Journal of Functional Biomaterials

24 pages, 11240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study of the Interplay Among Melt Morphology, Rheology and 3D Printability of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends

by Marco Costantini, Flavio Cognini, Roberta Angelini, Sara Alfano, Marianna Villano, Andrea Martinelli, David Bolzonella, Marco Rossi and Andrea Barbetta

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010009 - 1 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as [...] Read more.

Polymeric materials made from renewable sources that can biodegrade in the environment are attracting considerable attention as substitutes for petroleum-based polymers in many fields, including additive manufacturing and, in particular, Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Among the others, poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) hold significant potential as candidates for FDM since they meet the sustainability and biodegradability standards mentioned above. However, the most utilised PHA, consisting of the poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) homopolymer, has a high degree of crystallinity and low thermal stability near the melting point. As a result, its application in FDM has not yet attained mainstream adoption. Introducing a monomer with higher excluded volume, such as hydroxyvalerate, in the PHB primary structure, as in poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) copolymers, reduces the degree of crystallinity and the melting temperature, hence improving the PHA printability. Blending amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with PHBV enhances further PHA printability via FDM. In this work, we investigated the printability of two blends characterised by different PLA and PHBV weight ratios (25:75 and 50:50), revealing the close connection between blend microstructures, melt rheology and 3D printability. For instance, the relaxation time associated with die swelling upon extrusion determines the diameter of the extruded filament, while the viscoelastic properties the range of extrusion speed available. Through thoroughly screening printing parameters such as deposition speed, nozzle diameter, flow percentage and deposition platform temperature, we determined the optimal printing conditions for the two PLA/PHBV blends. It turned out that the blend with a 50:50 weight ratio could be printed faster and with higher accuracy. Such a conclusion was validated by replicating with remarkable fidelity high-complexity objects, such as a patient’s cancer-affected iliac crest model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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38 pages, 4157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nano Delivery System for Atherosclerosis

by Zhuoyi Rong, Xuan He, Tianjian Fan and Haitao Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010002 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a pathological process propelled by inflammatory mediators and lipids, is a principal contributor to cardiovascular disease incidents. Currently, drug therapy, the primary therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, faces challenges such as poor stability and significant side effects. The advent of nanomaterials has garnered [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis, a pathological process propelled by inflammatory mediators and lipids, is a principal contributor to cardiovascular disease incidents. Currently, drug therapy, the primary therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis, faces challenges such as poor stability and significant side effects. The advent of nanomaterials has garnered considerable attention from scientific researchers. Nanoparticles, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, have been developed for drug delivery in atherosclerosis treatment. This review will focus on how nanoparticles effectively improve drug safety and efficacy, as well as the continuous development and optimization of nanoparticles of the same material and further explore current challenges and future opportunities in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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22 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Innovative Polymeric Biomaterials for Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Surgery

by Kevin Y. Wu, Rebecca Khammar, Hafsah Sheikh and Michael Marchand

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120391 - 23 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2968

Abstract

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) play a pivotal role in restoring vision following cataract surgery. The evolution of polymeric biomaterials has been central to addressing challenges such as biocompatibility, optical clarity, mechanical stability, and resistance to opacification. This review explores essential requirements for IOL biomaterials, [...] Read more.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) play a pivotal role in restoring vision following cataract surgery. The evolution of polymeric biomaterials has been central to addressing challenges such as biocompatibility, optical clarity, mechanical stability, and resistance to opacification. This review explores essential requirements for IOL biomaterials, emphasizing their ability to mitigate complications like posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and dysphotopsias while maintaining long-term durability and visual quality. Traditional polymeric materials, including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), silicone, and acrylic polymers, are critically analyzed alongside cutting-edge innovations such as hydrogels, shape memory polymers, and light-adjustable lenses (LALs). Advances in polymer engineering have enabled these materials to achieve enhanced flexibility, transparency, and biocompatibility, driving their adoption in modern IOL design. Functionalization strategies, including surface modifications and drug-eluting designs, highlight advancements in preventing inflammation, infection, and other complications. The incorporation of UV-blocking and blue-light-filtering agents is also examined for their potential in reducing retinal damage. Furthermore, emerging technologies like nanotechnology and smart polymer-based biomaterials offer promising avenues for personalized, biocompatible IOLs with enhanced performance. Clinical outcomes, including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and patient satisfaction, are evaluated to provide an understanding of the current advancements and limitations in IOL development. We also discuss the current challenges and future directions, underscoring the need for cost-effective, innovative polymer-based solutions to optimize surgical outcomes and improve patients’ quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers Materials Used in Biomedical Engineering)

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23 pages, 1894 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

3D Bioprinting in Limb Salvage Surgery

by Iosif-Aliodor Timofticiuc, Serban Dragosloveanu, Ana Caruntu, Andreea-Elena Scheau, Ioana Anca Badarau, Nicolae Dragos Garofil, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Constantin Caruntu and Cristian Scheau

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120383 - 19 Dec 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

With the development of 3D bioprinting and the creation of innovative biocompatible materials, several new approaches have brought advantages to patients and surgical teams. Increasingly more bone defects are now treated using 3D-bioprinted prostheses and implementing new solutions relies on the ability of [...] Read more.

With the development of 3D bioprinting and the creation of innovative biocompatible materials, several new approaches have brought advantages to patients and surgical teams. Increasingly more bone defects are now treated using 3D-bioprinted prostheses and implementing new solutions relies on the ability of engineers and medical teams to identify methods of anchoring 3D-printed prostheses and to reveal the potential influence of bioactive materials on surrounding tissues. In this paper, we described why limb salvage surgery based on 3D bioprinting is a reliable and effective alternative to amputations, and why this approach is considered the new standard in modern medicine. The preliminary results of 3D bioprinting in one of the most challenging fields in surgery are promising for the future of machine-based medicine, but also for the possibility of replacing various parts from the human body with bioactive-based constructs. In addition, besides the materials and constructs that are already tested and applied in the human body, we also reviewed bioactive materials undergoing in vitro or in vivo testing with great potential for human applications in the near future. Also, we explored the recent advancements in clinically available 3D-bioprinted constructs and their relevance in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 5285 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydrogel Blend Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with In Situ Delivery of Anticancer Drug for Treating Melanoma Resection-Induced Tissue Defects

by Xiao-Die Chen, Xin-Yang Zhang, Han-Qi Zhu, Helen H. Lu and Min Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120381 - 18 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1725

Abstract

Surgery is considered the gold standard for treating melanoma, but the high recurrence rate after surgery still remains as a major challenge. Therefore, using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, this study investigated the 3D printing of anticancer drug-loaded hydrogel blend scaffolds for [...] Read more.

Surgery is considered the gold standard for treating melanoma, but the high recurrence rate after surgery still remains as a major challenge. Therefore, using doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, this study investigated the 3D printing of anticancer drug-loaded hydrogel blend scaffolds for inhibiting post-operation melanoma recurrence and for promoting tissue regeneration. Three-dimensional printing could successfully produce methacrylate-modified chitosan (CSMA) and methylcellulose (MC) hydrogel blend scaffolds. Polymer blend inks exhibited satisfactory printability, and the printed porous scaffolds showed good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Three-dimensionally printed DOX-loaded hydrogel scaffolds displayed controlled drug release, which may effectively prevent/impede tumor recurrence after surgery. Furthermore, combining 3D printing and bioprinting, DOX-loaded and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (rBMSC)-laden scaffolds were created for assessing local DOX delivery on healthy tissues. Within the 14-day culture period, rBMSCs encapsulated in multilayered scaffolds that were incorporated with DOX displayed rejuvenated cell viability. The 3D printed and bioprinted dual purpose hydrogel scaffolds have the promise of combating tumor recurrence and providing structural support for tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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18 pages, 2317 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving the Anti-Tumor Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor CY1-4 by CY1-4 Nano-Skeleton Drug Delivery System

by Hui Li, Junwei Liu, Jingru Wang, Zhuoyue Li, Jianming Yu, Xu Huang, Bingchuan Wan, Xiangbao Meng and Xuan Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120372 - 9 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1068

Abstract

Background: CY1-4, 9-nitropyridine [2′,3′:4,5] pyrimido [1,2-α] indole -5,11- dione, is an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor and a poorly water-soluble substance. It is very important to increase the solubility of CY1-4 to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic effect. In this study, the mesoporous silica [...] Read more.

Background: CY1-4, 9-nitropyridine [2′,3′:4,5] pyrimido [1,2-α] indole -5,11- dione, is an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor and a poorly water-soluble substance. It is very important to increase the solubility of CY1-4 to improve its bioavailability and therapeutic effect. In this study, the mesoporous silica nano-skeleton carrier material Sylysia was selected as the carrier to load CY1-4, and then the CY1-4 nano-skeleton drug delivery system (MSNM@CY1-4) was prepared by coating the hydrophilic polymer material Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and the lipid material Distearoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol)₂₀₀₀ (DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀) to improve the anti-tumor effect of CY1-4. Methods: The solubility and dissolution of MSNM@CY1-4 were investigated, and its bioavailability, anti-tumor efficacy, IDO inhibitory ability and immune mechanism were evaluated in vivo. Results: CY1-4 was loaded in MSNM@CY1-4 in an amorphous form, and MSNM@CY1-4 could significantly improve the solubility (up to about 200 times) and dissolution rate of CY1-4. In vivo studies showed that the oral bioavailability of CY1-4 in 20 mg/kg MSNM@CY1-4 was about 23.9-fold more than that in 50 mg/kg CY1-4 suspension. In B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, MSNM@CY1-4 significantly inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival time, significantly inhibited IDO activity in blood and tumor tissues, and reduced Tregs in tumor tissues and tumor-draining lymph nodes to improve anti-tumor efficacy. Conclusions: The nano-skeleton drug delivery system (MSNM@CY1-4) constructed in this study is a potential drug delivery platform for improving the anti-tumor effect of oral poorly water-soluble CY1-4. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

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17 pages, 27303 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of the Degradation Properties of Plasma Electrolytically Oxidized Mg Alloy AZ31 Using Fluid Dynamic Accelerated Tests for Biodegradable Implants

by Muhammad Saqib, Kerstin Kremmer, Joerg Opitz, Michael Schneider and Natalia Beshchasna

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120366 - 3 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1326

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are promising biodegradable implant materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity. However, their poor corrosion resistance limits their application in vivo. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a powerful technique to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, [...] Read more.

