Journal of Fungi

23 pages, 2445 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Biocontrol of Root-Knot Nematodes Through Co-Cultivation of Clonostachys rosea and Bacillus velezensis: Proline-Driven Bacterial Fitness and Synergistic Metabolite Production

by Jie Zhang, Yajing Song, Manhong Sun, Jiangkuan Cui, Yuankai Chi, Mingcong Xia, Runhong Sun, Chao Wu, Qianqian Dong and Lirong Yang

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020158 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2026

Abstract

The ascomycete fungus Clonostachys rosea is a promising biocontrol agent against root-knot nematodes. To develop a more effective and stable biocontrol strategy, we rationally constructed a co-culture system by partnering C. rosea with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus velezensis. Through systematic optimization [...] Read more.

The ascomycete fungus Clonostachys rosea is a promising biocontrol agent against root-knot nematodes. To develop a more effective and stable biocontrol strategy, we rationally constructed a co-culture system by partnering C. rosea with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus velezensis. Through systematic optimization of the medium and inoculation protocol, the co-culture demonstrated significantly enhanced performance, achieving 95.3% mortality of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles, a 78.0% increase in tomato shoot dry weight, and 69.2% disease control efficacy in pot trials. Metabolomic profiling indicated that the co-culture triggered a distinct metabolic profile compared to the respective monocultures. The enhanced efficacy was associated with the accumulation of two functional metabolite groups. First, the co-culture synergistically accumulated direct-effect compounds with reported nematicidal (e.g., daidzin, L-tryptophan) and plant-growth-promoting (e.g., isopentenyladenine, melatonin, and indole-3-propionic acid) activities. In parallel, L-proline emerged as a critical microbial interaction modulator. Targeted quantification showed a clear proline abundance gradient: highest in the C. rosea monoculture, intermediate in co-culture, and lowest in the B. velezensis monoculture. This gradient suggests that proline produced by C. rosea is likely utilized by B. velezensis, a finding further supported by the observation that proline enhanced bacterial biofilm formation and upregulated the matrix genes epsC and tasA. Accordingly, the co-culture itself formed significantly more robust biofilms. Thus, the enhanced biocontrol can be attributed to synergistic metabolite accumulation together with proline-mediated fitness gains in the bacterial partner, establishing a metabolic basis for rationally engineering microbial consortia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

27 pages, 8158 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of ABC Transporters and Ergosterol Biosynthesis by the Transcription Factor FvADS-1 Controls Azole Resistance and Virulence in Fusarium verticillioides

by Yajing Yin, Hanxing Zhang, Zhenying Zhang, Mi Zhou, Shaojie Li and Chengcheng Hu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020157 (registering DOI) - 22 Feb 2026

Abstract

Fusarium verticillioides is a significant agricultural pathogen and an emerging causative agent of invasive fusariosis in clinical settings. Fusarium species frequently exhibit resistance to available antifungal agents, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying azole resistance remain poorly characterized. In this study, we identified the [...] Read more.

Fusarium verticillioides is a significant agricultural pathogen and an emerging causative agent of invasive fusariosis in clinical settings. Fusarium species frequently exhibit resistance to available antifungal agents, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying azole resistance remain poorly characterized. In this study, we identified the Zn(II)₂Cys₆ transcription factor FvADS-1 as a positive regulator of the azole stress response in F. verticillioides. The transcription of FvADS-1 was significantly induced by ketoconazole (KTC), and its deletion increased susceptibility to multiple azole compounds. Mechanistically, FvADS-1 positively regulates the KTC-induced expression of genes encoding ABC transporters and ergosterol biosynthesis enzymes, thereby modulating intracellular KTC accumulation and sterol homeostasis under azole stress. Furthermore, FvADS-1 positively regulates the transcriptional response of peroxisomal genes and contributes to fungal tolerance to oxidative stress. Notably, deletion of FvADS-1 attenuates the virulence of F. verticillioides on maize. The function of ADS-1 is evolutionarily conserved: heterologous expression of N. crassa ads-1 restored azole resistance in FvADS-1 deletion mutant, and the deletion of the F. oxysporum homolog FoADS-1 similarly increased azole susceptibility. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the conserved transcription factor ADS-1 plays a central role in regulating azole resistance and virulence in the pathogen F. verticillioides, offering new insights into antifungal resistance mechanisms in pathogenic filamentous fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

17 pages, 3976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Caspofungin Reshapes the Extracellular Vesicles Metabolome of Candidozyma (Candida) auris, Altering Amino Acid and Nucleotide Metabolism

by Vinicius Alves, Claire V. Mulholland, Daniel Zamith-Miranda, Susana Frases, Michael Berney and Joshua D. Nosanchuk

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020156 (registering DOI) - 21 Feb 2026

Abstract

Candidozyma auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen associated with severe invasive infections and high mortality, particularly in healthcare environments. Its rapid global expansion and resistance to multiple antifungal classes pose major challenges to treatment and containment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently been [...] Read more.

