Physical Activity, Inflammation, and Adipocytokines: Molecular Responses in Health and Disease

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1483

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Education and Sport Sciences, Pegaso Telematic University, 80143 Naples, Italy
2. CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
Interests: adipokines; adipose tissue; inflammatory response; physical activity; exercise; metabolic disease; athletes; cancer

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
2. CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl “Franco Salvatore”, Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy
Interests: adipokines; adipose tissue; diet; nutrition; physical activity; metabolic disease; cancer
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

You are kindly invited to submit contributions to the upcoming Special Issue entitled “Physical Activity, Inflammation, and Adipocytokines: Molecular Responses in Health and Disease”.

Chronic low-grade inflammation has been identified as a major contributor to the global burden of non-communicable diseases, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and several cancers. Sedentary lifestyles further increase the prevalence of these conditions, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to promote health and prevent disease. Physical activity is well known as a non-pharmacological tool capable of influencing systemic inflammation, metabolic regulation, and immune competence, with significant implications for disease prevention, health promotion, and clinical management. Inflammatory biomarkers—such as cytokines, chemokines, and adipocytokines—are involved in the regulation of fundamental biological processes (e.g., energy homeostasis, cellular stress responses) in both physiological and pathological conditions. Regular physical activity modulates several of these biomarkers, thereby promoting an anti-inflammatory environment and improving health outcomes in both healthy individuals and patients affected by chronic disorders. In athletes, physiological exercise stimuli also induce characteristic inflammatory patterns, providing a valuable framework for understanding adaptation, recovery, and performance. The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent research on the interplay between physical activity, inflammation, and health outcomes. Contributions addressing molecular mechanisms, biomarker profiling, and translational or clinical implications of exercise-induced inflammatory modulation are particularly welcomed.

Dr. Marta Mallardo
Prof. Dr. Aurora Daniele
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • physical activity
  • inflammation
  • inflammatory biomarkers
  • adipocytokines
  • exercise physiology
  • healthy life-style
  • metabolic disorders
  • cancer
  • athletes

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1244 KB  
Article
Effects of Two Different Training Programs on Cardiometabolic Health, Body Composition and Irisin in Middle Age Obese Males: A Pilot Study
by Mattia D’Alleva, Marta Mallardo, Nicola Giovanelli, Francesco Graniero, Federica Fiori, Michela Marinoni, Maria Parpinel, Lara Mari, Enrico Rejc, Simone Zaccaron, Jacopo Stafuzza, Stefano Lazzer, Aurora Daniele and Ersilia Nigro
Life 2026, 16(4), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16040657 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation. Irisin, released during exercise, regulates energy metabolism and may contribute to exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effects of 24 weeks of two different training programs on body composition, physical [...] Read more.
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation. Irisin, released during exercise, regulates energy metabolism and may contribute to exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. This study aimed to compare the effects of 24 weeks of two different training programs on body composition, physical capacities, and irisin levels in male adults with obesity, and to investigate the relationship between irisin and metabolic parameters. Thirteen male adults with obesity were randomly assigned to polarized (POL) or threshold (THR) training programs. Anthropometric measurements, physical capacity parameters, serum and salivary samples were collected before (T0) and after the training period (T1). Irisin levels were measured by ELISA. After training, body composition significantly improved, with reductions in body mass and body mass index, and an increase in fat-free mass. Maximal oxygen consumption (V’O2max) significantly increased, while a decrease in HRmax indicated improved cardiac efficiency. Although serum and salivary irisin levels did not significantly increase overall, a trend toward increased irisin was observed in the THR group. Furthermore, serum irisin at T1 positively correlated with V’O2 at the respiratory compensation point (p = 0.019), and V’O2max (p = 0.031). Both POL and THR training programs significantly improved body composition and cardiometabolic fitness after 24 weeks. The positive association of irisin with aerobic fitness parameters suggests that irisin may reflect physiological adaptations to exercise. Full article
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13 pages, 1008 KB  
Article
Acute Biochemical Responses to Competitive Tournament Load in Female Handball Players: Hormonal, Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers
by Zarife Pancar, Yücel Makaracı, Celal Gençoğlu, Burak Karaca and Hasan Ulusal
Life 2026, 16(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030523 - 21 Mar 2026
Viewed by 566
Abstract
Background: Congested tournament schedules impose substantial physiological stress in team sports; however, the integrated endocrine and inflammatory responses to real competitive match load in female handball players remain insufficiently characterized. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the acute biochemical responses, including hormonal, inflammatory, [...] Read more.
Background: Congested tournament schedules impose substantial physiological stress in team sports; however, the integrated endocrine and inflammatory responses to real competitive match load in female handball players remain insufficiently characterized. Objective: This study aimed to characterize the acute biochemical responses, including hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and bone metabolism markers, elicited by competitive tournament load in female handball players and to provide practical insights for optimizing recovery strategies and load management during short-term competitive periods. Methods: In a pre–post study design, venous blood samples were collected from competitive female athletes (n = 8; age 20.83 ± 2.93 years) before the first match and after the fourth consecutive match of an official university qualification tournament. Biochemical analyses included cortisol, insulin, IL-6, creatine kinase (CK), IGF-1, irisin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), osteocalcin, and testosterone. Pre-to-post changes were assessed using paired t-tests and effect sizes. Results: Tournament load induced substantial multisystem physiological perturbations. Significant increases were observed in cortisol (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.044), IL-6 (p < 0.001), CK (p < 0.001), and osteocalcin (p = 0.005), indicating activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, systemic inflammation, muscle membrane disruption, and enhanced bone turnover. Conversely, IGF-1 (p < 0.001) and testosterone (p = 0.004) significantly decreased, reflecting suppression of anabolic signaling and a shift toward a catabolic hormonal environment under cumulative match stress. LDH significantly decreased (p = 0.002), while irisin showed no significant change (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that congested tournament schedules provoke an integrated endocrine–inflammatory stress response in female handball players. Importantly, the observed anabolic–catabolic imbalance highlights the need for individualized recovery strategies, optimized load management, and adequate recovery periods to mitigate maladaptation and reduce injury risk during short-term competitive tournaments. Full article
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