4150 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cancer-Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction: Latest Advances in Prevention and Treatment

by Carla Contaldi, Carmine D’Aniello, Domenico Panico, Andrea Zito, Paolo Calabrò, Emilio Di Lorenzo, Paolo Golino and Vincenzo Montesarchio

Life 2025, 15(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030471 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

The increasing efficacy of cancer therapies has significantly improved survival rates, but it has also highlighted the prevalence of cancer-therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the identification, monitoring, and management of CTRCD, a condition resulting from several treatments, [...] Read more.

The increasing efficacy of cancer therapies has significantly improved survival rates, but it has also highlighted the prevalence of cancer-therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the identification, monitoring, and management of CTRCD, a condition resulting from several treatments, such as anthracyclines, HER2-targeted therapies, target therapies, and radiotherapy. The paper includes a discussion of the mechanisms of CTRCD associated with various cancer treatments. Early detection through serum biomarkers and advanced imaging techniques is crucial for effective monitoring and risk stratification. Preventive strategies include pharmacological interventions such as ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and statins. Additionally, novel agents like sacubitril/valsartan, sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors, and vericiguat show promise in managing left ventricular dysfunction. Lifestyle modifications, including structured exercise programs and optimized nutritional strategies, further contribute to cardioprotection. The latest treatments for both asymptomatic and symptomatic CTRCD across its various stages are also discussed. Emerging technologies, including genomics, artificial intelligence, novel biomarkers, and gene therapy, are paving the way for personalized approaches to CTRCD prevention and treatment. These advancements hold great promise for improving long-term outcomes in cancer patients by minimizing cardiovascular complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardioncology: From Molecular Mechanisms to Advanced Imaging and New Treatments)

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12 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Reclassify Diagnosis and Detect Cardiomyopathies in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Presentation

by Theodoros Tsampras, Alexios Antonopoulos, Alexandros Kasiakogias, Alexia Mika, Antonia Kolovou, Eleni Papadimitriou, George Lazaros, Konstantinos Tsioufis and Charalambos Vlachopoulos

Life 2025, 15(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030470 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a significant cause of heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiac morbidity in the general population. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a valuable tool for the diagnostic work-up of patients with acute cardiac events. Objectives: This study evaluated the diagnostic value of [...] Read more.

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a significant cause of heart failure, arrhythmia, and cardiac morbidity in the general population. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a valuable tool for the diagnostic work-up of patients with acute cardiac events. Objectives: This study evaluated the diagnostic value of CMR and the yield of cardiomyopathies in hospitalized cardiac patients with acute presentation. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted with 535 consecutive hospitalized patients who underwent CMR at Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece, to identify a subset of scans performed on an urgent basis of hospitalized patients. Demographic data, causes of admission, CMR findings, and plasma cardiac biomarkers (hs-Troponin I, NT-proBNP, and CRP) were systematically recorded. Results: Out of the initial 535 CMR scans evaluated, a further analysis was conducted with 104 patients who were in hospital and underwent CMR on an urgent basis. From the total population of hospitalized patients, 33% had CMR findings indicative of underlying cardiomyopathy, with dilated cardiomyopathy being the most common subtype (36%), followed by arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (27%), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (15%), or other subtypes (e.g., cardiac amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, EGPA, or unclassified). CMR led to the reclassification of the initial diagnosis into that of underlying cardiomyopathy in 32% of cases. The highest reclassification rate was observed within the subgroup with heart failure (71%), followed by that of acute myocardial infarction/ischemic heart disease (24%) and myocarditis (22%). Conclusions: CMR imaging effectively contributed to the differential diagnosis of hospitalized patients with acute cardiac events that remained without a definitive diagnosis after their initial work-up and uncovered underlying cardiomyopathy in almost one-third of this cohort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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15 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interleukin 8 Molecular Interplay in Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: A Scoping Review

by Romica Cergan, Ovidiu Berghi, Mihai Dumitru, Daniela Vrinceanu, Felicia Manole, Gabriela Cornelia Musat, Alina Lavinia Antoaneta Oancea and Crenguta Serboiu

Life 2025, 15(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030469 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

The present scoping review underlines the molecular interplay between allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). A query of PubMed database resulted in the inclusion of 34 articles in the final analysis of this scoping review. IL-8 is [...] Read more.