Magnesium alloys are promising biodegradable implant materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity. However, their poor corrosion resistance limits their application in vivo. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a powerful technique to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, we present the accelerated degradation of PEO-treated AZ31 samples using a fluid dynamic test. The samples were prepared using different concentrations of KOH as an electrolyte along with NaSiO₃. The anodizing time and the biasing time were optimized to obtain the increased corrosion resistance. The analysis of the degraded samples using microscopy, SEM EDX measurements, and by calculating mass loss and corrosion rates showed a significant increase in the corrosion resistance after the polymer (Resomer© LG 855 S) coating was applied to the anodized samples. The results confirm (or convince) that PEO treatment is an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The fluid dynamic test can be used as an accelerated degradation test for biodegradable alloys in simulated body fluids at a physiological temperature. The polymer coating further improves the corrosion resistance of the PEO-treated AZ31 samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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11 pages, 1834 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photodynamic Therapy Using IR-783 Liposomes for Advanced Tongue and Breast Cancers in Humans

by Yasuo Komura, Shintarou Kimura, Yumi Hirasawa, Tomoko Katagiri, Ayana Takaura, Fumika Yoshida, Saki Fukuro, Hiromi Muranishi, Osamu Imataki and Koichiro Homma

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120363 - 2 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1766

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment that elicits tumor apoptosis using laser light exclusively applied to the tumor site. IR-783, a heptamethine cyanine (HMC) dye, impedes the proliferation of breast cancer cells, even without light. Although studies have investigated the efficacy [...] Read more.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment that elicits tumor apoptosis using laser light exclusively applied to the tumor site. IR-783, a heptamethine cyanine (HMC) dye, impedes the proliferation of breast cancer cells, even without light. Although studies have investigated the efficacy of IR-783 in cell and animal studies, its efficacy in clinical settings remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the efficacy of PDT using IR-783 liposomes. An HMC dye, excited by long-wavelength infrared light and with high tissue permeability, was used for PDT after liposomization to enhance tumor tissue accumulation. PDT was performed using IR-783 in two patients with either tongue or breast cancer, one each. IR-783 liposomes inhibited cell proliferation in tongue cancer cells even when not excited by light. Tumor size was markedly reduced in both cases, with no significant adverse events. Furthermore, the patient with tongue cancer exhibited improved respiratory, swallowing, and speech functions, which were attributed not only to the shrinkage of the tumor but also to the improvement in airway narrowing. In conclusion, PDT using IR-783 liposomes effectively reduces tumor size in tongue and breast cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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20 pages, 4201 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Particle Size and Sintering Temperature on Calcium Phosphate Gyroid Structure Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Romina Haydeé Aspera-Werz, Guanqiao Chen, Lea Schilonka, Islam Bouakaz, Catherine Bronne, Elisabeth Cobraiville, Grégory Nolens and Andreas Nussler

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(12), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15120355 - 21 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Due to the chemical composition and structure of the target tissue, autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard for orthopedic applications worldwide. However, ongoing advancements in alternative grafting materials show that 3D-printed synthetic biomaterials offer many advantages. For instance, they provide high availability, [...] Read more.

Due to the chemical composition and structure of the target tissue, autologous bone grafting remains the gold standard for orthopedic applications worldwide. However, ongoing advancements in alternative grafting materials show that 3D-printed synthetic biomaterials offer many advantages. For instance, they provide high availability, have low clinical limitations, and can be designed with a chemical composition and structure comparable to the target tissue. This study aimed to compare the influences of particle size and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of calcium phosphate (CaP) gyroid scaffolds. CaP gyroid scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing using powders with the same chemical composition but different particle sizes and sintering temperatures. The physicochemical characterization of the scaffolds was performed using X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and microtomography analyses. The immortalized human mesenchymal stem cell line SCP-1 (osteoblast-like cells) and osteoclast-like cells (THP-1 cells) were seeded on the scaffolds as mono- or co-cultures. Bone cell attachment, number of live cells, and functionality were assessed at different time points over a period of 21 days. Improvements in mechanical properties were observed for scaffolds fabricated with narrow-particle-size-distribution powder. The physicochemical analysis showed that the microstructure varied with sintering temperature and that narrow particle size distribution resulted in smaller micropores and a smoother surface. Viable osteoblast- and osteoclast-like cells were observed for all scaffolds tested, but scaffolds produced with a smaller particle size distribution showed less attachment of osteoblast-like cells. Interestingly, low attachment of osteoclast-like cells was observed for all scaffolds regardless of surface roughness. Although bone cell adhesion was lower in scaffolds made with powder containing smaller particle sizes, the long-term function of osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells was superior in scaffolds with improved mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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20 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Spheroid-Exosome-Based Bioprinting Technology in Regenerative Medicine

by Hwa-Yong Lee and Jin Woo Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110345 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Since the discovery that exosomes can exchange genes, their potential use as tools for tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic applications has drawn significant attention. Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, such as bioprinting, which allows the printing of cells, proteins, DNA, and other [...] Read more.

Since the discovery that exosomes can exchange genes, their potential use as tools for tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and therapeutic applications has drawn significant attention. Emerging three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, such as bioprinting, which allows the printing of cells, proteins, DNA, and other biological materials, have demonstrated the potential to create complex body tissues or personalized 3D models. The use of 3D spheroids in bioprinting facilitates volumetric tissue reconstruction and accelerates tissue regeneration via exosome secretion. In this review, we discussed a convergence approach between two promising technologies for bioprinting and exosomes in regenerative medicine. Among the various 3D cell culture methods used for exosome production, we focused on spheroids, which are suitable for mass production by bioprinting. We then summarized the research results on cases of bioprinting applications using the spheroids and exosomes produced. If a large number of spheroids can be supplied through bioprinting, the spheroid-exosome-based bioprinting technology will provide new possibilities for application in tissue regeneration, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 6217 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of Surface Patterning and Photobiomodulation on the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in Osteoporotic Long Bones: An In Vivo Study in Rats

by Theodor Popa, Mircea Negrutiu, Luciana Madalina Gherman, Alina Deniza Ciubean, Dan Ionut Cosma, Dan Gheban, Catalin Popa and Laszlo Irsay

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110346 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the impact of titanium surface patterning used in combination with photobiomodulation therapy on enhancing osseointegration in osteoporotic bone fractures. C.p. titanium implants were employed, half with an unmodified surface and half with a modified one, showing a nanostructured [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the impact of titanium surface patterning used in combination with photobiomodulation therapy on enhancing osseointegration in osteoporotic bone fractures. C.p. titanium implants were employed, half with an unmodified surface and half with a modified one, showing a nanostructured cellular surface. Surface patterning aimed to obtain a complex morphology designed for better osseointegration, using a selective anodization process after photoresist coating. A total of 52 rats were used, of which 4 were sacrificed 12 weeks after ovariectomy to evaluate bone density. A total of 48 rats received titanium implants in both tibiae and underwent surgery for implant placement and bone fracture. Half of the rats were subjected to photobiomodulation. The times of sacrifice were 2, 4, and 6 weeks after finalizing LASER therapy. The evaluation methods were micro-CT scanning, the mechanical pull-force test, and morphology. Mechanical tests revealed a significant difference in the surface-patterned titanium with the LASER group at 2 weeks, but not at 4 and 6 weeks. This group outperformed regular titanium and titanium/LASER groups. Micro-CT showed no significant differences, while the morphology indicated better bone quality at 4 weeks in all LASER-treated groups. The effect of surface patterning and photobiomodulation leads to better osseointegration, especially in the earlier stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites for Bone Implants and Osseointegration)

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34 pages, 4136 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synthesis, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs)

by Mostafa Salehirozveh, Parisa Dehghani and Ivan Mijakovic

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110340 - 12 Nov 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5942

Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis methods, surface functionalization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of IONPs. Various chemical and physical synthesis techniques, including [...] Read more.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have garnered significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and versatility. This review comprehensively examines the synthesis methods, surface functionalization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of IONPs. Various chemical and physical synthesis techniques, including coprecipitation, sol–gel processes, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, and sonochemical routes, are discussed in detail, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Surface functionalization strategies, such as ligand exchange, encapsulation, and silanization, are explored to enhance the biocompatibility and functionality of IONPs. Special emphasis is placed on the role of IONPs in biosensing technologies, where their magnetic and optical properties enable significant advancements, including in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, and field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors. The review explores how IONPs enhance sensitivity and selectivity in detecting biomolecules, demonstrating their potential for point-of-care diagnostics. Additionally, biomedical applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and stem cell tracking are discussed. The challenges and future perspectives in the clinical translation of IONPs are also addressed, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their properties and ensure safety and efficacy in medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state and future potential of IONPs in both biosensing and broader biomedical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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12 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Propolis in Dental Implantology: A Systematic Review of Its Effects and Benefits

by Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska, Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld, Magdalena Ziąbka, Krzysztof Woźniak and Gianrico Spagnuolo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110339 - 12 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

Dental implants are widely recognized for their effectiveness in restoring missing teeth, yet their success is often compromised by infections or inadequate osseointegration. Propolis, a natural resinous substance with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, has emerged as a promising adjunct in dental [...] Read more.

