Journal of Fungi

13 pages, 1632 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Mating-Type Distribution and Fertility Variation in Magnaporthe oryzae Populations in China

by Han Yan, Jintao Liu, Han Xu, Jun Yang and Hai Dong

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010040 (registering DOI) - 3 Jan 2026

‌Magnaporthe oryzae exhibits significant genetic polymorphism in paddy fields. This study collected and isolated 832 single-spore isolates from major rice-producing areas of 17 provinces in six geographical regions across China, analyzing their mating-type distribution, fertility variation, and underlying mechanisms. Polymerase chain reaction [...] Read more.

‌Magnaporthe oryzae exhibits significant genetic polymorphism in paddy fields. This study collected and isolated 832 single-spore isolates from major rice-producing areas of 17 provinces in six geographical regions across China, analyzing their mating-type distribution, fertility variation, and underlying mechanisms. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays revealed a significantly higher proportion of the MAT1-2 mating type (79.21%) than MAT1-1 (20.79%), with severely skewed ratios in some regions. Correlation analysis indicated that mating-type distribution was significantly associated with effective accumulated temperature (≥10 °C). MAT1-1 was predominantly concentrated in regions with 4500–7000 degree-days, whereas MAT1-2 was mainly found in regions with 2500–5000 degree-days. Cross-culture fertility tests yielded an average fertility rate of 36.54% and mean perithecia production of 25.7 per isolate, suggesting generally low fertility, with MAT1-2 isolates showing significantly higher fertility than MAT1-1. This study demonstrates that regional M. oryzae populations in China exhibit both mating-type imbalances and fertility deficiency, suggesting rare genetic recombination in natural populations and evolution primarily driven by asexual reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Fungal Disease and Control)

23 pages, 3256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic–Geographic–Chemical Framework of Polyporus umbellatus Reveals Lineage-Specific Chemotypes for Elite Medicinal Line Breeding

by Youyan Liu, Shoujian Li, Liu Liu, Bing Li and Shunxing Guo

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010039 (registering DOI) - 3 Jan 2026

Abstract

Polyporus umbellatus is a valuable fungus with both dietary and medicinal applications. However, heterogeneous germplasm and chemical variability constrain its sustainable use. To elucidate the drivers of this variation, whole-genome resequencing and metabolic profiling were integrated. Genome-wide analysis of representative accessions revealed six [...] Read more.

Polyporus umbellatus is a valuable fungus with both dietary and medicinal applications. However, heterogeneous germplasm and chemical variability constrain its sustainable use. To elucidate the drivers of this variation, whole-genome resequencing and metabolic profiling were integrated. Genome-wide analysis of representative accessions revealed six distinct genetic clusters across China, identifying the Qinling–Daba Mountains as a putative center of diversity. Population analysis indicated severe genetic erosion with significant heterozygote deficits, likely driven by inbreeding and long-term clonal propagation. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that genetic lineage, rather than traditional commercial morphotypes (Zhushiling and Jishiling), is the primary determinant of metabolite accumulation. Specific lineages were identified as superior germplasm candidates: Group 2 consistently exhibited the highest genetic potential for accumulating steroids, whereas Group 4 attained the highest polysaccharide yield. Although the global genetic–chemical correlation was weak, implying environmental plasticity, the distinct clustering of superior lineages confirms that core accumulation patterns are genetically canalized. These findings advocate for shifting quality control from morphological grading to molecular-assisted selection. Ultimately, this framework provides an evidence-based foundation for urgent in situ conservation to restore genetic diversity and facilitates precision breeding of high-efficacy cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible and Medicinal Macrofungi, 4th Edition)

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17 pages, 2365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fungal Reactive Oxygen Species Secreted by Candida albicans Induce Barrier Disruption and Cell Death in HaCaT Keratinocytes

by Jayshree Low Jit Sze, Xinyue Chen, Kanami Orihara and Susumu Kajiwara

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010038 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that expresses a fungal NADPH oxidase known as C. albicans Cfl11, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Secretion of these ROS triggers caspase 3–mediated cell death in hepatocytes, which was attenuated in a mutant with a disrupted [...] Read more.

Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus that expresses a fungal NADPH oxidase known as C. albicans Cfl11, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Secretion of these ROS triggers caspase 3–mediated cell death in hepatocytes, which was attenuated in a mutant with a disrupted CaCFL11 gene (designated Cacfl11Δ mutant). Here, we compared the effects of the C. albicans wild-type strain and the Cacfl11Δ mutant. Our findings revealed that C. albicans reduces the viability of HaCaT keratinocytes in a contact-independent manner. Furthermore, exposure to C. albicans increased intracellular ROS production and caspase 3 activity in HaCaT keratinocytes. These changes were attenuated when HaCaT keratinocytes were exposed to the Cacfl11Δ mutant or when HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with the known antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, wild-type C. albicans, but not the Cacfl11Δ mutant, disrupted transepithelial electrical resistance and modulated the downregulation of the tight-junction genes occludin and junction adhesion molecule 1 in HaCaT keratinocytes. Collectively, these results show that fungal ROS secretion via CaCFL11 is a potent virulence factor in mediating keratinocyte viability and barrier function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections and Antifungals)

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14 pages, 5593 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis FXJ Against Fusarium graminearum-Induced Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat

by Yihua Liao, Xiao Xu, Huijuan Peng, Ao Chen, Chenjingzi Hao and Chengcheng Li

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010037 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, poses a serious threat to wheat production and grain security. In this study, a strain of Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the plant Polygonatum sibiricum and designated FXJ. FXJ inhibited the mycelial growth of [...] Read more.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, poses a serious threat to wheat production and grain security. In this study, a strain of Bacillus velezensis was isolated from the plant Polygonatum sibiricum and designated FXJ. FXJ inhibited the mycelial growth of F. graminearum by 52% and induced hyphal abnormalities including swelling and shrinkage. In vivo experiments demonstrated that FXJ treatment significantly reduced disease severity in wheat coleoptiles and spikes, decreased deoxynivalenol accumulation in grains, and down-regulated the expression. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that FXJ suppressed fungal growth by interfering with energy metabolism and essential biosynthetic processes, particularly pathways related to fatty acid degradation and sugar metabolism. Overall, B. velezensis FXJ shows strong potential for integrated management of wheat Fusarium head blight through combined mechanisms, including the inhibition of mycelial growth, disruption of hyphal morphology, reduction in pathogen infection, and suppression of toxin synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Virulence of Plant Pathogenic Fungi, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Colletotrichum fructicola CfGti1 Transcriptionally Regulates Penetration, Colonization, and Pathogenicity on Apple

by Wenkui Liu, Wei Zhang, Wenxin Shi, Yecan Pan, Pengbo Dai, Chen Yang, Yanjie Wang, Mark L. Gleason, Rong Zhang, Guangyu Sun and Bianqing Hao

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010036 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), mainly caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, is a destructive disease of apple. However, the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of GLS are still largely obscure. Previous infection transcriptome analysis showed that transcription factor CfGti1 was induced during leaf infection. The present [...] Read more.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), mainly caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, is a destructive disease of apple. However, the underlying pathogenesis mechanisms of GLS are still largely obscure. Previous infection transcriptome analysis showed that transcription factor CfGti1 was induced during leaf infection. The present study confirms that the CfGti1 gene is strongly expressed in conidia and early infection. To identify functions performed, we generated gene deletion mutant ΔCfGti1 by homologous recombination. Phenotypic analysis revealed that ΔCfGti1 lost pathogenicity to apple leaves by blocking appressorium-mediated host penetration, although penetration pegs still developed on cellophane. In addition, ΔCfGti1 colonization and hyphal extension in wounded apple fruit were dramatically decreased. The ΔCfGti1 mutant exhibited defects in growth and development of hyphae, which may be partly responsible for its inability to colonize apple. Comparative transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses suggested that CfGti1 regulated appressorium-mediated host penetration by modulating genes related to metabolism of appressorial lipid droplets. Interestingly, CfGti1 also regulated the expression of ybtS and AKT1 or AFT1-1 related to biosynthesis of AK and AF host-specific toxins. This study demonstrated that CfGti1 is a pivotal regulator for apple GLS pathogenesis in C. fructicola. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Growth and Development Based on Functional Genomics and Microbiomics)

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23 pages, 14339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of White-Rot Fungi Ganoderma tsugae Growing on Both Coniferous and Broad-Leaved Trees

by Yifei Sun, Mengxue Lv, Meiqin Luo, Ziqi Yao, Miao Zhou, Yuxuan Fang, Dongmei Wu, Neng Gao and Baokai Cui

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010035 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ganoderma tsugae is a typical white-rot fungus capable of decaying both coniferous and broad-leaved trees and is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. To elucidate the molecular basis of its broad substrate adaptability, we performed integrated genomic [...] Read more.