Candidozyma auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen associated with severe invasive infections and high mortality, particularly in healthcare environments. Its rapid global expansion and resistance to multiple antifungal classes pose major challenges to treatment and containment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently been recognized as important mediators of fungal communication, virulence, and stress adaptation. Here, we examine how caspofungin, a frontline echinocandin, reshapes the EV metabolome of C. auris. Caspofungin exposure drives pronounced remodeling of EV size distributions, yielding a predominance of smaller, more uniform EVs alongside a minor population of larger subtypes. Metabolomic profiling of EVs revealed marked enrichment of metabolites involved in nucleotide salvage and recycling, along with altered amino acid abundances, including increases in amino acids associated with stress responses and redox regulation. These changes are consistent with altered nucleotide turnover and amino acid metabolism under antifungal stress. Importantly, these metabolic alterations reflect caspofungin-induced changes in cellular metabolism that are selectively exported via extracellular vesicles, rather than metabolic activity occurring within the vesicles themselves. Export of these metabolites via EVs may support population-level coordination, biofilm remodeling, and modulation of host immune responses, contributing to echinocandin tolerance. Together, our findings highlight nucleotide- and amino acid-associated metabolic features of EVs as informative readouts of caspofungin exposure and highlight the EV metabolome as a promising source of non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring drug exposure and resistance. This work advances understanding of C. auris adaptation under antifungal stress and reveals new opportunities for therapeutic and diagnostic innovation against this high-priority pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multidrug-Resistant Fungi: New Strategies for Diagnosis and Treatment—2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Unusual Sporotrichosis: A New Concept Proposal on the Unexpected Faces of Sporothrix spp. Infection

by Jayne Araújo da Silva, Adriany Lucas dos Santos, Júlia Andrade de Castro Rodrigues, Mariana de Paula Pires, Marcelo Cerilo-Filho, Gil Benard, José Rodrigo Santos Silva, Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado, Jéssica Dornelas da Silva, Héctor Manuel Mora-Montes, Gutemberg Gomes Alves and Andréa Regina de Souza Baptista

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020155 (registering DOI) - 21 Feb 2026

Abstract

“Unusual sporotrichosis”, a concept proposed in this review, refers to severe, extracutaneous, or anatomically atypical manifestations of sporotrichosis occurring in immunocompetent hosts and represents an underrecognized clinical subset associated with important diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This systematic review aimed to characterize unusual sporotrichosis [...] Read more.

“Unusual sporotrichosis”, a concept proposed in this review, refers to severe, extracutaneous, or anatomically atypical manifestations of sporotrichosis occurring in immunocompetent hosts and represents an underrecognized clinical subset associated with important diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This systematic review aimed to characterize unusual sporotrichosis worldwide and to clarify its epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic patterns. Following a registered protocol and PRISMA guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and BVS/LILACS were searched up to November 2025 using a PICO-based strategy. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed case reports and case series with laboratory-confirmed sporotrichosis in patients without immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, or other confounding comorbidities; classical lymphocutaneous and fixed cutaneous forms were excluded. From 922 records, 39 studies were included (13 case series and 26 case reports), yielding 55 cases reported between 1957 and 2024 across five world regions, mainly from the United States of America and Brazil. Adults aged 40–59 years (41.8%) and males (74.5%) predominated. Sapronotic transmission was most frequent (69.0%), although zoonotic transmission increased over time. Sporothrix schenckii/Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto was the predominant species (87.3%). Osteoarticular (30.9%) and systemic (27.2%) forms were the most common presentations. Although cure was achieved in most cases (58.1%), sequelae were frequent (21.8%), and the worst prognosis—including most deaths—was observed in osteoarticular sporotrichosis. Unusual sporotrichosis is globally distributed and clinically distinct; therefore, early recognition and multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are essential to improve outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycological Research in the Americas)

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18 pages, 2385 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metagenomic and Genomic Analyses Reveal Prevalent Spread and Evolution of the Bat White-Nose Pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans in Western Canada

by Yue Wang, Chadabhorn Insuk, Cory Olson and Jianping Xu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020154 (registering DOI) - 21 Feb 2026

Abstract

Bats play a crucial role in the ecosystem. However, North American bat populations have experienced a dramatic decline since 2006 due to white-nose syndrome, a disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). This fungus can invade and damage the skin on bat [...] Read more.