Dental implants are widely recognized for their effectiveness in restoring missing teeth, yet their success is often compromised by infections or inadequate osseointegration. Propolis, a natural resinous substance with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties, has emerged as a promising adjunct in dental implantology. This systematic review critically evaluates the current evidence on the incorporation of propolis into dental implants, focusing on its impact on antimicrobial efficacy, bone healing, and overall implant stability. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO under the registration number CRD42024577122. The PRISMA diagram visually represented the search strategy, screening, and inclusion process. Two reviewers conducted a comprehensive literature search across five databases: PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review synthesized findings from 13 studies; in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, highlighting that propolis significantly enhances antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans, thereby reducing the risk of peri-implant infections. Additionally, propolis promotes osseointegration by stimulating osteoblast activity and reducing inflammatory cytokine expression, leading to improved bone formation and implant stability. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of propolis further contribute to a favorable healing environment, enhancing the long-term success of dental implants. The systematic review underscores the potential of propolis as a safe, biocompatible, and effective material for improving dental implant outcomes. However, it also identifies the need for more extensive clinical trials to fully establish standardized protocols for propolis application in implantology. This review provides an overview of propolis’s potential role in dental implants and suggests promising avenues for future research to optimize its benefits in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry 2024)

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11 pages, 2744 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing the Biological Properties of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Calcium Silicate Cements: An In Vitro Study

by Minji Choi, Jiyoung Kwon, Ji-Hyun Jang, Duck-Su Kim and Hyun-Jung Kim

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110337 - 10 Nov 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1523

Abstract

(1) Background: This study aimed to enhance the biological properties of hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) by incorporating organic and inorganic components, specifically elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and bioactive glass (BAG). We focused on the effects of these composites on the viability, migration, and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This study aimed to enhance the biological properties of hydraulic calcium silicate cements (HCSCs) by incorporating organic and inorganic components, specifically elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) and bioactive glass (BAG). We focused on the effects of these composites on the viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs). (2) Methods: Proroot MTA was supplemented with 1–5 wt% 63S BAG and 10 wt% ELP. The experimental groups contained various combinations of HSCS with ELP and BAG. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay, cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and transwell assays, and osteogenic activity was determined through Alizarin Red S staining and a gene expression analysis of osteogenic markers (ALP, RUNX-2, OCN, and Col1A2). (3) Results: The combination of ELP and BAG significantly enhanced the viability of hPDLFs with an optimal BAG concentration of 1–4%. Cell migration assays demonstrated faster migration rates in groups with 2–4% BAG and ELP incorporation. Osteogenic activity was the highest with 2–3% BAG incorporation with ELP, as evidenced by intense Alizarin Red S staining and the upregulation of osteogenic differentiation markers. (4) Conclusions: The incorporation of ELP (organic) and BAG (inorganic) into HCSC significantly enhances the viability, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLFs. These findings suggest that composite HCSC might support healing in destructed bone lesions in endodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioactive Compounds Enhance the Biocompatibility and the Physical Properties of a Glass Ionomer Cement

by Aline Rogéria Freire de Castilho, Pedro Luiz Rosalen, Marina Yasbeck Oliveira, Jonny Burga-Sánchez, Simone Duarte, Ramiro Mendonça Murata and Regina Maria Puppin Rontani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110332 - 7 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

In order to characterize a novel restorative material, knowledge about the toxicological effect on human cells and the physical behavior of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing flavonoids was established. The flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and liquiritigenin were manually incorporated into a GIC. [...] Read more.

In order to characterize a novel restorative material, knowledge about the toxicological effect on human cells and the physical behavior of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing flavonoids was established. The flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and liquiritigenin were manually incorporated into a GIC. In the control group, no incorporation was performed. Two cell culture assays evaluated the toxicity of GICs: SRB and MTT. For both assays, the keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was exposed to GIC (n = 3/group) for 24 h. The physical properties of the GICs were evaluated by compressive strength (n = 10), surface roughness (n = 10), and hardness (n = 10) tests. Cell viability by SRB ranged from 103% to 97%. The control revealed a significant decrease in the metabolism of cells (61%) by MTT, while the GIC+apigenin slightly increased the succinic dehydrogenase activity (105%; p > 0.05), also confirmed microscopically. The compressive strength and roughness values were similar among groups, but the hardness increased after the incorporation of naringenin and quercetin into GIC (p < 0.05). The incorporation of flavonoids positively altered the biological and physical properties of the GICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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20 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioengineering the Junctional Epithelium in 3D Oral Mucosa Models

by Marianna Gavriiloglou, Mira Hammad, Jordan M. Iliopoulos, Pierre Layrolle and Danae A. Apatzidou

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110330 - 6 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2978

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) culture models and animal experiments have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and to test new treatment approaches. However, neither of them can reproduce the complexity of human periodontal tissues, making the development of a [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) culture models and animal experiments have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and to test new treatment approaches. However, neither of them can reproduce the complexity of human periodontal tissues, making the development of a successful 3D oral mucosal model a necessity. The soft-tissue attachment formed around a tooth or an implant function like a biologic seal, protecting the deeper tissues from bacterial infection. The aim of this review is to explore the advancements made so far in the biofabrication of a junctional epithelium around a tooth-like or an implant insert in vitro. This review focuses on the origin of cells and the variety of extracellular components and biomaterials that have been used for the biofabrication of 3D oral mucosa models. The existing 3D models recapitulate soft-tissue attachment around implant abutments and hydroxyapatite discs. Hereby, the qualitative and quantitative assessments performed for evidencing the soft-tissue attachment are critically reviewed. In perspective, the design of sophisticated 3D models should work together for oral immunology and microbiology biofilms to accurately reproduce periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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12 pages, 4283 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sonification of Deproteinized Bovine Bone Functionalized with Genistein Enhances Bone Repair in Peri-Implant Bone Defects in Ovariectomized Rats

by Nathália Dantas Duarte, Gabriel Mulinari-Santos, Fábio Roberto de Souza Batista, Marcelly Braga Gomes, Naara Gabriela Monteiro, Ana Cláudia Ervolino da Silva, Reinhard Gruber, Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho, Pedro Henrique Silva Gomes-Ferreira and Roberta Okamoto

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110328 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

Estrogen deficiency is one of several contributing factors to catabolic changes in bone surrounding dental implants, impairing bone repair in defects requiring bone regeneration. Functionalizing bone substitutes is an alternative approach among various strategies to address this challenge. In this study, the aim [...] Read more.

Estrogen deficiency is one of several contributing factors to catabolic changes in bone surrounding dental implants, impairing bone repair in defects requiring bone regeneration. Functionalizing bone substitutes is an alternative approach among various strategies to address this challenge. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the effect of functionalizing deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss^®, BO) with genistein via sonication on peri-implant bone defects in ovariectomized rats. The animals were randomly distributed according to the treatment into the following four groups (n = 10): BO sonicated with genistein (BOS + GEN), BO sonicated alone (BOS), untreated BO (BO), and blood clot only (CLOT). After twenty-eight days, implant removal torque was determined, and the peri-implant bone parameters were calculated based on computed microtomography. Additionally, the gene expression of bone turnover markers was evaluated. As a main result, the functionalization with genistein increased implant removal torque and the peri-implant bone volume in the BOS + GEN group compared to both BOS and BO groups (both p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the sonification of deproteinized bovine bone functionalized with genistein improves bone repair in peri-implant bone defects in ovariectomized rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 7402 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Nanocomposite Microspheres for Nasal Administration of Deferiprone in Neurodegenerative Disorders

by Radka Boyuklieva, Plamen Katsarov, Plamen Zagorchev, Silviya Abarova, Asya Hristozova and Bissera Pilicheva

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110329 - 5 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

Elevated brain iron levels are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. As an iron chelator with short biological half-life, deferiprone leads to agranulocytosis and neutropenia with a prolonged therapeutic course. Its inclusion in sustained-release dosage forms may reduce the frequency of administration. On the [...] Read more.

Elevated brain iron levels are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. As an iron chelator with short biological half-life, deferiprone leads to agranulocytosis and neutropenia with a prolonged therapeutic course. Its inclusion in sustained-release dosage forms may reduce the frequency of administration. On the other hand, when administered by an alternative route of administration, such as the nasal route, systemic exposure to deferiprone will be reduced, thereby reducing the occurrence of adverse effects. Direct nose-to-brain delivery has been raised as a non-invasive strategy to deliver drugs to the brain, bypassing the blood–brain barrier. The aim of the study was to develop and characterize nanocomposite microspheres suitable for intranasal administration by combining nano- and microparticle-based approaches. Nanoparticles with an average particle size of 213 ± 56 nm based on the biodegradable polymer poly-ε-caprolactone were developed using the solvent evaporation method. To ensure the deposition of the particles in the nasal cavity and avoid exhalation or deposition into the small airways, the nanoparticles were incorporated into composite structures of sodium alginate obtained by spray drying. Deferiprone demonstrated sustained release from the nanocomposite microspheres and high iron-chelating activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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12 pages, 2475 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Calcium Phosphate Loaded with Curcumin Prodrug and Selenium Is Bifunctional in Osteosarcoma Treatments

by Mingjie Wang, Chunfeng Xu, Dong Xu, Chang Du and Yuelian Liu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(11), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110327 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1663

Abstract

Although SeO₃²⁻ ions have been loaded onto calcium phosphate to treat a wide range of cancers, the quest to promote bone tissue regeneration is still ongoing. Curcumin (cur), an herbal extraction, can selectively inhibit tumor cells and promote osteogenesis. In this [...] Read more.