Ganoderma tsugae is a typical white-rot fungus capable of decaying both coniferous and broad-leaved trees and is also used in traditional Chinese medicine for its immunomodulatory and anticancer properties. To elucidate the molecular basis of its broad substrate adaptability, we performed integrated genomic and transcriptomic analyses of two G. tsugae strains (collected from Xingjiang on Betula and Jilin on Larix). The high-quality genomes of G. tsugae Wu 2022 from Xinjiang (40.8 Mb, 12,496 genes) and G. tsugae Cui 14110 from Jilin (45.6 Mb, 13,450 genes) were obtained. There are enriched gene families related to carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in two G. tsugae strains. Notably, specific CAZyme families implicated in hemicellulose (GH16), chitin metabolism (GH18), and ester bond cleavage (CE10) were prominently expanded. Transcriptome analyses under the induction of Betula and Larix sawdust revealed a core adaptive response. A total of 5558 genes were differentially expressed, including 2094 up-regulated and 3464 down-regulated genes. Most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated as “catalytic activity”, “metabolic processes” and specific functions such as nutrient transport (“MFS transporter”), and lipid metabolism (“3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] reductase”). In addition, a conserved suite of the eleven shared DEGs were annotated as “Heat shock protein 9/12”, “alcohol dehydrogenase”, and “Cytochrome p450” related to secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. Based on the annotation results, the wood degradation mechanism of G. tsugae can be described as synthesizing and secreting degradation enzyme system to obtain energy, using protective enzyme systems to ensure its own health, and employing a transport enzyme system to recycle metabolic capacity. This progress ensures the environmental adaptability and high degradation efficiency of G. tsugae during wood degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 501 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Experience in the Management of Culture-Positive Mucormycosis: Observation from a Large Healthcare System

by Maryam Naveed, Tirdad T. Zangeneh, Nathan P. Wiederhold, William Lainhart and Mohanad M. Al-Obaidi

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010034 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Mucormycosis, an invasive fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality rates, requires prompt surgical and antifungal therapies; however, the role of antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) in clinical management of mucormycosis remains underexplored. We aimed to describe the experience of using AFST in [...] Read more.

Background: Mucormycosis, an invasive fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality rates, requires prompt surgical and antifungal therapies; however, the role of antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) in clinical management of mucormycosis remains underexplored. We aimed to describe the experience of using AFST in the clinical management of mucormycosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from 1 October 2017 to 8 February 2023. We included non-pregnant patients aged ≥ 18 years old with a positive culture for Mucorales and with proven or probable mucormycosis. We collected clinical and microbiological data using a chart review. Results: Over the study period, a total of 119 patients were included, with 36 (30%) undergoing AFST. Of all patients, the median age was 54 years, with 80 (67%) being White and not Hispanic and 73 (61%) being male. Fifty-three (45%) patients had DM, 27 (23%) had hematological malignancy, 15 (13%) had SOT, and 23 (19%) had COVID-19. Half of the cases met the criteria of proven invasive mucormycosis, with pulmonary involvement being the most common presentation (46, 39%), followed by rhino-cerebral-orbital involvement (35, 29%). The majority of Mucorales isolates were Rhizopus species (79, 66%). Among the 36 who underwent AFST, posaconazole minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower than isavuconazole (range 0.03 to 2 µg/mL versus 0.1 to 16 µg/mL, respectively). AFST resulted in a change in antifungal therapy from isavuconazole to posaconazole in 3/36 (8%) cases. There was no statistically significant difference in the mortality between the patients whose isolates received AFST versus those who did not have AFST performed. Conclusions: AFST led to a change in antifungal therapy in a minority of mucormycosis cases. Further studies to understand the epidemiological range of antifungal MICs and the effect of AFST-informed antifungal therapy are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host–Fungal Interplay: Virulence, Immunity, Antifungal Resistance, and Therapeutic Strategies)

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16 pages, 2853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Morphological Profiling and Isolate-Specific Insensitivity of Cacao Pathogens to Novel Bio-Based Phenolic Amides

by Ezekiel Ahn, Masoud Kazem-Rostami, Sunchung Park, Richard D. Ashby, Helen Ngo and Lyndel W. Meinhardt

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010033 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Fungal pathogens, including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotiopsis spp., are significant threats to global cacao production. Understanding their varying responses to novel antifungal agents is crucial for developing sustainable plant protection strategies. This study investigated the quantitative morphological responses and isolate-specific sensitivity of three [...] Read more.