The present scoping review underlines the molecular interplay between allergic rhinitis (AR), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). A query of PubMed database resulted in the inclusion of 34 articles in the final analysis of this scoping review. IL-8 is one interconnecting immune mediator in the physiopathology of AR and CRS. An influx of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, occurs from mast cells, four to six hours after the initial response signifying the development of the late-phase response allowing the entrance of eosinophils, basophils, and T-lymphocytes at the level of nasal mucosa. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the mucosa of the nasal cavity and sinuses with two external phenotypes, but with molecular mechanisms that overlap with allergic rhinitis. Interleukin 8 induces neutrophil chemokinetic movement providing a chemotactic or directional cue. Clinical and fundamental studies established an implication of IL-8 in the disease mechanism of allergic rhinitis and CRSwNP. Moreover, there is still missing a randomized, large-cohort study with three patients groups (normal control, AR, CRSwNP) that analyzes the impact of IL-8 simultaneously. Future possible developments could focus on IL-8 as possible target for biologic treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune Disease)

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8 pages, 414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Microorganisms on the Onset and Development of Colorectal Cancer in Humans: A Descriptive Cross-Reference Study

by Dragan M. Nikolic, Stojan Latincic, Jelena Jevtovic, Drasko Gostiljac, Vesna Stojiljkovic, Snezana Jovanovic and Ivan Soldatovic

Life 2025, 15(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030468 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study is to determine which types of microorganisms influence the onset and development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in humans. Methods: In patients with CRC, three swabs were taken for microbiological analysis during surgical removal of the cancer: the [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study is to determine which types of microorganisms influence the onset and development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in humans. Methods: In patients with CRC, three swabs were taken for microbiological analysis during surgical removal of the cancer: the first swab from the surface of the healthy intestinal mucosa, the second from the surface of the tumor, and the third from the middle of the tumor tissue. Results: In the healthy mucosa of the colon, the most prevalent microorganism was Escherichia coli at 70.5%, followed by Enterococcus spp. (47.7%) and Klebsiella/Enterobacter (20.5%). Microbiological analysis of the swabs from the surface of the tumor tissue showed that E. coli was the most prevalent at 72.7%, followed by Enterococcus spp. at 40.9%, Klebsiella/Enterobacter at 25%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 20%. In the center of tumor tissue, E. coli was the most prevalent at 77.3%, followed by Enterococcus spp. at 47.7%, Klebsiella at 27%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 18.2%. Conclusion: Certain types of bacteria can influence the emergence and development of cancer, while other types can suppress the development of tumor tissue. Microbiological analysis of human stool samples can prevent the development of CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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8 pages, 405 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

PDE4 Inhibition Reduced Osteoclast Differentiation in Psoriatic Patients

by Annunziata Raimondo, Alessia Balestrino and Serena Lembo

Life 2025, 15(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030467 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Psoriatic skin inflammation has been linked to joint inflammation and bone structural alterations, contributing to a “pro-osteoclastogenic march.” Osteoclasts (OCs), responsible for bone resorption, originate from monocytes/macrophages and are regulated by the RANKL-RANK signaling pathway. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway plays a [...] Read more.