Although SeO₃²⁻ ions have been loaded onto calcium phosphate to treat a wide range of cancers, the quest to promote bone tissue regeneration is still ongoing. Curcumin (cur), an herbal extraction, can selectively inhibit tumor cells and promote osteogenesis. In this study, SeO₃²⁻ ions were co-precipitated in biomimetic calcium phosphate (Se@BioCaP), and modified curcumin prodrug (mcur) was adsorbed on diverse Se@BioCaP surfaces (mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads). Co-precipitation yielded Se@BioCaP with a significantly higher Se content and exhibited a tailorable micro-/nanostructure. The favorable pH-responsive release of Se and mcur from mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads showed a synergistic anticancer efficiency in OS cells, enhancing OS cell inhibition more than a single dose of them, which might be associated with ROS production in OS cells. In addition, increased alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts were also verified. These results suggest this novel mcur-Se@BioCaP-Ads has promising and widespread potential in OS treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mesoporous Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)

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19 pages, 10730 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mechanical and Corrosion Behaviour in Simulated Body Fluid of As-Fabricated 3D Porous L-PBF 316L Stainless Steel Structures for Biomedical Implants

by Pedro Nogueira, João Magrinho, Luis Reis, Augusto Moita de Deus, Maria Beatriz Silva, Pedro Lopes, Luís Oliveira, António Castela, Ricardo Cláudio, Jorge L. Alves, Maria Fátima Vaz, Maria Carmezim and Catarina Santos

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100313 - 21 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1966

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies for creating customised 316L Stainless Steel (SS) implants with biomimetic characteristics, controlled porosity, and optimal structural and functional properties. However, the behaviour of as-fabricated 3D 316L SS structures without [...] Read more.

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies for creating customised 316L Stainless Steel (SS) implants with biomimetic characteristics, controlled porosity, and optimal structural and functional properties. However, the behaviour of as-fabricated 3D 316L SS structures without any surface finishing in environments that simulate body fluids remains largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, the present study investigates the surface characteristics, the internal porosity, the corrosion in simulated body fluid (SBF), and the mechanical properties of as-fabricated 316L SS structures manufactured by L-PBF with rhombitruncated cuboctahedron (RTCO) unit cells with two distinct relative densities (10 and 35%). The microstructural analysis confirmed that the RTCO structure has a pure austenitic phase with a roughness of ~20 µm and a fine cellular morphology. The micro-CT revealed the presence of keyholes and a lack of fusion pores in both RTCO structures. Despite the difference in the internal porosity, the mechanical properties of both structures remain within the range of bone tissue and in line with the Gibson and Ashby model. Additionally, the as-fabricated RTCO structures demonstrated passive corrosion behaviour in the SBF solution. Thus, as-fabricated porous structures are promising biomaterials for implants due to their suitable surface roughness, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance, facilitating bone tissue growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 6847 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PLLA/GO Scaffolds Filled with Canine Placenta Hydrogel and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Bone Repair in Goat Mandibles

by Thamires Santos-Silva, Inácio Silva Viana, Andrea Barros Piazzon S. Queiroz, Fabrício Singaretti de Oliveira, Bianca de Oliveira Horvath-Pereira, Leandro Norberto da Silva-Júnior, Michelle Silva Araujo, Paulo Alescio Canola, Luís Gustavo Gosuen G. Dias, Marcelo Melo Soares and Maria Angelica Miglino

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100311 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

Bone defects in animals can arise from various causes, including diseases, neoplasms, and most commonly, trauma. Comminuted fractures that exceed the critical size may heal poorly due to deficient or interrupted vascularization, resulting in an insufficient number of progenitor cells necessary for bone [...] Read more.

Bone defects in animals can arise from various causes, including diseases, neoplasms, and most commonly, trauma. Comminuted fractures that exceed the critical size may heal poorly due to deficient or interrupted vascularization, resulting in an insufficient number of progenitor cells necessary for bone regeneration. In this context, 3D printing techniques using poly-L-lactic acid/graphene oxide (PLLA/GO) aim to address this issue by creating customized scaffolds combined with canine placenta hydrogel and mesenchymal stem cells for use in goat mandibles, compared to a control group using titanium plate fixation. Ten canine placentas were decellularized and characterized using histological techniques. A hydrogel derived from the canine placenta extracellular matrix (cpECM) was produced to improve cell attachment to the scaffolds. In vitro cytotoxicity and cell adhesion to the cpECM hydrogel were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting biomaterials, cpECM hydrogel and PLLA/GO scaffolds, maintained their functional structure and supported cell adhesion, maintenance, and proliferation in vitro. Thermography showed that PLLA/GO scaffolds with cpECM hydrogel performed effectively, similar to the control group. Computed tomography scans revealed bone calluses, suggesting an ongoing repair process. These findings demonstrate the innovative technological potential of these materials for use in surgical interventions. Future studies on PLLA/GO scaffolds will provide further insights into their effects on goat models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Translation to Clinical Application)

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16 pages, 5120 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Polyurethane Electrospun Membrane Loaded with Bismuth Lipophilic Nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs): Proliferation, Bactericidal, and Antitumor Properties, and Effects on MRSA and Human Breast Cancer Cells

by Jesús Alejandro Torres-Betancourt, Rene Hernández-Delgadillo, Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez, Diego Adrián Oliva-Rico, Juan Manuel Solis-Soto, Claudia María García-Cuellar, Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez, Nayely Pineda-Aguilar, Samantha Flores-Treviño, Irene Meester, Sergio Eduardo Nakagoshi-Cepeda, Katiushka Arevalo-Niño, María Argelia Akemi Nakagoshi-Cepeda and Claudio Cabral-Romero

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100309 - 16 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1546

Abstract

Electrospun membranes (EMs) have a wide range of applications, including use as local delivery systems. In this study, we manufactured a polyurethane Tecoflex™ EM loaded with bismuth-based lipophilic nanoparticles (Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs). The physicochemical and mechanical characteristics, along with the antitumor and bactericidal [...] Read more.

Electrospun membranes (EMs) have a wide range of applications, including use as local delivery systems. In this study, we manufactured a polyurethane Tecoflex™ EM loaded with bismuth-based lipophilic nanoparticles (Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs). The physicochemical and mechanical characteristics, along with the antitumor and bactericidal effects, were evaluated using a breast cancer cell line and methicillin-susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs and Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs had similar fiber diameters of 4.65 ± 1.42 µm and 3.95 ± 1.32 µm, respectively. Drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs did not negatively impact a human fibroblast culture, indicating that the vehicle is biocompatible. Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs increased 94% more in size than drug-free Tecoflex™ EMs, indicating that the BisBAL NPs enhanced hydration capacity. Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs were highly bactericidal against both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA clinical isolates, inhibiting their growth by 93.11% and 61.70%, respectively. Additionally, Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs decreased the viability of MCF-7 tumor cells by 86% after 24 h exposure and 70.1% within 15 min. Regarding the mechanism of action of Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs, it appears to disrupt the tumor cell membrane. In conclusion, Tecoflex™ EMs-BisBAL NPs constitute an innovative low-cost drug delivery system for human breast cancer and postoperative wound infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3923 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antimicrobial Activity of Amino-Modified Cellulose Nanofibrils Decorated with Silver Nanoparticles

by Vesna Lazić, Jovan M. Nedeljković and Vanja Kokol

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100304 - 13 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) conjugated with amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (NH₂−CNFs) were in situ-prepared by reducing silver ions with free amino groups from NH₂−CNFs. The spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements confirmed the presence of non-agglomerated nanometer-in-size Ag NPs within [...] Read more.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) conjugated with amino-functionalized cellulose nanofibrils (NH₂−CNFs) were in situ-prepared by reducing silver ions with free amino groups from NH₂−CNFs. The spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy measurements confirmed the presence of non-agglomerated nanometer-in-size Ag NPs within micrometer-large NH₂−CNFs of high (20 wt.-%) content. Although the consumption of amino groups during the formation of Ag NPs lowers the ζ-potential and surface charge of prepared inorganic–organic hybrids (from +31.3 to +19.9 mV and from 2.4 to 1.0 mmol/g at pH 7, respectively), their values are sufficiently positive to ensure electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell walls of pathogens in acidic and slightly (up to pH ~8.5) alkaline solutions. The antimicrobial activity of hybrid microparticles against various pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) is comparable with pristine NH₂−CNFs. However, a long-timescale use of hybrids ensures the slow and controlled release of Ag⁺ ions to surrounding media (less than 1.0 wt.-% for one month). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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15 pages, 3373 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Osteoblast Response to Widely Ranged Texturing Conditions Obtained through High Power Laser Beams on Ti Surfaces

by Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti, Tullio Genova, Ilaria Roato, Martina Perin, Giorgia Chinigò, Riccardo Pedraza, Olivio Della Bella, Francesca Motta, Elisa Aimo Boot, Domenico D’Angelo, Giorgio Gatti, Giorgia Scarpellino, Luca Munaron and Federico Mussano

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100303 - 12 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1554

Abstract

Titanium and titanium alloys are the prevailing dental implant materials owing to their favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but how roughness dictates the biological response is still a matter of debate. In this study, laser texturing was used to generate eight paradigmatic roughened [...] Read more.