Fungal pathogens, including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Pestalotiopsis spp., are significant threats to global cacao production. Understanding their varying responses to novel antifungal agents is crucial for developing sustainable plant protection strategies. This study investigated the quantitative morphological responses and isolate-specific sensitivity of three cacao pathogen isolates (one Pestalotiopsis sp. and two C. gloeosporioides) to four novel bio-based phenolic-branched fatty acids and their corresponding amides derived from renewable feedstocks. We observed a high degree of isolate-specific susceptibility. A phenol-branched soy oil-derived fatty amide (PhSOAM) proved most potent, significantly inhibiting the growth of Pestalotiopsis sp. and one C. gloeosporioides isolate. In contrast, the second C. gloeosporioides isolate displayed complete insensitivity to all tested compounds, highlighting significant intraspecific variation. Notably, quantitative image analysis revealed that PhSOAM uniquely altered fungal colony morphology by significantly increasing the length-to-width ratio, suggesting a mechanism of action involving the disruption of polarized growth. Multivariate analyses and machine learning models (R² up to 0.74) effectively classified these responses, identifying the specific pathogen-compound pairing as the most critical determinant of the interaction outcome. This work not only highlights the potential of bio-based amides but also establishes a powerful analytical framework, combining morphological profiling with predictive modeling, to gain deeper insights into the complex, isolate-specific nature of fungal–antifungal interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management of Plant Fungal Diseases—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Cutaneous Alternariosis Caused by Alternaria infectoria: A Case Report in Kidney Transplant Recipient and Literature Review

by Maria Antonietta Grignano, Marilena Gregorini, Tefik Islami, Maria Carmela Esposto, Camilla Vassallo, Angela Di Matteo, Elena Seminari, Palma Minutillo, Eleonora Francesca Pattonieri, Emma Diletta Stea, Giuseppe Lanotte, Valentina Portalupi, Andreana De Mauri, Elisabetta Margiotta, Alessandro Tragni, Grazia Soccio, Caterina Cavanna and Teresa Rampino

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010032 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cutaneous infections caused by dematiaceous fungi are rare in the general population but are increasingly recognized in solid organ transplant recipients as a consequence of prolonged immunosuppression. When Alternaria species are confirmed as the causative agents of a skin infection, the condition is [...] Read more.

Cutaneous infections caused by dematiaceous fungi are rare in the general population but are increasingly recognized in solid organ transplant recipients as a consequence of prolonged immunosuppression. When Alternaria species are confirmed as the causative agents of a skin infection, the condition is referred to as alternariosis. These infections may clinically resemble bacterial or neoplastic lesions and require accurate diagnosis and individualized therapy. We report one case of cutaneous alternariosis in a kidney transplant recipient receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. The patient was a 47-year-old woman who sustained minor trauma to her knee three months after transplantation. She developed an ulcerated, crusted lesion, which coincided with severe neutropenia. Histology, culture and molecular identification confirmed A. infectoria. Treatment included systemic azole therapy (voriconazole followed by isavuconazole) and surgical excision, resulting in resolution without recurrence. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of alternariosis in transplant recipients. Successful management typically requires combined surgical and systemic antifungal therapy, with careful monitoring of drug interactions and immunosuppressive levels to prevent toxicity or rejection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

20 pages, 19397 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Agroathelia rolfsii Causing White Fruit Rot in Oil Palm Hybrid OxG in Colombia

by Lina del Mar Angel-Salazar, Leon Franky Zuñiga-Perez, Yuri Adriana Mestizo-Garzón, Cristian Steven Ortega-Soto, Daniela Alejandra Garcia-Ruiz, Hector Camilo Medina-Cárdenas, Jose Luis Padilla, Liseth Estefanía Vargas-Medina, Anuar Morales-Rodríguez and Greicy Andrea Sarria

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010031 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Colombia is the Latin American country with the second-largest area planted with OxG hybrid cultivars, covering more than 120,000 hectares Various health problems can affect yield, especially those affecting fruit. Since 2021, white fruit rot has been reported in the northern, central, and [...] Read more.