Bats play a crucial role in the ecosystem. However, North American bat populations have experienced a dramatic decline since 2006 due to white-nose syndrome, a disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). This fungus can invade and damage the skin on bat wings and muzzles during hibernation. Since 2021, Pd has been reported at selected sites in western Canada, the region with the highest bat diversity in Canada, eliciting urgent calls for action among diverse stakeholders. Here we analyze nine metagenomes of bat guanos and wing swabs and the genomes of five Pd strains from western Canada to investigate the distribution and diversity of Pd in this region. Pd was found in all nine metagenomic samples and the metagenome sequences enabled us to identify the associated bat species. Divergence time estimates of Pd based on whole-genome sequences suggest that Pd likely entered Alberta two to five years before its first official report. Furthermore, we found evidence of abundant gene copy number variations in this species. Together, our metagenomic and genomic analyses indicate that Pd is more prevalent than currently recognized and is evolving and diversifying. Continued surveillance with more comprehensive methods is needed to accurately track its spread and facilitate timely management of white-nose syndrome in North America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 12217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Amylocorticiales (Basidiomycota): Two New Genera, Six New Species, and Four New Combinations

by Yu-Qing Liu, Jing Ye, Si-Yi He, Yuan Yuan, Sen Liu, Yue Li, Man-Rong Huang, Ning Yang and Shuang-Hui He

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020153 - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Amylocorticiales forms a well-supported clade within Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, and most of the species have resupinate basidiomes and cause brown rot on wood. It is one of the smallest orders of the basidiomycetes, with the species diversity and phylogeny being understudied. In the present [...] Read more.

Amylocorticiales forms a well-supported clade within Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, and most of the species have resupinate basidiomes and cause brown rot on wood. It is one of the smallest orders of the basidiomycetes, with the species diversity and phylogeny being understudied. In the present study, we conduct phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated ITS + nLSU sequence dataset of the order with an emphasis on the samples from southern China. As a result, ten new lineages were found. Combined with the morphological evidence, two new genera and six new species are described and illustrated, and four new combinations are proposed. Amylophanerochaete hainanense gen. et sp. nov. is closely related to Serpulomyces but differs in having smooth hymenophores with rhizomorphs and narrowly cylindrical to slightly sigmoid amyloid basidiospores. The new genus Pseudoathelia is proposed to accommodate Leptosporomyces linzhiense and Athelia septentrionalis, two athelioid species. Four new species, viz. Amylocorticium athelioides, A. bisporum, A. guangxiense, and A. luteolum, collected from southern China, formed distinct lineages within the Amylocorticium clade. Serpulomyces borealis, the only species of the genus, is proven to be a species complex, while one new species, S. subborealis, and two new combinations, S. rhizomorphus and S. yunnanensis, transferred from Ceraceomyces, are found in the lineage. An identification key to all the known genera is provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Ecology of Forest Fungi, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1102 KB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Tools for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: Current and Emerging Antifungal Agents

by Guillermo Quindós, Iker De-la-Pinta, Cristina Marcos-Arias, Nerea Jauregizar, Elena Sevillano, Lucila Madariaga and Elena Eraso

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020152 - 20 Feb 2026

Abstract

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) represents a widespread gynaecological challenge, affecting approximately 75% of women at some point during their reproductive years, with a significant subset progressing to recurrent forms (RVVC). Classical azoles and polyenes remain the cornerstone of therapy. However, their clinical utility is [...] Read more.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) represents a widespread gynaecological challenge, affecting approximately 75% of women at some point during their reproductive years, with a significant subset progressing to recurrent forms (RVVC). Classical azoles and polyenes remain the cornerstone of therapy. However, their clinical utility is undermined by the rise of azole-resistant non-Candida albicans species, the capacity of Candida to form biofilms, and a complex variety of host-related factors that complicate disease expression and therapeutic response. This narrative review provides a critical up-to-date examination of the therapeutic landscape, integrating current diagnostic algorithms with pharmacological strategies for both acute, recalcitrant and recurrent VVCs. We assess the efficacy and safety of established antifungal agents alongside the breakthrough introduction of novel drug classes, with a particular interest in the oral triterpenoid ibrexafungerp and the tetrazole oteseconazole, which offer new mechanisms of action for cases that fail to respond to standard regimens. Furthermore, we address the management of a special clinical scenarios, including pregnancy and lactation, and explore promising emerging innovative approaches such as mucoadhesive formulations, immunomodulatory approaches, and alternative non-antifungal therapies. Ultimately, this review aims to support clinical decision-making by balancing the accessibility and user-friendliness of conventional treatments with the targeted precision offered by modern antifungal agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Candidiasis: Changes and Challenges in Its Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention)