Titanium and titanium alloys are the prevailing dental implant materials owing to their favorable mechanical properties and biocompatibility, but how roughness dictates the biological response is still a matter of debate. In this study, laser texturing was used to generate eight paradigmatic roughened surfaces, with the aim of studying the early biological response elicited on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. Prior to cell tests, the samples underwent SEM analysis, optical profilometry, protein adsorption assay, and optical contact angle measurement with water and diiodomethane to determine surface free energy. While all the specimens proved to be biocompatible, supporting similar cell viability at 1, 2, and 3 days, surface roughness could impact significantly on cell adhesion. Factorial analysis and linear regression showed, in a robust and unprecedented way, that an isotropic distribution of deep and closely spaced valleys provides the best condition for cell adhesion, to which both protein adsorption and surface free energy were highly correlated. Overall, here the authors provide, for the first time, a thorough investigation of the relationship between roughness parameters and osteoblast adhesion that may be applied to design and produce new tailored interfaces for implant materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 8915 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioconjugation of Serratiopeptidase with Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles: Improving Stability and Antibacterial Properties

by Jhon Jairo Melchor-Moncada, Santiago Vasquez-Giraldo, Augusto Zuluaga-Vélez, Lina Marcela Orozco, Luz Angela Veloza and Juan Carlos Sepúlveda-Arias

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100300 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating the development of novel antibacterial strategies. Serratiopeptidase (SP), a metalloprotease produced by bacteria such as Serratia marcescens, has gained attention not only for its anti-inflammatory properties but also for its potential antibacterial [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, necessitating the development of novel antibacterial strategies. Serratiopeptidase (SP), a metalloprotease produced by bacteria such as Serratia marcescens, has gained attention not only for its anti-inflammatory properties but also for its potential antibacterial activity. However, its protein nature makes it susceptible to pH changes and self-proteolysis, limiting its effectiveness. This study aimed to increase both the enzymatic stability and antibacterial activity of serratiopeptidase through immobilization on titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), leveraging the biocompatibility and stability of these nanomaterials. Commercial TiO₂-NPs were characterized using TGA/DTG, FT-IR, UV–Vis, and XRD analyses, and their biocompatibility was assessed through cytotoxicity studies. Serratiopeptidase was produced via fermentation using the C8 isolate of Serratia marcescens obtained from the intestine of Bombyx mori L., purified chromatographically, and immobilized on carboxylated nanoparticles via EDC/NHS coupling at various pH conditions. The optimal enzymatic activity was achieved by using pH 5.1 for nanoparticle activation and pH 5.5 for enzyme coupling. The resulting bioconjugate demonstrated stable proteolytic activity at 25 °C for 48 h. Immobilization was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, and the Michaelis–Menten kinetics were determined. Notably, the bioconjugate exhibited two-fold greater antibacterial activity against E. coli than the free enzyme or TiO₂-NPs at 1000 µg/mL. This study successfully developed a serratiopeptidase–TiO₂ bioconjugate with enhanced enzymatic stability and antibacterial properties. The improved antibacterial activity of the immobilized enzyme presents a promising approach for developing new tools to combat antimicrobial resistance, with potential applications in healthcare, food safety, and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Application of Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 6452 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

3D-Printable Gelatin Methacrylate-Xanthan Gum Hydrogel Bioink Enabling Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes

by Virginia Deidda, Isabel Ventisette, Marianna Langione, Lucrezia Giammarino, Josè Manuel Pioner, Caterina Credi and Federico Carpi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100297 - 5 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2534

Abstract

We describe the development of a bioink to bioprint human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for possible cardiac tissue engineering using a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)-based hydrogel. While previous studies have shown that GelMA at a low concentration (5% w/v) allows [...] Read more.

We describe the development of a bioink to bioprint human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for possible cardiac tissue engineering using a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)-based hydrogel. While previous studies have shown that GelMA at a low concentration (5% w/v) allows for the growth of diverse cells, its 3D printability has been found to be limited by its low viscosity. To overcome that drawback, making the hydrogel both compatible with hiPSCs and 3D-printable, we developed an extrudable GelMA-based bioink by adding xanthan gum (XG). The GelMA-XG composite hydrogel had an elastic modulus (~9 kPa) comparable to that of cardiac tissue, and enabled 3D printing with high values of printing accuracy (83%) and printability (0.98). Tests with hiPSCs showed the hydrogel’s ability to promote their proliferation within both 2D and 3D cell cultures. The tests also showed that hiPSCs inside hemispheres of the hydrogel were able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, capable of spontaneous contractions (average frequency of ~0.5 Hz and amplitude of ~2%). Furthermore, bioprinting tests proved the possibility of fabricating 3D constructs of the hiPSC-laden hydrogel, with well-defined line widths (~800 μm). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Three-Dimensional Printing Materials and Regenerative Medicine)

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15 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

PMA-Zeolite: Chemistry and Diverse Medical Applications

by Aleksandar Bulog, Kresimir Pavelic, Ivana Šutić and Sandra Kraljevic Pavelic

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100296 - 4 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4828

Abstract

Numerous scientific studies have been conducted in recent decades with the aim to study targeted application of zeolites in various industries, ecology, agronomy and medicine. The biggest advances, however, have been documented in medical and veterinary research of the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite. Although [...] Read more.

Numerous scientific studies have been conducted in recent decades with the aim to study targeted application of zeolites in various industries, ecology, agronomy and medicine. The biggest advances, however, have been documented in medical and veterinary research of the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite. Although the exact biological mechanisms of action of the zeolite clinoptilolite are not completely elucidated, obtained results point to its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and detoxifying effects, the latter partially based on release of soluble and bioavailable silica forms from the surface material. The studied zeolite clinoptilolite materials have different geographical origins which confer to the physicochemical differences in the material. In addition, the production process of the material for oral applications differs between different producers which also accounts for different properties of the surface upon mechanical activation. Recently, a well-characterized zeolite clinoptilolite material, namely the PMA-zeolite, has been tested in different clinical applications and has shown potential as supportive therapy in inflammatory conditions, osteoporosis as well as during tumor chemotherapy. We accordingly present a comprehensive review of the PMA-zeolite effects in the clinical applications and discuss its probable mechanisms of effect in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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17 pages, 9347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanofat Improves Vascularization and Tissue Integration of Dermal Substitutes without Affecting Their Biocompatibility

by Francesca Bonomi, Ettore Limido, Andrea Weinzierl, Emmanuel Ampofo, Yves Harder, Michael D. Menger and Matthias W. Laschke

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100294 - 3 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Dermal substitutes require sufficient tissue integration and vascularization to be successfully covered with split-thickness skin grafts. To rapidly achieve this, we provide the proof of principle for a novel vascularization strategy with high translational potential. Nanofat was generated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of [...] Read more.

Dermal substitutes require sufficient tissue integration and vascularization to be successfully covered with split-thickness skin grafts. To rapidly achieve this, we provide the proof of principle for a novel vascularization strategy with high translational potential. Nanofat was generated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of green fluorescence protein (GFP)⁺ C57BL/6J donor mice and seeded onto small samples (4 mm in diameter) of the clinically approved dermal substitute Integra^®. These samples and non-seeded controls were then implanted into full-thickness skin defects in the dorsal skinfold chamber of C57BL/6J wild-type mice and analyzed by intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry over a 14-day period. Nanofat-seeded dermal substitutes exhibited an accelerated vascularization, as indicated by a significantly higher functional microvessel density on days 10 and 14 when compared to controls. This was primarily caused by the reassembly of GFP⁺ microvascular fragments inside the nanofat into microvascular networks. The improved vascularization promoted integration of the implants into the surrounding host tissue, which finally exhibited an increased formation of a collagen-rich granulation tissue. There were no marked differences in the inflammatory host tissue reaction to nanofat-seeded and control implants. These findings demonstrate that nanofat significantly improves the in vivo performance of dermal substitutes without affecting their biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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18 pages, 4850 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vivo Biocompatibility of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002-Integrated Scaffolds for Skin Regeneration

by Benedikt Fuchs, Sinan Mert, Constanze Kuhlmann, Alexandra Birt, Daniel Hofmann, Paul Severin Wiggenhauser, Riccardo E. Giunta, Myra N. Chavez, Jörg Nickelsen, Thilo Ludwig Schenck and Nicholas Moellhoff

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100295 - 3 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1536

Abstract

Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are prevalent in freshwater systems and have gained interest for their potential in medical applications, particularly in skin regeneration. Among these, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 stands out because of its rapid proliferation and capacity to be [...] Read more.

Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are prevalent in freshwater systems and have gained interest for their potential in medical applications, particularly in skin regeneration. Among these, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 stands out because of its rapid proliferation and capacity to be genetically modified to produce growth factors. This study investigates the safety of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 when used in scaffolds for skin regeneration, focusing on systemic inflammatory responses in a murine model. We evaluated the following three groups: scaffolds colonized with genetically engineered bacteria producing hyaluronic acid, scaffolds with wild-type bacteria, and control scaffolds without bacteria. After seven days, we assessed systemic inflammation by measuring changes in cytokine profiles and lymphatic organ sizes. The results showed no significant differences in spleen, thymus, and lymph node weights, indicating a lack of overt systemic toxicity. Blood cytokine analysis revealed elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in scaffolds with bacteria, suggesting a systemic inflammatory response, while TNF-α levels remained unaffected. Proteome profiling identified distinct cytokine patterns associated with bacterial colonization, including elevated inflammatory proteins and products, indicative of acute inflammation. Conversely, control scaffolds exhibited protein profiles suggestive of a rejection response, characterized by increased levels of cytokines involved in T and B cell activation. Our findings suggest that Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 does not appear to cause significant systemic toxicity, supporting its potential use in biomedical applications. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and clinical implications of these responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaffold for Tissue Engineering)

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17 pages, 3824 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemically Pretreated Densification of Juniper Wood for Potential Use in Osteosynthesis Bone Implants

by Laura Andze, Vadims Nefjodovs, Martins Andzs, Marite Skute, Juris Zoldners, Martins Kapickis, Arita Dubnika, Janis Locs and Janis Vetra

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100287 - 28 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1289

Abstract

The aim of the study was to perform treatment of juniper wood to obtain wood material with a density and mechanical properties comparable to bone, thus producing a potential material for use in osteosynthesis bone implants. In the first step, partial delignification of [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to perform treatment of juniper wood to obtain wood material with a density and mechanical properties comparable to bone, thus producing a potential material for use in osteosynthesis bone implants. In the first step, partial delignification of wood sample was obtained by Kraft cooking. The second step was extraction with ethanol, ethanol–water mixture, saline, and water to prevent the release of soluble compounds and increase biocompatibility. In the last step, the thermal densification at 100 °C for 24 h was implemented. The results obtained in the dry state are equivalent to the properties of bone. The swelling of chemically pre-treated densified wood was reduced compared to chemically untreated densified wood. Samples showed no cytotoxicity by in vitro cell assays. The results of the study showed that it is possible to obtain noncytotoxic wood samples with mechanical properties equivalent to bones by partial delignification, extraction, and densification. However, further research is needed to ensure the material’s shape stability, water resistance, and reduced swelling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 14121 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY (CLARITY)

by Michele Moreau, Debarghya China, Gnagna Sy, Kai Ding and Wilfred Ngwa

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100285 - 27 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1562

Abstract

Smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs) include seed and liquid biomaterials designed to be employed as fiducial markers during radiotherapy while also delivering therapeutic drug payloads to enhance treatment outcomes. In this study, we investigate a novel Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY [...] Read more.

Smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs) include seed and liquid biomaterials designed to be employed as fiducial markers during radiotherapy while also delivering therapeutic drug payloads to enhance treatment outcomes. In this study, we investigate a novel Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY (CLARITY) biomaterial, which can be loaded with immunoadjuvants (anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody or Caflanone (FBL-03G)) at the point of care. The CLARITY biomaterial was investigated in an animal model of pancreatic cancer using C57BL6 mice. Mice were imaged before and at different points of time post-treatment to evaluate the potential of CLARITY biomaterial to provide imaging contrast similar to fiducials. This study also used cadavers to assess CLARITY’s potential to provide imaging contrast in humans. Results showed imaging contrast from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities for up to 30 days post-treatment, demonstrating potential for use as fiducials. A significant increase in survival (***, p = 0.0006) was observed for mice treated with CLARITY biomaterial loaded with immunoadjuvant for up to 10 weeks post-treatment compared to those without treatment. These initial results demonstrate the potential of CLARITY biomaterial to serve as a smart multifunctional radiotherapy biomaterial and provide the impetus for further development and optimization as a point-of-care technology for combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment)

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40 pages, 3649 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Functional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Methods, and Future Directions

by Emily Ann Todd, Nicholas A. Mirsky, Bruno Luís Graciliano Silva, Ankita Raja Shinde, Aris R. L. Arakelians, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Rosemary Adriana Chiérici Marcantonio, Nikhil Gupta, Lukasz Witek and Paulo G. Coelho

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100280 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9453

Abstract

Bone tissue regeneration is a rapidly evolving field aimed at the development of biocompatible materials and devices, such as scaffolds, to treat diseased and damaged osseous tissue. Functional scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide mechanical support at the defect site during the healing [...] Read more.

Bone tissue regeneration is a rapidly evolving field aimed at the development of biocompatible materials and devices, such as scaffolds, to treat diseased and damaged osseous tissue. Functional scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide mechanical support at the defect site during the healing process, while simultaneously enabling or improving regeneration through amplified cellular cues between the scaffold and native tissues. Ample research on functionalization has been conducted to improve scaffold–host tissue interaction, including fabrication techniques, biomaterial selection, scaffold surface modifications, integration of bioactive molecular additives, and post-processing modifications. Each of these methods plays a crucial role in enabling scaffolds to not only support but actively participate in the healing and regeneration process in bone and joint surgery. This review provides a state-of-the-art, comprehensive overview of the functionalization of scaffold-based strategies used in tissue engineering, specifically for bone regeneration. Critical issues and obstacles are highlighted, applications and advances are described, and future directions are identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)

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20 pages, 5061 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Suspension-Sprayed Calcium Phosphate Coatings with Antibacterial Properties

by Maria Carolina Lanzino, Long-Quan R. V. Le, Anika Höppel, Andreas Killinger, Wolfgang Rheinheimer, Sofia Dembski, Ali Al-Ahmad, Hermann O. Mayr and Michael Seidenstuecker

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100281 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4042

Abstract

Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can [...] Read more.

Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can be achieved by using bioconductive materials that promote biological responses in the body, stimulating bone growth and thus bonding to tissue. Through the incorporation of antibacterial substances in bioconductive, biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, faster osteointegration and bactericidal properties can be achieved. In this study, Cu-doped CaP supraparticles are spray-dried and suspension-sprayed CaP ceramic coatings with antibacterial properties are prepared using high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS). The objective was to increase the coatings’ porosity and investigate which Cu-doped supraparticles have the strongest antibacterial properties when introduced into the coating layers. Biocompatibility was tested on human Osteosarcoma cells MG63. A porosity of at least 13% was achieved and the supraparticles could be implemented, enhancing it up to 16%. The results showed that the addition of Cu-doped supraparticles did not significantly reduce the number of viable cells compared to the Cu-free sample, demonstrating good biocompatibility. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with Safe Airborne Antibacterial testing showing a significant reduction in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains on the Cu-doped coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 9118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Radioprotection Performance Evaluation of 3D-Printed and Conventional Heat-Cured Dental Resins for Radiotherapy Prostheses

by Jiangyu Wang, Mai Murase, Yuka I. Sumita, Ryoichi Notake, Masako Akiyama, Ryoichi Yoshimura and Noriyuki Wakabayashi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100282 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1273

Abstract

3D printing is increasingly used in dentistry, with biocompatible resins playing a key role. This study compared the radioprotective properties of a commonly used 3D-printed resin (Formlabs surgical guide resin) with traditional heat-cured resin and examined the relationship between material thickness and radiation [...] Read more.

3D printing is increasingly used in dentistry, with biocompatible resins playing a key role. This study compared the radioprotective properties of a commonly used 3D-printed resin (Formlabs surgical guide resin) with traditional heat-cured resin and examined the relationship between material thickness and radiation attenuation. The specimens consisted of 3D-printed and heat-cured resin specimens, each measuring 45 × 45 mm², with five different thicknesses (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mm), totaling 100 samples. Both types of resin specimens underwent testing with 150 MU external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and 400 cGy brachytherapy. Radiation experiments indicated that under EBRT conditions, there were no significant differences in radiation attenuation between the 3D-printed and heat-cured resins across all thickness groups. In brachytherapy, the attenuation of the 3D-printed resin was significantly lower than the heat-cured resin in the 6 mm and 8 mm groups. Specifically, attenuation rates were 48.0 ± 0.7 (3D-printed) vs. 45.2 ± 1.9 (heat-cured) in the 6 mm group, and 39.6 ± 1.3 vs. 37.5 ± 1.1 in the 8 mm group. Both resins showed significant positive linear correlations between thickness and attenuation (p < 0.001) within 6–14 mm. Thus, 3D-printed resin shows promising radioprotective properties and is a viable alternative to traditional heat-cured resin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrospun Silk-ICG Composite Fibers and the Application toward Hemorrhage Control

by Ayesha Siddiqua, Elwin Clutter, Olga Garklavs, Hemalatha Kanniyappan and Rong R. Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090272 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1798

Abstract

In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous [...] Read more.

In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous scaffolds with an electrospinning technique using silk fibroin (SF) and indocyanine green (ICG). The FDA-approved ICG dye has unique photothermal properties. The water permeability, degradability, and biocompatibility of Bombyx mori cocoon-derived SF make it promising for biomedical applications. While as-spun SF-ICG fibers were dissolvable in water, ethanol vapor treatment (EVT) effectively induced secondary structural changes to promote β-sheet formation. This resulted in significantly improved aqueous stability and mechanical strength of the fibers, thereby increasing their fluid uptake capability. The enhanced SF-ICG interaction effectively prevented ICG leaching from the composite fibers, enabling them to generate heat under NIR irradiation due to ICG’s photothermal properties. Our results showed that an SF-ICG 0.4% fibrous matrix can uptake 473% water. When water was replaced by bovine blood, a 25 s NIR irradiation induced complete blood coagulation. However, pure silk did not have the same effect. Additionally, NIR irradiation of the SF-ICG fibers successfully stopped the flow of blood in an in vitro model that mimicked a damaged blood vessel. This novel breakthrough offers a biotextile platform poised to enhance patient outcomes across various medical scenarios, representing a significant milestone in functional biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)

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16 pages, 13656 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regeneration of Critical Calvarial Bone Defects Using Bovine Xenograft, Magnesium-Enriched Bovine Xenograft and Autologous Dentin in Rats: Micro-CT, Gene Expression and Immunohistochemical Analysis

by Marija Čandrlić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Hrvoje Omrčen, Barbara Franović, Lara Batičić, Tamara Gulić, Tea Čaljkušić-Mance, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Lucija Malešić, Željka Perić Kačarević and Olga Cvijanović Peloza