Colombia is the Latin American country with the second-largest area planted with OxG hybrid cultivars, covering more than 120,000 hectares Various health problems can affect yield, especially those affecting fruit. Since 2021, white fruit rot has been reported in the northern, central, and southwestern palm-growing areas. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify associated symptoms and their causal agent. To this end, a total of six locations in the three palm-growing regions were visited, and 36 samples of affected fruits were collected to obtain microorganisms. These microorganisms were inoculated into detached fruits under in vitro conditions, and seven isolates were inoculated into bunches in the field. They were morphologically and molecularly characterized by partial sequencing of the ITS and TEF1 regions. Symptoms of white rot were observed, starting from the base of the fruit to the apex, with the development of a cottony mycelial mass, followed by the formation of sclerotia. A total of 33 organisms were obtained, 30 isolates identified as Agroathelia rolfsii, one Fusarium sp., one Rhizoctonia sp., and one Pestalotiopsis sp. isolate. The Agroathelia isolates exhibited white, cottony growth adhering to the surface of the PDA culture medium. After four days of growth, they developed globose to ellipsoid sclerotia (average 1.00 ± 0.26 (0.46–2.20 mm)). These were initially white and turned brown as they developed, with the average number of sclerotia per plate ranging from 4 to 449 (n = 6). In the in vitro pathogenicity test, only A. rolfsii isolates were pathogenic, with a 100% incidence, an average severity ranging from 10 to 40% infection, and a range of 10 to 100%. In field inoculations, 100% of the inoculated bunches exhibited symptoms similar to those observed under natural field conditions. In all cases, the pathogen was recovered, fulfilling Koch’s postulates and confirming that A. rolfsii is the causal agent of white fruit rot. This constitutes the first record of Agroathelia rolfsii in oil palm in Colombia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 1549 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Classification of Fungal GPCR Gene Families

by Zhiyin Liu, Asaf Salamov and Igor V. Grigoriev

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010030 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins crucial for signal transduction in eukaryotes, responding to diverse extracellular signals. Researchers have found and systematically summarized 14 distinct types of GPCRs in fungi but their distribution among numerous fungal species remained largely unexamined. Additionally, three [...] Read more.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins crucial for signal transduction in eukaryotes, responding to diverse extracellular signals. Researchers have found and systematically summarized 14 distinct types of GPCRs in fungi but their distribution among numerous fungal species remained largely unexamined. Additionally, three families of mammalian homologs (Rhodopsin, Glutamate, and Frizzled) have been found in previous studies, but they are not included in the systematic classification of fungal GPCRs. Our study establishes a unified classification of 17 GPCR classes in fungi, combining 14 fungal and 3 mammalian previously recognized groups, and classifies 28,294 GPCRs across 1357 fungal species, significantly expanding the scale of GPCRs in fungi and demonstrating their broader distribution. We found that mammalian homologs are notably more prevalent in Early Diverging Fungi (EDF), whereas the previous 14 classes are predominantly found in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The most abundant class detected in fungi was Pth11-like GPCRs, exclusively found in Pezizomycotina and involved in fungal pathogenicity. Our analysis suggested that Pezizomycotina ancestor possessed an extensive array of Pth11-like GPCRs, but over time, some species underwent considerable reductions in these GPCRs in conjunction with genome contractions. Utilizing a custom-built convolutional neural network (CNN) for the identification of fungal GPCRs, we identified several putative novel fungal GPCRs. Predicted interactions between these prospective new GPCRs and G-alpha proteins, as simulated by AlphaFold Multimer, provided additional support for their functional relevance. In conclusion, our work defines the first large-scale, unified classification of fungal GPCRs, reveals lineage-specific expansions and contractions, and uncovers previously unrecognized GPCR candidates with potential functional roles in fungal signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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3 pages, 161 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Management of Postharvest Fungal Diseases in Fruits and Vegetables

by Luciana Cerioni and Viviana Andrea Rapisarda

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010029 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Postharvest fungal diseases pose a significant challenge across the globe [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Postharvest Fungal Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables)

13 pages, 891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome Mining and Heterologous Reconstitution of a PKS-NRPS Gene Cluster from Aspergillus flavipes LY1-5 Affords Structurally Novel Tetronates

by Quan Dai, Yiqiao Li, Shuzhe Lv, Shuang Zhao, Liyuan Han, Jiaxin Xu, Hui Shuai, Youming Zhang and Fu Yan

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010028 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Heterologous expression of silent biosynthetic gene clusters represents a key strategy for the discovery of structurally novel natural products. In this study, we obtained ten new tetronate natural products, designated as talactones A–J (1–10), through heterologous expression of a [...] Read more.