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14 pages, 1546 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Isaria cateniannulata on Enzyme Activities and Chitinase Genes in Tetranychus urticae

by Lingdi Gu, Xue Yang, Ying Ren, Kaiwei Tang, Can Liu, Weichen Yang, Qingfu Chen and Xiaona Zhang

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020151 - 19 Feb 2026

Abstract

Tetranychus urticae is a globally important economic pest mite. Isaria cateniannulata can infect the mite through its conidial penetration of the cuticle, ultimately leading to host mortality; however, the immune mechanisms involving enzyme activity systems and chitinase genes of T. urticae during this [...] Read more.

Tetranychus urticae is a globally important economic pest mite. Isaria cateniannulata can infect the mite through its conidial penetration of the cuticle, ultimately leading to host mortality; however, the immune mechanisms involving enzyme activity systems and chitinase genes of T. urticae during this process remain unclear. In this study, T. urticae infected with I. cateniannulata was used as experimental material to analyze changes in antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities during infection. In addition, the expression patterns of six chitinase genes were analyzed, and significantly upregulated genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis and functional verification. The results showed that infection with I. cateniannulata enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes in T. urticae, with Catalase (CAT) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) playing dominant roles. All six chitinase genes were activated, among which TuCHT7 and TuCHT12 were significantly upregulated at 24 h post-infection, and then TuCHT7 gradually declined. Whereas TuCHT12 maintained a sustained and stable induction pattern, TuCHT10 was suppressed, while the other genes exhibited transient expression. Feeding dsTuCHT12 suppressed the expression of this gene within 72 h, with significant suppression observed at 48 h. At this time, the expression levels of TuCHT8, TuCHT9 and TuCHT10 genes were activated, whereas TuCHT7 and TuCHT11 were suppressed. The combined application of dsCHT12 and I. cateniannulata increased the mortality of T. urticae by 3.19-fold and reduced egg production by 52.8%. This study preliminarily revealed the defense response mechanism of T. urticae against I. cateniannulata infection and provides a theoretical basis for eco-friendly pest control based on the combined application of RNAi and arthropodpathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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26 pages, 2153 KB

Open AccessReview

Mining Genetically Encoded Biosensors from Filamentous Fungi

by Shuhui Guo, Shaozheng Song, Zhunzhun Liu, Yunjun Ge and Ye Chen

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020150 - 19 Feb 2026

Abstract

Genetically encoded biosensors represent cutting-edge biosensors due to their capabilities in real-time monitoring and precise control in living cells. However, the development of eukaryotic genetically encoded biosensors for new analytes is constrained by the shortage of signal–receptor pairs. Bacterial biosensors have been transferred [...] Read more.

Genetically encoded biosensors represent cutting-edge biosensors due to their capabilities in real-time monitoring and precise control in living cells. However, the development of eukaryotic genetically encoded biosensors for new analytes is constrained by the shortage of signal–receptor pairs. Bacterial biosensors have been transferred to eukaryotes to expand the signal detection space, which has achieved remarkable success. However, due to the significant differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene expression systems, optimizing bacterial biosensors has proven challenging. Successful cases indicate that developing orthogonal signal–receptor pairs directly from eukaryotic systems may offer a viable solution. Indeed, the potential of filamentous fungi—a highly diverse group of organisms that share conserved as well as specific signaling and metabolic pathways with yeast and mammalian cells—has been largely overlooked in biosensor development. In this review, we systematically examine biosensing systems in filamentous fungi, summarize their signal recognition receptors, signal transduction pathways, responsive transcription factors, and provide an overview of the biosensors and synthetic tools developed from them. Finally, we highlight the promise and challenges of biosensor development from filamentous fungi and discuss their potential applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 8308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic and Physiological Profiling Reveals Metabolic Determinants and Key Regulatory Hubs of Fruiting Body Degeneration in Lentinula edodes

by Huiting Yang, Kun Liu, Jun Jiang, Xiaoya Song, Xinyan Lu, Jianfei Tan and Lingli Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020149 - 19 Feb 2026

Abstract

Frequent strain degeneration during subcultivation, characterized by impaired sporulation and fruiting body formation, represents a major constraint in fungal agricultural production. Our study systematically investigated two naturally degenerated Lentinula edodes strains classified as abortive (Abt: L808-13, L808-14) and malformed (Abn: L808-18) fruiting-body phenotypes, [...] Read more.

