Innovative Applications of Extracellular Vesicles: From Diagnostics to Drug Delivery

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 3813

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy
Interests: extracellular vesicles; exosomes; cancer biochemistry; tumor microenvironment; drug delivery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received much scientific attention throughout the last decade as mediators of a newly discovered cell-to-cell communication system, acting over short and long distances. EVs are generated by the blebbing of the plasma membrane (microvesicles) formed in multivesicular bodies to be secreted by exocytosis as exosomes. Exosomes, microvesicles, and other EVs carry a wide range of cargo, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs. This composition can differ based on their site of biogenesis, making them rich sources of biomarkers for various diseases.

In diagnostics, EVs are extremely valuable due to their ability to reflect the physiological and pathological state of their cells of origin. The molecular cargo of EVs can provide detailed information about the presence and stage of diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. They can be isolated from bodily fluids, providing non-invasive methods for early disease detection, monitoring disease progression, and tailoring personalized treatment strategies.

Due to their biocompatibility, stability, lower immunogenicity, and unique features, EVs are widely explored as drug delivery systems, showing promising results in preclinical studies. EVs can be engineered to deliver therapeutic agents, including small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids, directly to target cells.

This Special Issue aims to discuss recent advances in the field of EVs and their role as mediators of intercellular communication in pathological conditions, highlighting their potential innovative strategies for significant advancements in therapeutics and diagnostics.

Dr. Alessandra Lo Cicero
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • extracellular vesicles
  • exosomes
  • cancer
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • biomarkers
  • diagnostics
  • cell-cell communication
  • drug delivery
  • therapeutics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1253 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Methods for Isolating Exosomes from Plasma Subjects with Normal and High Fat Percentages
by Jacqueline Noboa-Velástegui, Juan Carlos León, Jorge Castro, Ana Fletes, Perla Madrigal, Iñaki Álvarez and Rosa Navarro
Life 2025, 15(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030410 - 6 Mar 2025
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is responsible for fat storage and is an important producer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The biological content of exosomes, one kind of EV, provides information on aspects such as immunometabolic alterations. This study aimed to compare three plasma exosome isolation methods—using [...] Read more.
Adipose tissue is responsible for fat storage and is an important producer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The biological content of exosomes, one kind of EV, provides information on aspects such as immunometabolic alterations. This study aimed to compare three plasma exosome isolation methods—using a commercial kit (CK), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential centrifugation (DC)—and select the best one. Individuals categorized by normal and high body fat percentages were used. The DC and CK were proven to be the most advantageous out of the exosome isolation methods, so we suggest these methods for further protein and molecular analyses, respectively. Still, we emphasize the importance of selecting an appropriate methodology depending on the specific research objectives. At the same time, no statistical differences in exosome quality, morphology, total protein, or microRNA concentration were observed between individuals categorized by body fat percentage, so we suggest that the exosomal cargo varies in individuals with normal and high fat percentages. Full article
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Review

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30 pages, 3595 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles as Tools for Crossing the Blood–Brain Barrier to Treat Lysosomal Storage Diseases
by Giovanni Lerussi, Verónica Villagrasa-Araya, Marc Moltó-Abad, Mireia del Toro, Guillem Pintos-Morell, Joaquin Seras-Franzoso and Ibane Abasolo
Life 2025, 15(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15010070 - 9 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized, membrane-bound structures that have emerged as promising tools for drug delivery, especially in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. This review highlights the unique properties of EVs, such as their biocompatibility, [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized, membrane-bound structures that have emerged as promising tools for drug delivery, especially in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. This review highlights the unique properties of EVs, such as their biocompatibility, capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and potential for therapeutic cargo loading, including that of enzymes and genetic material. Current therapies for LSDs, like enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), often fail to address neurological symptoms due to their inability to cross the BBB. EVs offer a viable alternative, allowing for targeted delivery to the CNS and improving therapeutic outcomes. We discuss recent advancements in the engineering and modification of EVs to enhance targeting, circulation time and cargo stability, and provide a detailed overview of their application in LSDs, such as Gaucher and Fabry diseases, and Sanfilippo syndrome. Despite their potential, challenges remain in scaling production, ensuring isolation purity, and meeting regulatory requirements. Future developments will focus on overcoming these barriers, paving the way for the clinical translation of EV-based therapies in LSDs and other CNS disorders. Full article
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