Heterologous expression of silent biosynthetic gene clusters represents a key strategy for the discovery of structurally novel natural products. In this study, we obtained ten new tetronate natural products, designated as talactones A–J (1–10), through heterologous expression of a polyketide synthase–nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) gene cluster (tho) from the fungus Aspergillus flavipes LY1-5 in A. nidulans A1145. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive HR-ESI-MS and NMR analyses. Notably, talactone A (1) contains a rare 1,4-thiazepane scaffold, whereas talactones B (2) and C (3) feature a novel 2,3-dihydrofuro [3,4-b]pyridine-4,5(1H,7H)-dione skeleton. Biosynthetic investigations indicate that the 1,4-thiazepane ring in 1 arises from a non-enzymatic reaction between a tetronate acid and cysteine, while 2 and 3 are derived from 5 and 6, respectively, via spontaneous intramolecular cyclization under acidic conditions. Antibacterial activity assays revealed that compounds 1–3, 9, and 10 exhibit moderate antibacterial effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 5064 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizosphere Soil of Maize in Northern Xinjiang, China, and Evaluation of Inoculation Benefits of Three Strains

by Ziwen Zhao, Wenqian Zhang, Wendan Xie, Yonghui Lei, Yang Li and Yanfei Sun

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010027 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which significantly enhances the absorption capacity of plant roots, forms a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants and is known as the “underground internet of plants”. To explore the community characteristics, environmental driving factors, and growth-promoting effects of AMF [...] Read more.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which significantly enhances the absorption capacity of plant roots, forms a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants and is known as the “underground internet of plants”. To explore the community characteristics, environmental driving factors, and growth-promoting effects of AMF on maize in saline–alkaline habitats, this research attempts a survey of the rhizosphere soil of saline–alkali maize fields in four areas of northern Xinjiang (20 samples). High-throughput sequencing and morphological methods were used to analyze the diversity of AMF, and the correlation analyses of Mantel and Pearson were used to explore the relationship between AMF and soil environmental factors. The results showed that eleven genera of AMF belonging to three orders and seven families were identified in the rhizosphere soil of maize in Xinjiang, and Glomus was the absolute dominant group. The relationship analysis of the environmental factors and diversity of AMF shows that total nitrogen, total potassium and acid phosphatase are the main factors affecting the community structure of AMF. Through spore isolation and pot experiments, Rhizophagus intraradices, Acaulospora denticulata and Glomus melanosporum were successfully screened and identified. Among them, Rhizophagus intraradices, which can effectively improve the plant biomass, promote the root growth and enhance the absorption of phosphorus and potassium nutrients, promoted the growth of maize remarkably. This study systematically revealed the diversity of AMF as an environmental driving mechanism as well as plant growth promoter, establishing it as a candidate for application in the maize rhizosphere in northern Xinjiang. This provides a theoretical basis for AMF resource development and agricultural application in this saline–alkali area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Symbiotic Fungi)

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12 pages, 916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Members of the Fusarium incarnatum–equiseti Species Complex from Natural and Cultivated Grasses Intended for Grazing Cattle in Argentina

by María Julia Nichea, Eugenia Cendoya, Vanessa Gimena Zachetti, Luisina Delma Demonte, María Rosa Repetti, Sofia Alejandra Palacios and María Laura Ramirez

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010026 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

The detection of zeranol in grazing cattle could be explained by the metabolization of the mycotoxin, zearalenone (ZEA), which was proven to be naturally contaminating the grasses harboring the Fusarium species. Previous studies have suggested that members of the Fusarium incarnatum–equiseti species complex [...] Read more.