Frequent strain degeneration during subcultivation, characterized by impaired sporulation and fruiting body formation, represents a major constraint in fungal agricultural production. Our study systematically investigated two naturally degenerated Lentinula edodes strains classified as abortive (Abt: L808-13, L808-14) and malformed (Abn: L808-18) fruiting-body phenotypes, through comprehensive phenotypic characterization, enzymatic profiling, thermotolerance assessment, and transcriptomic analysis. While vegetative growth remained unaffected, degenerated strains exhibited premature hyphal knotting, significantly reduced thermotolerance, and Abn-specific suppression of carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity. Comparative transcriptomics revealed 1239 and 582 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Abt and Abn groups, respectively, accompanied by a global dysregulation in carbohydrate catabolism, phospholipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks and RT-qPCR data highlighted 12 core hub genes enriched in glycoside hydrolysis, cytochrome P450 signaling, and membrane lipid dynamics. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of fruiting body degeneration and establish a foundation for developing diagnostic indicators to screen for early-stage degeneration in industrial mushroom production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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23 pages, 2719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening and Validation of Interacting Proteins of Receptor-like Cytoplasmic Kinase OsRLCK118 Involved in Rice Blast Resistance

by Wenxiao Wang, Mingmin Wang, Ruiyu Wang, Shaojun Lin, Fenghuang Huang, Yidan Jin, Niqing He, Zhaoping Cheng, Qingshun Q. Li and Dewei Yang

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020148 - 19 Feb 2026

Abstract

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, severely threatens global rice production. Although the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK118 positively regulates rice immunity, its downstream signaling mechanism remains unknown. To systematically identify OsRLCK118-interacting proteins, we performed immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and a yeast library screen, [...] Read more.

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, severely threatens global rice production. Although the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase OsRLCK118 positively regulates rice immunity, its downstream signaling mechanism remains unknown. To systematically identify OsRLCK118-interacting proteins, we performed immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and a yeast library screen, yielding 781 and 287 candidates, respectively, with 35 overlapping hits. Among these, OsSAMS1, a known positive regulator of blast resistance, was selected for validation. Membrane yeast two-hybrid, split-luciferase complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the physical interaction between OsRLCK118 and OsSAMS1. Furthermore, in vitro kinase assays showed that OsRLCK118 specifically phosphorylates OsSAMS1. These results uncover a novel signaling axis connecting pathogen recognition to ethylene biosynthesis via OsRLCK118-dependent phosphorylation of OsSAMS1, providing both mechanistic insight into rice immunity and potential genetic targets for resistance breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi: Morphogenesis, Pathogenicity and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites—Second Edition)

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17 pages, 2117 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Intensity, Short-Duration Proton Irradiation Enhances Oxidative Stress Sensitivity of Aspergillus nidulans, with Transcriptomic Data Indicating Downregulation of Antioxidative Enzyme Genes

by Máté Szarka, Ildikó Vig, András Fenyvesi, Barnabás Cs. Gila, Károly Antal, Zita Szikszai, István Pócsi and Tamás Emri

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020147 - 19 Feb 2026

Abstract

Fungi regularly occur on spacecrafts, posing a serious risk to humans and equipment. In this study, we characterized how the model organism Aspergillus nidulans responds to low-intensity, short-duration proton irradiation designed to simulate a solar particle event, a common stress factor in space. [...] Read more.