Background: Psoriatic skin inflammation has been linked to joint inflammation and bone structural alterations, contributing to a “pro-osteoclastogenic march.” Osteoclasts (OCs), responsible for bone resorption, originate from monocytes/macrophages and are regulated by the RANKL-RANK signaling pathway. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway plays a crucial role in OC maturation, and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) control its intracellular levels. Apremilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor used for psoriasis (Pso) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) treatment, may modulate osteoclastogenesis. Methods: Seventeen patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis without arthritis, eligible for systemic apremilast therapy, were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 52 weeks of treatment to evaluate in vitro osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages and to measure serum RANKL levels. Results: After 52 weeks of apremilast treatment, OC and RANKL levels were significantly reduced in psoriatic patients compared to baseline. A sub-analysis was performed on two age- and sex-matched subgroups: a bionaïve group and a bioexperienced group. Bioexperienced patients exhibited lower OCP counts and reduced plasma RANKL levels compared to bionaïve patients. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the role of PDE4 in the pro-osteoclastogenic process in psoriasis and suggest that apremilast may counteract bone resorption by modulating RANKL levels and osteoclast differentiation, with potential clinical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

24 pages, 3799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Land Use on Soil Nitrogen-Cycling Microbial Communities: Insights from Community Structure, Functional Gene Abundance, and Network Complexity

by Junnan Ding and Shaopeng Yu

Life 2025, 15(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030466 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of different land-use types (forest, arable land, and wetland) on key soil properties, microbial communities, and nitrogen cycling in the Lesser Khingan Mountains. The results revealed that forest (FL) and wetland (WL) soils had significantly higher soil organic [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of different land-use types (forest, arable land, and wetland) on key soil properties, microbial communities, and nitrogen cycling in the Lesser Khingan Mountains. The results revealed that forest (FL) and wetland (WL) soils had significantly higher soil organic matter (SOM) content compared with arable land (AL), with total phosphorus (TP) being highest in FL and available nitrogen (AN) significantly higher in WL. In terms of enzyme activity, AL and WL showed reduced activities of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), β-D-glucosidase (β-G), and β-cellobiosidase (CBH), while exhibiting increased N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, highlighting the impact of land use on nitrogen dynamics. WL also exhibited significantly higher microbial diversity and evenness compared with FL and AL. The dominant bacterial phyla included Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteriota, with Acidobacteriota being most abundant in FL and Proteobacteria most abundant in WL. Network analysis showed that AL had the most complex and connected microbial network, while FL and WL had simpler but more stable networks, suggesting the influence of land use on microbial community interactions. Regarding nitrogen cycling genes, AOA-amoA was most abundant in AL, while AOB-amoA was significantly enriched in FL, reflecting the influence of land use on ammonia oxidation. These findings highlight how land-use types significantly affect soil properties, microbial community structures, and nitrogen cycling, offering valuable insights for sustainable land management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems)

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14 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Cancer Strategies Using Anaerobic Spore-Forming Bacteria Clostridium: Advances and Synergistic Approaches

by Saloni Singh, Geun-Hyung Kim, Kwang-Rim Baek and Seung-Oh Seo

Life 2025, 15(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030465 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Despite ongoing advancements, cancer remains a significant global health concern, with a persistent challenge in identifying a definitive cure. While various cancer therapies have been developed and approved, offering treatments for smaller neoplasms, their efficacy diminishes in solid tumors and hypoxic environments, particularly [...] Read more.

Despite ongoing advancements, cancer remains a significant global health concern, with a persistent challenge in identifying a definitive cure. While various cancer therapies have been developed and approved, offering treatments for smaller neoplasms, their efficacy diminishes in solid tumors and hypoxic environments, particularly for chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A novel approach, Clostridium-based therapy, has emerged as a promising candidate for current solid tumor treatments due to its unique affinity for the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. This review examines the potential of Clostridium in cancer treatment, encompassing direct tumor lysis, immune modulation, and synergistic effects with existing cancer therapies. Advancements in synthetic biology have further enhanced its potential through genetic modifications, such as the removal of alpha toxin gene from Clostridium novyi-NT, the implementation of targeted approaches, and reduction in systemic toxicity. Although preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that Clostridium-based treatments combined with other therapies hold promise for complete cancer eradication, challenges persist. Through this review, we also propose that the integration of various methods and technologies together with Clostridium-based therapy may lead to the complete eradication of cancer in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Human Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination Patterns and Energy Flow Analysis in Sit-to-Stand Transitions Among Individuals with Different Body Mass Indexes