The detection of zeranol in grazing cattle could be explained by the metabolization of the mycotoxin, zearalenone (ZEA), which was proven to be naturally contaminating the grasses harboring the Fusarium species. Previous studies have suggested that members of the Fusarium incarnatum–equiseti species complex (FIESC) could be responsible for this contamination. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the species composition of FIESC isolates isolated from natural and cultivated pastures previously intended for livestock feed in Argentina and to analyze their ability to produce ZEA. Twenty-five Fusarium isolates were characterized by a phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1α, and their ZEA production was quantified by cultivation in rice and subsequent analysis by UPLC-MS/MS. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a high genetic diversity identifying five isolates as species already described in the FIESC and six linages which could represent putative new phylogenetic species. In addition, 76% of the isolates were able to produce ZEA, even in high quantities. In conclusion, grasses used for grazing cattle in Argentina harbor a high diversity of FIESC species, many of which are potentially new and capable of producing ZEA, confirming their role as a likely source of this mycotoxin contamination in pastures and improving our understanding of mycological risk in livestock production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphology, Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Fusarium)

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15 pages, 1712 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Monokaryotic Strains of Ganoderma sichuanense for Gene Editing Using CRISPR/Cas9

by Le Li, Yuxuan Liu, Jianzhong Wu, Nuan Wen, Yang Song, Xue Wang, Zhuang Li, Huiying Sun and Yongping Fu

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010025 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ganoderma sichuanense is a widely used medicinal and edible fungus. Genomic studies have revealed substantial genetic variation among its different strains, indicating that a genetic transformation system optimized for one genotype may not be effective in others. However, no study has systematically evaluated [...] Read more.

Ganoderma sichuanense is a widely used medicinal and edible fungus. Genomic studies have revealed substantial genetic variation among its different strains, indicating that a genetic transformation system optimized for one genotype may not be effective in others. However, no study has systematically evaluated the efficiency of a genetic transformation system across diverse genotypes, which has potentially limited functional genetic studies in this species. In this study, we first evaluated eight wild and cultivated monokaryotic strains with different genotypes based on their hygromycin B resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression efficiency. Three strains (CCMJ1500101, CCMJ1509001, and CCMJ1507802) were identified as capable of stable foreign gene expression, achieving transformation efficiencies of 20.0–66.7% via PEG-mediated protoplast transformation. Subsequently, a CRISPR/Cas9 system incorporating seven key elements to enhance editing efficiency was constructed and applied to these three strains using the ura3 gene as a test target. Gene editing efficiencies varied significantly among genotypes, ranging from 14.3% to 75.0%, confirming the system’s high efficacy and genotype dependence. Importantly, to rigorously assess the robustness and versatility of the established transformation platform, we further validated its broad applicability in the best-performing strain, CCMJ1500101, by successfully editing five functional genes involved in growth, development, and metabolism. Notably, gene inversion events were detected for the first time in edited transformants of Ganoderma, providing new clues for understanding non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair in this species. This study establishes a robust dual-sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 platform for G. sichuanense and provides valuable strain resources to facilitate future gene functional studies and genetic improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Metabolomics and Genomics, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of the Secretome of Fusarium verticillioides Reveals Candidate Associated Proteins and Secondary Metabolites

by Min-Min Sui, Yan Zhang, Jian-Fa Yang, Fan-Fan Shu, Feng-Cai Zou, Jun-Jun He and Jun Ma

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010024 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Fusarium verticillioides (F. verticillioides) is an important fungal pathogen known to infect a variety of economically critical crops, particularly maize, causing substantial yield reductions and economic losses worldwide. In addition to its direct damage to agricultural productivity, F. verticillioides threatens public [...] Read more.