Fungi regularly occur on spacecrafts, posing a serious risk to humans and equipment. In this study, we characterized how the model organism Aspergillus nidulans responds to low-intensity, short-duration proton irradiation designed to simulate a solar particle event, a common stress factor in space. The oxidative stress-sensitive ∆atfA mutant exhibited a lower survival rate than the wild-type strain. Pretreatment of the wild-type strain with menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB), which activates oxidative stress defense mechanisms, increased tolerance to proton beam radiation. These data are consistent with the idea that oxidative defense contributes to cellular responses to ionizing radiation. Unexpectedly, the applied radiation decreased the tolerance to MSB. To understand this unusual behavior, we compared the transcriptomes of the irradiated and non-irradiated mycelia. As expected, proton beam irradiation upregulated many genes involved in DNA repair but downregulated a large number of antioxidant enzyme genes. The downregulation of three key antioxidant genes—prxA (thioredoxin peroxidase), trxB (thioredoxin reductase), and gsh1 (γ-glutamylcysteine synthase)—was further confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. One possible explanation is that, due to the rapid elimination of reactive oxygen species generated by water radiolysis, the effects of radiolysis-derived electrons could transiently dominate redox signaling. This shift may interfere with redox sensing in the fungus, resulting in reduced antioxidant gene expression and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress sensitivity caused by proton radiation may be the Achilles heel of cells that can survive this stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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19 pages, 1146 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the Interaction Mechanism Between Morchella and Mycoparasitic Fungi Causing Diseases and Their Biological Control: A Review

by Ruihua Zhao, Jiayi Xie, Pengfei Jin and Xiaolong He

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020146 - 17 Feb 2026

Abstract

Morchella is a highly valued edible and medicinal fungus with significant nutritional and economic value. In recent years, with the development of artificial cultivation techniques, the planting area of Morchella has been expanding continuously, while the incidence of fungal diseases has also increased [...] Read more.

Morchella is a highly valued edible and medicinal fungus with significant nutritional and economic value. In recent years, with the development of artificial cultivation techniques, the planting area of Morchella has been expanding continuously, while the incidence of fungal diseases has also increased sharply, seriously affecting its yield and quality and further restricting the development of the Morchella industry. To date, ten fungal diseases of Morchella have been reported, mainly including white mold, cobweb disease, pileus rot and fungal rot. The mycoparasitic fungi responsible for these diseases can infect Morchella by secreting proteins and secondary metabolites, while Morchella responds to fungal disease stress through genetic and metabolic regulation. Currently, biological control strategies for Morchella fungal diseases primarily rely on antagonistic microorganisms and natural products. This review summarizes the research progress on major fungal diseases of Morchella, including their causal fungi, pathogenic factors and infection mechanisms, host response mechanisms, and biological control. It also identifies existing research gaps and prospects for future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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18 pages, 2387 KB

Open AccessArticle

Similiboletinus tomentopileatus gen. et sp. nov. from Tropical China, a New Boletoid Taxon Based on Morphological and Molecular Data

by Sipeng Jian, Xinjing Xu, Feng Gao, Yiwei Fang, Tianwei Yang, Jing Liu, Wenzhu Ai, Chunxia Zhang and Yanchun Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020145 - 16 Feb 2026

Abstract

Boletaceae, a family of profound ecological influence and economic value, has been the subject of prolific taxonomic research over the past decade, with new taxa continually being discovered. In this study, Similiboletinus tomentopileatus gen. et sp. nov., collected from a tropical region of [...] Read more.

Boletaceae, a family of profound ecological influence and economic value, has been the subject of prolific taxonomic research over the past decade, with new taxa continually being discovered. In this study, Similiboletinus tomentopileatus gen. et sp. nov., collected from a tropical region of China, is proposed based on integrative morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of a multigene dataset (LSU-rpb2-tef1-α-atp6) strongly support the position of Similiboletinus within the Suillelloideae. Morphologically, it is characterized by a tomentose and yellow–brown pileus, a subdecurrent hymenophore, unchanging context when injured, a boletoid hymenophoral trama, a cutis-type pileipellis, and broadly ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores. The identification of Similiboletinus further underscores the striking and largely unexplored diversity of Boletaceae within tropical China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Ecology of Fungi from Different Ecological Niches)

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17 pages, 4287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chromatin Remodeling Factor Arp8 Is Involved in the Regulation of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis and Fungal Pathogenicity of Aspergillus flavus

by Dongmei Ma, Yanfang Yao, Wenxin Luo, Penghui Wang, Dandan Wu, Yanling Yang, Kangfu Ye, Yuxin Hu, Ying Gao, Minghui Sun, Can Zhang, Lin Chen, Xixu Chen and Zhenhong Zhuang

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020144 - 15 Feb 2026

Abstract

Aspergillus flavus Link, 1809 is a pathogenic fungus widely present in the environment. It can infect plants and also acts as an opportunistic pathogen affecting humans and other animals. The aflatoxins (AFs), it produces, can cause cancers such as liver cancer. Therefore, in-depth [...] Read more.