by Lei Li, Xuan Liu and Ye Liu

Life 2025, 15(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030464 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: This study investigates the differences in limb coordination patterns and energy transfer strategies during sit-to-stand (STS) transitions among young adults (18–30 years) with overweight (OW), normal weight (NW), and underweight (UW) conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of BMI [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigates the differences in limb coordination patterns and energy transfer strategies during sit-to-stand (STS) transitions among young adults (18–30 years) with overweight (OW), normal weight (NW), and underweight (UW) conditions, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the impact of BMI variations on movement control mechanisms and informing health intervention strategies. Methods: Forty participants were classified into OW, NW, and UW groups. Motion data were collected via an infrared motion capture system and force plate. Biomechanical indices were computed using Visual 3D and MATLAB2020a. Coordination patterns were assessed using vector coding, and the segmental net power was analyzed to evaluate energy flow during STS. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: Compared to the NW and UW groups, the OW group exhibited significant differences in movement coordination patterns and energy flow. In terms of coordination patterns, the OW group adopted more hip-knee distal coordination patterns in the FMP phase and more knee-ankle proximal coordination patterns. In the MTP phase, the OW group exhibited a lower frequency of hip-ankle anti-phase coordination patterns compared to the UW group. In the EP phase, the OW group showed a lower frequency of trunk-pelvis proximal coordination patterns than the UW group (p < 0.05). Regarding energy flow, in the FMP phase, the OW group exhibited higher joint power (JP) and segment power (SP) in the trunk compared to the UW group. In the pelvic segment, both JP and SP were higher in the OW group than in the NW and UW groups. In the thigh segment, muscle power (MP) was higher in the OW group than in the NW and UW groups, and SP was higher than in the NW group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Changes in BMI affect movement coordination and energy transfer strategies during STS. OW individuals compensate for insufficient hip drive by relying on trunk and pelvic power, which may increase the knee and trunk load over time. In contrast, UW individuals exhibit greater lower-limb flexibility and rely on trunk-pelvis coordination to compensate for stability deficits. Future research should develop targeted exercise interventions to optimize movement patterns and reduce injury risk across BMI groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Ideal Food Pyramid on Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

by Ülger Kaçar Mutlutürk, Betül Çiçek and Gizem Cengiz

Life 2025, 15(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030463 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota composition of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients differs from healthy people, and diet is among the powerful environmental determinants that can alter the microbiota. The purpose of this clinical research was to identify the effect of the Ideal Food Pyramid [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiota composition of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients differs from healthy people, and diet is among the powerful environmental determinants that can alter the microbiota. The purpose of this clinical research was to identify the effect of the Ideal Food Pyramid on gut microbiota in RA, as well as its impact on disease activity, biochemical findings and anthropometric measurements. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with RA that met the inclusion criteria were randomized into diet and control groups and followed for 12 weeks. The gut microbiota composition was indicated by 16SrRNA gene sequencing. Results: At the end of this study, Simpson, Shannon and Chao-1 indices were higher in the diet group (16) than in the control group (14), although not significantly (p > 0.05). In the diet group, at phylum levels, the abundance of Bacteroides decreased while the abundance of Firmicutes increased. At species level, Prevotella copri, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella stercorea, Bacteroides uniformis decreased, while Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia faecis, Bacteroides ovatus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Coprococcus eutactus, Gemmiger formicilis, Ruminococcus bromii, and Bifidobacterium longum species increased in the diet group. Conclusions: The Ideal Food Pyramid has been determined to have many clinical benefits for RA patients, especially for the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota in Health and Disease)

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18 pages, 7925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Surgical Versus Conservative Management in Stanford Type a Aortic Dissection: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

by Irina-Anca Eremia, Mihnea-Ioan-Gabriel Popa, Cătălin-Alexandru Anghel, Teodora-Adriana Stroe, Eduard-Alexandru Eremia, Andreea Nicoleta Marinescu, Remus Iulian Nica and Silvia Nica

Life 2025, 15(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030462 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a critical cardiovascular emergency marked by the rupture of the aortic intima, resulting in blood infiltration into the media and the formation of a false lumen. AAD incidence varies by area, emphasizing the need for better diagnostics and [...] Read more.