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090270 - 18 Sep 2024

Viewed by 2086

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: BX, BX + Mg, AD and the control group (no intervention). Eight mm CCBDs were created and treated with the respective biomaterials. Healing was assessed 7, 15, 21 and 30 days after surgery by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Micro-CT analysis showed that AD had the highest bone volume and the least amount of residual biomaterial at day 30, indicating robust bone formation and efficient resorption. BX + Mg showed significant bone volume but had more residual biomaterial compared to AD. RT-PCR showed that the expression of osteocalcin (OC), the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and sclerostin (SOST), was highest in the AD group at day 21 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at day 15, indicating increased osteogenesis and angiogenesis in the AD group. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed intense BMP-2/4 and SMAD-1/5/8 expression in the AD group, indicating osteoinductive properties. The favorable gene expression profile and biocompatibility of AD and BX + Mg make them promising candidates for clinical applications in bone tissue engineering. Further research is required to fully exploit their potential in regenerative surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)

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23 pages, 4268 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Wound-Healing Potential of Phenolic and Polysaccharide Extracts of Aloe vera Gel

by Andreea Iosageanu, Elena Mihai, Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Elena Utoiu, Alexandra Gaspar-Pintiliescu, Florentina Gatea, Anisoara Cimpean and Oana Craciunescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090266 - 13 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3763

Abstract

The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic extract contained aloin, ferulic, and caffeic acid, as well as quercetin dihydrate, as major compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis indicated the prevalence of mannose and glucose in the polysaccharide extract. Cell culture testing revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic extract at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL through significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines—up to 28% TNF-α and 11% IL-8 secretion—in inflamed THP-1-derived macrophages, while a pro-inflammatory effect was observed at 0.5 mg/mL. The phenolic extract induced 18% stimulation of L929 fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, enhanced the cell migration rate by 20%, and increased collagen type I synthesis by 18%. Moreover, the phenolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant properties by scavenging free DPPH (IC₅₀ of 2.50 mg/mL) and ABTS (16.47 mM TE/g) radicals, and 46% inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was achieved. The polysaccharide extract demonstrated a greater increase in collagen synthesis up to 25%, as well as antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a bacteriostatic effect at 25 mg/mL and a bactericidal one at 50 mg/mL. All these findings indicate that the phenolic extract might be more beneficial in formulations intended for the initial phases of wound healing, such as inflammation and proliferation, while the polysaccharide extract could be more suitable for use during the remodeling stage. Moreover, they might be combined with other biomaterials, acting as efficient dressings with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties for rapid recovery of chronic wounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair)

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22 pages, 6976 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Key Properties of Ag-TiO₂ and Hydroxyapatite-Ag-TiO₂ Coatings on NiTi SMA

by Karolina Dudek, Aleksandra Strach, Daniel Wasilkowski, Bożena Łosiewicz, Julian Kubisztal, Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, Patryk Zioła and Adrian Barylski

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090264 - 12 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1307

Abstract

To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO₂ and Ag-TiO₂ doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and [...] Read more.

To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO₂ and Ag-TiO₂ doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion kinetics in a simulated body fluid and the mechanisms were analyzed. The coatings exhibited hydrophilic properties and were biocompatible with fibroblast and osteoblast cells while also demonstrating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The coatings adhered strongly to the NiTi substrate, with superior adhesion observed in the hydroxyapatite-doped layers. Conversely, the Ag-TiO₂ layers showed enhanced corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)

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16 pages, 9164 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Role of Fibrin Gels in Enhancing Cell Migration for Vasculature Formation

by Joana A. Moura, Hugh J. Barlow, Shareen H. Doak, Karl Hawkins, Iris Muller and Martin J. D. Clift

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090265 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 2018

Abstract

A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of [...] Read more.

A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of the endothelial cells, the migration area of spheroids formed with the HULEC cell line was measured. The cells were first allowed to form a spheroid using the hanging drop technique before being encapsulated in the fibrin gel. The cells’ migration area was then measured after two days of embedding in the fibrin gel. Various conditions affecting fibrin gel polymerization, such as different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin, were evaluated alongside rheology, porosity, and fiber thickness analysis to understand how these factors influenced cell behavior within the composite biomaterial. Data point toward thrombin’s role in governing fibrin gel polymerization; higher concentrations result in less rigid gels (loss tangent between 0.07 and 0.034) and increased cell migration (maximum concentration tested: 5 U/mL). The herein presented method allows for a more precise determination of the crosslinking conditions of fibrin gel that can be used to stimulate angiogenic sprouting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)

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28 pages, 4286 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of the Methacrylation Process on the Usefulness of Chitosan as a Biomaterial Component for 3D Printing

by Marta Klak, Katarzyna Kosowska, Milena Czajka, Magdalena Dec, Sylwester Domański, Agnieszka Zakrzewska, Paulina Korycka, Kamila Jankowska, Agnieszka Romanik-Chruścielewska and Michał Wszoła

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090251 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2432

Abstract

Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue [...] Read more.

Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue models. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of biomaterials containing chitosan (BCH) and its methacrylated equivalent (BCM) in order to identify differences in their usefulness in 3D bioprinting technology. It has been shown that the BCM material containing methacrylic chitosan is three times more viscous than its non-methacrylated BCH counterpart. Additionally, the BCM material is characterized by stability in a larger range of stresses, as well as better printability, resolution, and fiber stability. The BCM material has higher mechanical parameters, both mechanical strength and Young’s modulus, than the BCH material. Both materials are ideal for bioprinting, but BCM has unique rheological properties and significant mechanical resistance. In addition, biological tests have shown that the addition of chitosan to biomaterials increases cell proliferation, particularly in 3D-printed models. Moreover, modification in the form of methacrylation encourages reduced toxicity of the biomaterial in 3D constructs. Our investigation demonstrates the suitability of a chitosan-enhanced biomaterial, specifically methacrylate-treated, for application in tissue engineering, and particularly for tissues requiring resistance to high stress, i.e., vascular or cartilage models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterials Manufacturing)

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18 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Polycaprolactone in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comprehensive Review of Innovations in Scaffold Fabrication and Surface Modifications

by Hsin-Yu Liang, Wei-Keung Lee, Jui-Tsen Hsu, Jie-Yu Shih, Tien-Li Ma, Thi Thuy Tien Vo, Chiang-Wen Lee, Ming-Te Cheng and I-Ta Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090243 - 24 Aug 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4936

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering has seen significant advancements with innovative scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing. This review focuses on enhancing polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold properties through structural modifications, including surface treatments, pore architecture adjustments, and the incorporation of biomaterials like hydroxyapatite (HA). These [...] Read more.

Bone tissue engineering has seen significant advancements with innovative scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing. This review focuses on enhancing polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold properties through structural modifications, including surface treatments, pore architecture adjustments, and the incorporation of biomaterials like hydroxyapatite (HA). These modifications aim to improve scaffold conformation, cellular behavior, and mechanical performance, with particular emphasis on the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone regeneration. The review also explores the potential of integrating nanomaterials and graphene oxide (GO) to further enhance the mechanical and biological properties of PCL scaffolds. Future directions involve optimizing scaffold structures and compositions for improved bone tissue regeneration outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment)

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18 pages, 4562 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Insights into the Dual Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of Composites Based on Silver Camphorimine Complexes

by Joana P. Costa, Sílvia A. Sousa, Jorge H. Leitão, Fernanda Marques, Marta M. Alves and M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090240 - 23 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1764

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used biocompatible material in orthopedic composite preparations. However, HAp composites that exhibit both anticancer and antibacterial activities through bioactive coordination complexes are relatively rare. To explore orthopedic applications, we blended several silver camphorimine compounds with HAp to create [...] Read more.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used biocompatible material in orthopedic composite preparations. However, HAp composites that exhibit both anticancer and antibacterial activities through bioactive coordination complexes are relatively rare. To explore orthopedic applications, we blended several silver camphorimine compounds with HAp to create [Ag(I)] composites. All compounds [Ag(NO₃)(L)_n] (n = 1,2) based on camphorimine (L^A), camphor sulfonimine (L^B) or imine bi-camphor (L^C) ligands demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.30–2.6 μg_Ag/mL) against osteosarcoma cancer cells (HOS). Based on their structural and electronic characteristics, four complexes (1–4) were selected for antibacterial evaluation against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia contaminans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. All complexes (1–4) revealed combined anticancer and antibacterial activities; therefore, they were used to prepare [Ag(I)]:HAp composites of 50:50% and 20:80% weight compositions and the activities of the composites were assessed. Results showed that they retain the dual anticancer and antibacterial characteristics of their precursor complexes. To replicate the clinical context of bone-filling applications, hand-pressed surfaces (pellets) were prepared. It is worth highlighting that no agglutination agent was necessary for the pellet’s consistency. The biological properties of the so-prepared pellets were assessed, and the HOS cells and bacteria spreading on the pellet’s surface were analyzed by SEM. Notably, composite 4B, derived from the bicamphor (L^C) complex [Ag(NO₃)(OC₁₀H₁₄N(C₆H₄)₂NC₁₀H₁₄O)], exhibited significant anticancer activity against HOS cells and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, fostering potential clinical applications on post-surgical OS treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis Composites for Biomedical Application)

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13 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lymphatic Regeneration after Popliteal Lymph Node Excision and Implantation of Aligned Nanofibrillar Collagen Scaffolds: An Experimental Rabbit Model

by José Luis Campos, Gemma Pons, Ali M. Al-Sakkaf, Irene Laura Lusetti, Laura Pires, Francisco Javier Vela, Elena Ramos, Verónica Crisóstomo, Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo, Elena Abellán and Jaume Masiá

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080235 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1628

Abstract

Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted [...] Read more.

Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridge^TM) following the induction of secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Thirty rabbits were divided into treatment (G1), prevention (G2), and control (G3) groups. Secondary lymphedema was induced in all groups. BioBridge^TM implantation was performed in G2 and G1 on days 0 and 60, respectively. Follow-ups included hindlimb circumference measurements and indocyanine green lymphography at 0, 60, and 90 days. None of the study rabbits exhibited dermal backflow on day 0 before surgery. At 60 days, the incidence rates of dermal backflow in G1, G2, and G3 were 100%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, at 90 days, the incidence rates were 22.2%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. New linear lymphatic observation was seen in rabbits with resolved dermal backflow. The findings of this study demonstrated the capacity of BioBridge^TM scaffolds to induce new lymphatic vessel formation and reduce dermal backflow in secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)

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10 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Evaluation of the Cytocompatibility of Endodontic Bioceramics in Human Periodontal-Ligament-Derived Cells

by Asuka Aka, Takashi Matsuura and Atsutoshi Yoshimura

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080231 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1282

Abstract

The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of F and BG on cytocompatibility. Discs of endodontic bioceramics (diameter = 8 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were prepared with HP, F, and BG. hPDLCs obtained from extracted teeth and cultured for three to five passages were used in the experiment. The prepared discs were placed at the bottom of a 48-well plate, seeded with hPDLCs at 100,000 cells/well, cultured for 7 or 28 days, and subjected to a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. hPDLCs cultured without any discs were used as a negative control (NC) group. Discs made of F or BG mixed in three different consistencies were also used in this experiment. The absorbance values at days 7 and 28 were high in the order of HP > NC > BG > F. Furthermore, F or BG with higher consistency showed higher absorbance values. MTA Repair HP had the highest cytocompatibility among the three materials. Furthermore, it also showed that higher consistency improved cytocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 8233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Surgery Combined with Local Implantation of Doxorubicin-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite Halts Tumor Growth and Prevents Bone Destruction in an Aggressive Osteosarcoma

by Yang Liu, Tova Corbascio, Jintian Huang, Jacob Engellau, Lars Lidgren, Magnus Tägil and Deepak Bushan Raina

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080232 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based local drug delivery platform for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), a cornerstone drug in osteosarcoma treatment. The efficacy of the developed drug delivery system was evaluated in an orthotopic human osteosarcoma xenograft in the proximal tibia of mice. After tumor development, the tumor was surgically resected and the void filled with the following: (1) No treatment (G1); (2) nHA only (G2); (3) DOX-loaded nHA (G3). In-vivo tumor response was assessed by evaluating the tumor-induced osteolysis at 2 weeks using micro-CT followed by in-vivo PET-CT at 3 weeks and ex-vivo micro-CT and histology. Micro-CT imaging revealed complete destruction of the tibial metaphysis in groups G1 and G2, while the metaphysis was protected from osteolysis in G3. PET-CT imaging using ¹⁸F-FDG revealed high metabolic activity in the tumors in G1 and G2, which was significantly reduced in G3. Using histology, we were able to verify that local DOX delivery reduced the bone destruction and the tumor burden compared with G1 and G2. No off-target toxicity in the vital organs could be observed in any of the treatment groups histologically. This study describes a novel local drug adjuvant delivery approach that could potentially improve the prognosis for patients responding poorly to the current osteosarcoma treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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27 pages, 3770 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advancements in Nanoporous Materials for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics

by Nargish Parvin, Vineet Kumar, Tapas Kumar Mandal and Sang Woo Joo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080226 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2711

Abstract

This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of [...] Read more.

This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of biomedical applications. This review begins by providing an overview of the various types of nanoporous materials, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, and nanoporous gold. The synthesis method for each material, their current research trends, and prospects are discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review delves into the functionalization and surface modification techniques employed to tailor nanoporous materials for specific biomedical imaging applications. This section covers chemical functionalization, bioconjugation strategies, and surface coating and encapsulation methods. Additionally, this review examines the diverse biomedical imaging techniques enabled by nanoporous materials, such as fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging. The mechanisms underlying these imaging techniques, their diagnostic applications, and their efficacy in clinical settings are thoroughly explored. Through an extensive analysis of recent research findings and emerging trends, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanoporous materials in advancing biomedical imaging and diagnostics. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches, innovative synthesis techniques, and functionalization strategies offers promising avenues for the development of next-generation imaging agents and diagnostic tools with enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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34 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review

by Katja Vasić, Željko Knez and Maja Leitgeb

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080227 - 14 Aug 2024

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5177

Abstract

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages [...] Read more.

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)

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15 pages, 9246 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fibronectin Functionalization: A Way to Enhance Dynamic Cell Culture on Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds

by Bianca Zumbo, Benedetta Guagnini, Barbara Medagli, Davide Porrelli and Gianluca Turco

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080222 - 10 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2296

Abstract

Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide [...] Read more.

Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide structural support and mimic the natural bone microenvironment. Following an already published protocol, a 3D porous structure consisting of alginate and hydroxyapatite was prepared after a gelation step and a freezing-drying step. Despite the frequent use of alginate in tissue regeneration, the biological inertness of this polysaccharide hampers proper cell colonization and proliferation. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to enhance the biological properties by promoting the interaction and adhesion between cells and biomaterial with the use of Fibronectin. This extracellular matrix protein was physically adsorbed on the scaffold, and its presence was evaluated with environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM) and the Micro-Bicinchoninic Acid (μBCA) protein assay. The MG-63 cell line was used for both static and dynamic (i.e., in bioreactor) 3D cell culturing on the scaffolds. The use of the bioreactor allowed for a better exchange of nutrients and oxygen and a better removal of cell catabolites from the inner portion of the construct, mimicking the physiological environment. The functionalized scaffolds showed an improvement in cell proliferation and colonization compared to non-functionalized ones; the effect of the addition of Fibronectin was more evident in the dynamic culturing conditions, where the cells clearly adhered on the surface of functionalized scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)

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20 pages, 8416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Biocompatibility Assessment of Bioengineered PLA-Hydrogel Core–Shell Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bone Regeneration

by Federica Re, Luciana Sartore, Chiara Pasini, Matteo Ferroni, Elisa Borsani, Stefano Pandini, Andrea Bianchetti, Camillo Almici, Lorena Giugno, Roberto Bresciani, Silvia Mutti, Federica Trenta, Simona Bernardi, Mirko Farina and Domenico Russo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080217 - 31 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3816

Abstract

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their [...] Read more.

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their biocompatibility and remarkable capacity to promote and support bone regeneration and mineralization. The scaffolds were prepared by grafting three different amounts of gelatin–chitosan (CH) hydrogel into a 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) core (PLA-CH), and the mechanical and degradation properties were analyzed. The BM-hMSCs were cultured in the scaffolds with the presence of growth medium (GM) or osteogenic medium (OM) with differentiation stimuli in combination with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human platelet lysate (hPL). The primary objective was to determine the viability, proliferation, morphology, and spreading capacity of BM-hMSCs within the scaffolds, thereby confirming their biocompatibility. Secondly, the BM-hMSCs were shown to differentiate into osteoblasts and to facilitate scaffold mineralization. This was evinced by a positive Von Kossa result, the modulation of differentiation markers (osteocalcin and osteopontin), an expression of a marker of extracellular matrix remodeling (bone morphogenetic protein-2), and collagen I. The results of the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) clearly demonstrate the presence of calcium and phosphorus in the samples that were incubated in OM, in the presence of FBS and hPL, but not in GM. The chemical distribution maps of calcium and phosphorus indicate that these elements are co-localized in the same areas of the sections, demonstrating the formation of hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, our findings show that the combination of BM-hMSCs and PLA-CH, regardless of the amount of hydrogel content, in the presence of differentiation stimuli, can provide a construct with enhanced osteogenicity for clinically relevant bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)

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17 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing the Antimicrobial Properties of Experimental Resin-Based Dental Composites through the Addition of Quaternary Ammonium Salts

by Joanna Nowak, Maja Zalega, Witold Jakubowski, Monika Domarecka, Jerzy Sokołowski and Kinga Bociong

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080213 - 30 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1960

Abstract

Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified [...] Read more.

Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified photo-cured experimental dental composites against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was assessed by using an Accuri C6 flow cytofluorimeter, and then analyzed using BD CSampler software (1.0.264). Bacterial/yeast surface colonization was carried out by using an GX71 inverted-optics fluorescence microscope equipped with a DP 73 digital camera. For bactericidal surface analysis of each sample type, simultaneous standardization was performed using a positive control (live cells) and a negative control (dead cells). A positive correlation between the increasing concentration of CTAB or DODAB and the dead cell ratio of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was revealed. In particular, CTAB at a 2.0 wt% concentration exhibits superior efficiency against pathogens (65.0% dead cells of Escherichia coli, 73.9% dead cells of Streptococcus mutans, and 23.9% dead cells of Candida albicans after 60 min). However, Candida albicans is more resistant to used salts than bacteria. A CTAB- or DODAB-modified experimental dental composite exhibits antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans after 10 and 60 min of incubation, and the antimicrobial efficiency increases with the wt% of QAS in the tested material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dental Biomaterials)

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