Aspergillus flavus Link, 1809 is a pathogenic fungus widely present in the environment. It can infect plants and also acts as an opportunistic pathogen affecting humans and other animals. The aflatoxins (AFs), it produces, can cause cancers such as liver cancer. Therefore, in-depth research into the pathogenic mechanisms of A. flavus is crucial. Arp8 (Actin-like protein Arp8) is a unique subunit within the chromatin remodeling complex INO80, regulating processes including chromatin remodeling. However, the biological function of Arp8 in A. flavus remains unclear. This study constructed A. flavus arp8 knockout (Δarp8) and complementation (Com-arp8) strains via homologous recombination. Subsequent research revealed that following the deletion of arp8, A. flavus exhibits a reduction of approximately 51% in conidia production, complete abrogation of sclerotia formation, and significantly impairment of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis. Crop grain colonization and Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 infection models demonstrated that Arp8 plays a crucial role in A. flavus ability to infect hosts. Environmental stress experiments identified Arp8 as a vital factor for A. flavus in response to various environmental stresses. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated Arp8 achieves its biological functions through corresponding regulatory factors. This study elucidates the biological functions of Arp8 in A. flavus growth and development, pathogenicity, and aflatoxin synthesis, laying a foundation to illuminate the mechanisms of A. flavus pathogenicity and AFs production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Fungi: Morphogenesis, Pathogenicity and Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites—Second Edition)

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17 pages, 2525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cultivation of Inonotus hispidus on Jujube Wood Waste: Effects on Fruiting Body Biological Characteristics, Nutrients, Active Constituents and Metabolic Profiles

by Guangjie Zhang, Shuaichun Huang, Ying Zhang, Dongmei Wu, Yuan Cheng, Hong Li, Changtian Li and Yu Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020143 - 15 Feb 2026

Abstract

Inonotus hispidus is an important medicinal and edible fungus within the “Sanghuang” category, featuring a broad host range and rapid fruiting body growth. However, its wild resources are currently threatened by overharvesting. Simultaneously, large-scale jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) cultivation generates substantial pruning [...] Read more.

Inonotus hispidus is an important medicinal and edible fungus within the “Sanghuang” category, featuring a broad host range and rapid fruiting body growth. However, its wild resources are currently threatened by overharvesting. Simultaneously, large-scale jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) cultivation generates substantial pruning waste, often burned. This study explored the feasibility of using jujube wood as a cultivation substrate for I. hispidus. Three I. hispidus strains, Z1, Z2, and ZL, were cultivated on substrates with varying proportions of jujube wood replacing cottonseed hulls. The biological efficiency, nutritional components, active compounds, and free amino acid profiles of the resulting fruiting bodies were analyzed. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to investigate global metabolic changes. Results indicated that all strains successfully colonized the jujube-based substrates and produced fruiting bodies. Strain ZL exhibited the highest biological efficiency and the shortest growth period on the 48% jujube wood substrate, while others showed significantly increased triterpenoids and flavonoids content. Metabolomic analysis revealed substrate-dependent and strain-specific alterations in metabolic pathways, particularly in amino acid biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, and secondary metabolism. This study confirms jujube wood as a viable alternative substrate for the edible (ZL) and medicinal (Z1, Z2) cultivation of I. hispidus, providing a sustainable production method while establishing a valuable utilization pathway for jujube wood waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Sustainable Applications and the Circular Economy: A Themed Issue Dedicated to Academician Yu Li)

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12 pages, 714 KB

Open AccessReview

Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways as Potential Targets for the Development of New Antifungals

by Rebeca Alonso-Monge, José Pedro Guirao-Abad and Juan Carlos Argüelles

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020142 - 14 Feb 2026

Abstract

The World Health Organization WHO considers fungal infections as a significant global risk that necessitates the development of new therapies. The arsenal of antifungals is limited, and the eukaryotic organization of fungi makes it difficult to find selective antifungal targets. In the search [...] Read more.

The World Health Organization WHO considers fungal infections as a significant global risk that necessitates the development of new therapies. The arsenal of antifungals is limited, and the eukaryotic organization of fungi makes it difficult to find selective antifungal targets. In the search for potential targets for the design of new antifungals, the Stress-Activated Protein Kinase (SAPKs) pathways, and specifically, the two-component system, could be a plausible option since this upstream signaling system is absent in metazoans. SAPK pathways are involved in the response and adaptation to different environmental conditions. In pathogenic fungi, these signaling pathways are crucial for virulence, and some of them become activated in response to certain antifungals. Although further experimental evidence is required on the role of SAPKs in antifungal signaling and resistance, the possibility of impairing SAPK signaling by tagging the two-component system can be considered a useful strategy for implementing future antifungal therapies. In particular, the beneficial value of SAPK modulators combined with antifungal drugs should be a preferred line of research. In this review, we focused on the connection between the SAPK pathways and antifungal signaling in the four fungal priority pathogens, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candidozyma (formerly Candida) auris, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans, defined by the WHO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antifungal Drugs, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3260 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Near-T2T Genome Assembly of Elsinoe fawcettii Provides Insights into Host Adaptation Driven by Cis-Regulatory Evolution