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a critical cardiovascular emergency marked by the rupture of the aortic intima, resulting in blood infiltration into the media and the formation of a false lumen. AAD incidence varies by area, emphasizing the need for better diagnostics and epidemiological investigations. Bucharest University Emergency Hospital’s Emergency Department conducted this retrospective cohort analysis from May 2021 to May 2023. We examined 26 Stanford Type A aortic dissection patients to establish in-hospital mortality and one-year survival rates. The primary objective was to analyze demographic, clinical, and paraclinical factors and their impact on patient outcomes. A total of 57.7% of the study group was male and had a mean age of 58.2 years, and 69.2% of patients had hypertension, indicating its importance as a risk factor. Acute chest discomfort was reported by 53.8%, neurological problems by 30.8%, and syncope or hypotension by 42.3%. CT angiography and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) confirmed the diagnosis and assessed dissection severity. Pericardial effusion (19.2%) and moderate to severe aortic regurgitation (26.9%) were notable. Management varied by dissection intensity and location. Emergency surgery was performed in 61.5% of patients within 24 h of diagnosis, resulting in a 12.5% in-hospital death rate. Conservatively managed patients had a 60.0% in-hospital death rate. Timely intervention is crucial, since the surgical cohort had an 87.5% one-year survival rate compared to 30% for the conservatively managed cohort. Acute renal damage (25%), protracted mechanical ventilation (31.3%), and advanced supportive care infections were postoperative sequelae. Conservative care exacerbated visceral ischemia (20%) and heart failure (10%). Advanced age and hypotension upon admission were independent mortality predictors, emphasizing the need for early risk assessment and personalized treatment. Multimodal imaging, timely surgical referral, and excellent postoperative care improve AAD outcomes, according to this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 2541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topical Dopamine Application on Form-Deprivation Myopia in Rabbits

by Dong Hyun Kim, Jeong-Min Hwang and Hee Kyung Yang

Life 2025, 15(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030461 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of topical dopamine administration in inhibiting form deprivation (FD) myopia in a rabbit model. Methods: A total of 16 neonatal New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of topical dopamine administration in inhibiting form deprivation (FD) myopia in a rabbit model. Methods: A total of 16 neonatal New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group and a dopamine treatment group. FD myopia was induced in both groups by applying a light diffuser to one eye. The dopamine group received daily topical instillations of 4% dopamine in the eye with FD myopia, while the control group received normal saline instillations over a four-week period. Axial length measurements were taken to assess the degree of myopia, and histological analysis was performed to evaluate retinal safety and structural integrity. Results: The results indicated that dopamine treatment significantly inhibited axial elongation of the FD eyes compared to the control group, with measurements of 15.07 ± 0.34 mm for the dopamine group versus 15.63 ± 0.33 mm for the control group (p = 0.015). Histological analysis showed no evidence of structural alterations or apoptosis in the retina, confirming the safety of topical dopamine. Conclusions: Topical dopamine appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for controlling the progression of myopia in a rabbit model, demonstrating significant efficacy in reducing axial elongation without inducing ocular toxicity. These findings highlight the potential of dopamine in managing myopia and warrant further investigation in clinical settings. Full article

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7 pages, 2047 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Surgical Management of Perianal Crohn’s Disease with the Turnbull–Cutait Procedure: A Case Report

by Arda Ulaş Mutlu, Hakan Ümit Ünal, Mehmet Gülmez, Can Saraçoğlu, Erman Aytaç and Murat Saruç

Life 2025, 15(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030460 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Perianal complications of Crohn’s disease are one of the significant reasons for abdominoperineal resection in patients with medically refractory perianal Crohn’s disease. A 35-year-old man with Crohn’s disease with colostomy presented to our clinic due to perianal fistulas. Complete stricture of the anus [...] Read more.