Fusarium verticillioides (F. verticillioides) is an important fungal pathogen known to infect a variety of economically critical crops, particularly maize, causing substantial yield reductions and economic losses worldwide. In addition to its direct damage to agricultural productivity, F. verticillioides threatens public health by producing/secreting potent compounds, including well-known fumonisins (FUMs), which pose significant health threats to both livestock and humans due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. However, current knowledge of the materials secreted/produced by F. verticillioides, such as secreted proteins and additional secondary metabolites, remains limited. In the present study, we conducted an integrated secretome analysis of F. verticillioides at the exponential growth stage by using proteomic and metabolomic technologies. The results of the present study showed that proteomic analysis identified 185 proteins, including 138 fungus-specific proteins. GO enrichment of these 138 fungus-specific proteins yielded 24 significant terms spanning carbohydrate/polysaccharide and aminoglycan metabolic/catabolic processes, extracellular and membrane-anchored components, and hydrolase/peptidase activities. Meanwhile, KEGG analysis identified starch and sucrose metabolism as the sole significantly enriched pathway. Metabolomic analysis of medium supernatant showed that a total of 2352 metabolites were identified, with 110 unique to the medium supernatant of the fungal group, including fumonisins (A1, B2, B3, B4), fatty acids, and other bioactive compounds. KEGG pathway enrichment highlighted key metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of F. verticillioides, suggesting candidates for virulence-associated functions and metabolic adaptations that potentially contribute to its pathogenicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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13 pages, 1418 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Compartment and Variety Effects Jointly Shape Pummelo Endophytic Mycobiota

by Pingzhi Wu, Congyi Zhu, Zhu Yu, Chuanhong Ren, Zhengyan Fan, Ruimin Zhang, Pengtao Yue, Yongjing Huang, Guiming Deng and Jiwu Zeng

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010023 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

The plant microbiome plays important roles in plant growth and resistance, but its assembly and affecting factors have not been fully studied for most of the agricultural plants. In this study, the endophytic mycobiota of the leaves and roots and the rhizosphere soils [...] Read more.

The plant microbiome plays important roles in plant growth and resistance, but its assembly and affecting factors have not been fully studied for most of the agricultural plants. In this study, the endophytic mycobiota of the leaves and roots and the rhizosphere soils of five pummelo varieties were profiled based on the amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The fungal richness and diversity were significantly different among the compartments, but not among the pummelo varieties. The composition and structure of the endophytic mycobiota of the compartments were significantly different across all five pummelo varieties. These suggest that the variety effect is weaker than the compartment effect, but still significant in shaping the pummelo mycobiota. Specifically, the dominant leaf endophytic fungal taxa (e.g., Fusarium and Zasmidium), and the root selection of fungal genera from the rhizosphere soils, were significantly different among the varieties. And also, the variety effect is more significant in shaping the leaf endophytic mycobiota than those of the roots. Finally, the pummelo varieties also showed some consistent alterations on the endophytic mycobiota, such as the root enrichment of Exophiala species. Our study indicates that the endophytic mycobiota of pummelos is significantly and interactively affected by plant variety and compartment effects, and suggests some fungi of interest for further tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Ecological Interactions of Fungi)

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38 pages, 2150 KB

Open AccessReview

Antifungal Biocontrol in Sustainable Crop Protection: Microbial Lipopeptides, Polyketides, and Plant-Derived Agents

by Nadya Armenova, Lidia Tsigoriyna, Alexander Arsov, Stefan Stefanov, Kaloyan Petrov, Wanmeng Mu, Wenli Zhang and Penka Petrova

J. Fungi 2026, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof12010022 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Fungal phytopathogens cause significant global crop losses and remain a constant obstacle to sustainable food production. Biological control has become a vital alternative to synthetic fungicides, supported by the wide variety of antifungal molecules produced by bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and plants. This review [...] Read more.

Fungal phytopathogens cause significant global crop losses and remain a constant obstacle to sustainable food production. Biological control has become a vital alternative to synthetic fungicides, supported by the wide variety of antifungal molecules produced by bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and plants. This review consolidates current knowledge on the main classes of microbial secondary metabolites—particularly cyclic lipopeptides and polyketides from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, and related generа. It emphasizes their structural diversity, biosynthetic pathways, regulatory networks, and antifungal mechanisms. These molecules, including iturins, fengycins, surfactins, syringomycins, candicidins, amphotericin analogs, peptaibols, and epipolythiodioxopiperazines, target fungal membranes, mitochondria, cell walls, and signaling systems, offering broad activity against damaging pathogens such as Fusarium, Botrytis, Magnaporthe, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia. The plant-derived antifungal metabolites include essential volatile compounds that complement microbial agents and are increasingly important in eco-friendly crop protection. Recent progress in genomics, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology has accelerated strain improvement and the discovery of new bioactive compounds. At the same time, global market analyses indicate rapid growth in microbial biofungicides driven by regulatory changes and consumer demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Fungal Infections, Biocontrol and Novel Fungicides)

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