by Jiyu Su, Shujun Zhang, Qian Lu, Jie Yang, Cheng Zheng, Xiuxiu Li, Xiaofeng Chen, Hong Liu, Zonghua Wang and Hongli Hu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020141 - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

Elsinoe fawcettii is a devastating citrus pathogen worldwide, yet high-quality genomic resources are lacking, limiting insights into its adaptive mechanisms. Seventeen strains collected from 13 host species across 5 Chinese provinces were confirmed as E. fawcettii by multi-loci (ITS, rpb2, tef1-α [...] Read more.

Elsinoe fawcettii is a devastating citrus pathogen worldwide, yet high-quality genomic resources are lacking, limiting insights into its adaptive mechanisms. Seventeen strains collected from 13 host species across 5 Chinese provinces were confirmed as E. fawcettii by multi-loci (ITS, rpb2, tef1-α) phylogenetic and morphological analyses. A near-telomere-to-telomere (near-T2T) genome for representative strain FJ-Y-3 was constructed using integrated PacBio and Hi-C sequencing. The 24.40 Mb assembly was organized into 11 chromosomes with exceptional completeness (BUSCO: 97.1%) and continuity (scaffold N50: 2.18 Mb). Pan-genome analysis revealed a closed structure, with core genes representing 77.19% of the total, suggesting evolutionary adaptation through fine-regulation of conserved elements rather than extensive gene content variation. Accessory genes were significantly enriched in terpenoid/polyketide metabolism, cell surface remodeling, and xenobiotic degradation, underscoring metabolic plasticity. Whole-genome resequencing showed single-nucleotide polymorphisms as the dominant variant, with ~60% residing in regulatory regions, implicating cis-regulation as a key adaptive mechanism. This work provides a high-quality genome and multi-omics framework for E. fawcettii, establishing a crucial molecular foundation for understanding pathogen adaptation and developing sustainable disease management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 6567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Metabolomics Reveals the Adaptive Strategy of White Auricularia cornea to Bamboo Substrate Variation

by Xianqi Shan, Fangjie Yao, Lixin Lu, Xiaoxu Ma, Ming Fang, Wei Liu, Jia Lu, Shengtao Qu, Zirui Zhao, Haimeng Zhao, Xu Sun and Zufa Zhou

J. Fungi 2026, 12(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12020140 - 13 Feb 2026

Abstract

To address the “fungus-forest conflict” in the edible mushroom industry and the challenge of resource utilization for bamboo substrate waste, this study focused on white Auricularia cornea, and cultivation systems were established with bamboo substrate replacing wood chips at ratios of 0%, [...] Read more.

To address the “fungus-forest conflict” in the edible mushroom industry and the challenge of resource utilization for bamboo substrate waste, this study focused on white Auricularia cornea, and cultivation systems were established with bamboo substrate replacing wood chips at ratios of 0%, 18%, 38%, 58%, and 78%. By integrating liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis with agronomic trait measurements, the study elucidated the metabolic adaptation mechanisms of the substrate. Results indicated that white A. cornea could grow normally in all bamboo substrates, with the 58% bamboo substrate replacement group (D_58) demonstrating the most optimal overall performance. The mycelial growth rate reached 3.55 ± 0.24 mm/d, and the growth period was the shortest (86.2 d), balancing growth efficiency with cost advantages. Metabolomics detected 3779 metabolites, primarily amino acids and their derivatives (42.2%) and organic acids (35.54%). Compared to the control group, each treatment group exhibited 104–528 upregulated and 192–630 downregulated differential metabolites, with 93 shared differential metabolites and numerous unique markers. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that varying bamboo substrate ratios shaped growth adaptation strategies by regulating core pathways such as nucleotide metabolism and ABC transporters. This study established the feasibility and optimal formulation of bamboo substrate substitution, elucidated the substrate–metabolite–phenotype linkage mechanism, and provided theoretical foundations and practical references for high-quality cultivation of white A. cornea and sustainable development through “substituting bamboo for wood” to reduce carbon emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Cell Biology, Metabolism and Physiology)

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