Perianal complications of Crohn’s disease are one of the significant reasons for abdominoperineal resection in patients with medically refractory perianal Crohn’s disease. A 35-year-old man with Crohn’s disease with colostomy presented to our clinic due to perianal fistulas. Complete stricture of the anus was observed, and the patient was found unsuitable for the stoma closure. The Turnbull–Cutait procedure was performed and he was discharged on the fifth postoperative day. In the second month after surgery, rectoscopy revealed a 2 cm long pouch on the neorectum. Then, the patient was treated with antibiotics and infliximab. Following the treatment, the symptoms of the patient were regressed. In the 10th postoperative month, a perianal abscess was seen, and the patient was treated with antibiotics. His ileostomy was reversed in the 18th postoperative month without any complications. In the 42nd postoperative month, no complications were reported. This case report presents the index perianal Crohn’s disease case successfully treated with the Turnbull–Cutait procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments of Intestinal Diseases)

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19 pages, 3328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hepatoprotective Effects of Royal Jelly Against Vincristine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Biochemical and Molecular Study

by Rahime Erzincan, Cuneyt Caglayan, Fatih Mehmet Kandemir, Ebubekir İzol, Cihan Gür and Mustafa İleritürk

Life 2025, 15(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030459 - 14 Mar 2025

Abstract

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent classified as a vinca alkaloid. Royal jelly (RJ) is a significant bee product produced by worker bees, characterized by its high protein content. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of RJ against VCR-induced liver damage. [...] Read more.

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent classified as a vinca alkaloid. Royal jelly (RJ) is a significant bee product produced by worker bees, characterized by its high protein content. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of RJ against VCR-induced liver damage. VCR was intraperitoneally administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) and RJ was orally administered at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. Both treatments were applied to the rats on days 1–6 and 9–14. The composition of RJ was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, revealing the presence of 15 different phytochemical compounds with strong antioxidant properties. Serum samples obtained from the rats were analyzed for ALT, ALP, and AST levels. While these enzyme levels were significantly elevated in the VCR group, a notable reduction was observed following RJ administration. Additionally, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH antioxidant parameters, along with MDA levels, were evaluated in liver tissue samples. The results indicated a decrease in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH activities/levels and an increase in MDA levels in the VCR group. Furthermore, ELISA was used to assess JAK2, STAT3, and mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. VCR administration led to a decrease in mTOR/PI3K/AKT levels and an increase in JAK2 and STAT3 levels. In addition, the mRNA transcription levels of inflammation (NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (IRE-1, GRP78, PERK, and ATF-6), and autophagy markers (LC3A and LC3B) were examined. A significant increase in inflammation, ER stress, and autophagy-related markers was observed in the VCR-treated group. Lastly, the protein expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and NF-κB were evaluated. VCR treatment increased Bax, Caspase 3, and NF-κB levels, whereas Bcl-2 levels were decreased. However, following RJ administration, all these parameters were reversed, demonstrating significant improvements. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RJ may exert a protective effect against VCR-induced liver damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Bioactive Compounds in Lifelong Disorders)

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15 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Micro- and Macronutrient Intake in Male Competitive Athletes Using the Epic-Norfolk Food Frequency Questionnaire

by Ana Stupin, Leon Perić, Ivana Jukić, Alina Boris, Lorena Stanojević and Ines Drenjančević

Life 2025, 15(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030458 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate diet quality in a population of male competitive athletes by comparing their total energy and macro- and micronutrients intake assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to current nutritional recommendations for this specific population. An additional goal was [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate diet quality in a population of male competitive athletes by comparing their total energy and macro- and micronutrients intake assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to current nutritional recommendations for this specific population. An additional goal was to assess athletes’ sodium-to-potassium (Na-to-K) ratio. This cross-sectional study involved 31 healthy competitive male athletes. Subjects’ body mass index, body composition, arterial blood pressure, as well as red blood count (RBC) and serum lipid profile measurements showed that all subjects were lean and normotensive and had normal RBC and serum lipid levels. All subjects completed a cross-culturally adapted, translated, and validated EPIC–Norfolk FFQ. The total energy intake reported in the FFQ was below the recommended values; however, 71% of subjects were classified as low energy reporters (LERs). Energy intake from proteins was within and from carbohydrates was below the recommended interval, while the total energy intake from fats (and also saturated fatty acids) exceeded the recommendations. Suboptimal intakes of vitamin D and folate were observed, indicating the necessity for monitoring (and supplementing) in this population. High Na intake, which despite adequate K intake resulted in a higher Na-to-K ratio, highlighted concerns over excessive salt consumption, but also accentuated the need for monitoring sodium (and potassium) intake in competitive athletes with consideration for sweat-related losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements and Cardiovascular Function in Athletes and Sedentary People)

28 pages, 7153 KiB

Open AccessReview

Roadmap to Dystocia Management—Guiding Obstetric Interventions in Cattle

by Nasreddine Larbi Smail, Mounir Adnane, Karen Wagener, Marc Drillich and Aspinas Chapwanya

Life 2025, 15(3), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030457 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

Dystocia, or difficult labor, is a common complication during parturition in cattle that poses substantial risks to both dam and fetus. When the incidence is high on a farm level, it is a significant economic burden for dairy and beef enterprises. This review [...] Read more.

Dystocia, or difficult labor, is a common complication during parturition in cattle that poses substantial risks to both dam and fetus. When the incidence is high on a farm level, it is a significant economic burden for dairy and beef enterprises. This review paper presents a comprehensive roadmap strategy to enhance decision-making in the management of dystocia in cows. The strategy encompasses early recognition and assessment, utilization of advanced diagnostic tools, and a range of medical and surgical interventions tailored to specific maternal and fetal causes of dystocia. The roadmap also integrates preventive measures to reduce the incidence of dystocia through genetic selection and optimized nutrition. By addressing the key challenges in dystocia management, such as resource constraints, timely intervention, and the need for continuous education, this strategy aims to improve health outcomes for cows and calves and reduce economic losses. Implementing this structured approach can facilitate better preparedness, efficient resource utilization, and improved overall livestock management, thereby promoting the sustainability and productivity of the cattle industry and addressing animal welfare aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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16 pages, 3694 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Eccentric Training with Different Durations, Intensities, and Contraction Velocities on Upper Limb Muscle Strength: A Meta-Analysis

by Zhe Bai, Dong Zhang, Dongxue Liang, Xiaoke Chen, Xinyu Shi and Shu Chen

Life 2025, 15(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030456 - 13 Mar 2025

Abstract

Eccentric training may be more effective for muscle strength, but the optimal duration, intensity, and contraction velocity for improving upper limb strength remain unclear. We conducted a search across four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane) to evaluate the impact of [...] Read more.

Eccentric training may be more effective for muscle strength, but the optimal duration, intensity, and contraction velocity for improving upper limb strength remain unclear. We conducted a search across four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane) to evaluate the impact of eccentric training on upper limb skeletal muscle strength. A meta-analysis using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was performed. The results from 11 studies involving 368 participants indicated that eccentric training significantly enhanced upper limb strength (SMD = 0.55, CI: 0.32–0.79). Subgroup analysis showed a slight increase in strength in the 1–4 week period (SMD = 0.38, CI: 0.02–0.73), a significant increase in the 4–8 week period (SMD = 0.69, CI: 0.27–1.10), and a substantial increase at 20 weeks (SMD = 0.71, CI: 0.22–1.21). Moderate intensity showed moderate improvements (SMD = 0.47, CI: 0.18–0.77), while high intensity led to significant adaptations (SMD = 0.70, CI: 0.30–1.10). Rapid eccentric contractions (SMD = 0.70, CI: 0.39–1.02) outperformed slow contractions (SMD = 0.35, CI: −0.01–0.71). Eccentric training is effective, with significant results generally requiring 4–8 weeks of high-intensity rapid eccentric training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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