Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
4.6
5.0
Journals
JFB
Editor’s Choice
share announcement

Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
15 pages, 1428 KiB  
Review
PMA-Zeolite: Chemistry and Diverse Medical Applications
by Aleksandar Bulog, Kresimir Pavelic, Ivana Šutić and Sandra Kraljevic Pavelic
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100296 - 4 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3585
Abstract
Numerous scientific studies have been conducted in recent decades with the aim to study targeted application of zeolites in various industries, ecology, agronomy and medicine. The biggest advances, however, have been documented in medical and veterinary research of the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite. Although [...] Read more.
Numerous scientific studies have been conducted in recent decades with the aim to study targeted application of zeolites in various industries, ecology, agronomy and medicine. The biggest advances, however, have been documented in medical and veterinary research of the natural zeolite, clinoptilolite. Although the exact biological mechanisms of action of the zeolite clinoptilolite are not completely elucidated, obtained results point to its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and detoxifying effects, the latter partially based on release of soluble and bioavailable silica forms from the surface material. The studied zeolite clinoptilolite materials have different geographical origins which confer to the physicochemical differences in the material. In addition, the production process of the material for oral applications differs between different producers which also accounts for different properties of the surface upon mechanical activation. Recently, a well-characterized zeolite clinoptilolite material, namely the PMA-zeolite, has been tested in different clinical applications and has shown potential as supportive therapy in inflammatory conditions, osteoporosis as well as during tumor chemotherapy. We accordingly present a comprehensive review of the PMA-zeolite effects in the clinical applications and discuss its probable mechanisms of effect in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9347 KiB  
Article
Nanofat Improves Vascularization and Tissue Integration of Dermal Substitutes without Affecting Their Biocompatibility
by Francesca Bonomi, Ettore Limido, Andrea Weinzierl, Emmanuel Ampofo, Yves Harder, Michael D. Menger and Matthias W. Laschke
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100294 - 3 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Dermal substitutes require sufficient tissue integration and vascularization to be successfully covered with split-thickness skin grafts. To rapidly achieve this, we provide the proof of principle for a novel vascularization strategy with high translational potential. Nanofat was generated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of [...] Read more.
Dermal substitutes require sufficient tissue integration and vascularization to be successfully covered with split-thickness skin grafts. To rapidly achieve this, we provide the proof of principle for a novel vascularization strategy with high translational potential. Nanofat was generated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of green fluorescence protein (GFP)+ C57BL/6J donor mice and seeded onto small samples (4 mm in diameter) of the clinically approved dermal substitute Integra®. These samples and non-seeded controls were then implanted into full-thickness skin defects in the dorsal skinfold chamber of C57BL/6J wild-type mice and analyzed by intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry over a 14-day period. Nanofat-seeded dermal substitutes exhibited an accelerated vascularization, as indicated by a significantly higher functional microvessel density on days 10 and 14 when compared to controls. This was primarily caused by the reassembly of GFP+ microvascular fragments inside the nanofat into microvascular networks. The improved vascularization promoted integration of the implants into the surrounding host tissue, which finally exhibited an increased formation of a collagen-rich granulation tissue. There were no marked differences in the inflammatory host tissue reaction to nanofat-seeded and control implants. These findings demonstrate that nanofat significantly improves the in vivo performance of dermal substitutes without affecting their biocompatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4850 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Biocompatibility of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002-Integrated Scaffolds for Skin Regeneration
by Benedikt Fuchs, Sinan Mert, Constanze Kuhlmann, Alexandra Birt, Daniel Hofmann, Paul Severin Wiggenhauser, Riccardo E. Giunta, Myra N. Chavez, Jörg Nickelsen, Thilo Ludwig Schenck and Nicholas Moellhoff
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100295 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1392
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are prevalent in freshwater systems and have gained interest for their potential in medical applications, particularly in skin regeneration. Among these, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 stands out because of its rapid proliferation and capacity to be [...] Read more.
Cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae, are prevalent in freshwater systems and have gained interest for their potential in medical applications, particularly in skin regeneration. Among these, Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 stands out because of its rapid proliferation and capacity to be genetically modified to produce growth factors. This study investigates the safety of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 when used in scaffolds for skin regeneration, focusing on systemic inflammatory responses in a murine model. We evaluated the following three groups: scaffolds colonized with genetically engineered bacteria producing hyaluronic acid, scaffolds with wild-type bacteria, and control scaffolds without bacteria. After seven days, we assessed systemic inflammation by measuring changes in cytokine profiles and lymphatic organ sizes. The results showed no significant differences in spleen, thymus, and lymph node weights, indicating a lack of overt systemic toxicity. Blood cytokine analysis revealed elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in scaffolds with bacteria, suggesting a systemic inflammatory response, while TNF-α levels remained unaffected. Proteome profiling identified distinct cytokine patterns associated with bacterial colonization, including elevated inflammatory proteins and products, indicative of acute inflammation. Conversely, control scaffolds exhibited protein profiles suggestive of a rejection response, characterized by increased levels of cytokines involved in T and B cell activation. Our findings suggest that Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 does not appear to cause significant systemic toxicity, supporting its potential use in biomedical applications. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects and clinical implications of these responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaffold for Tissue Engineering)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3824 KiB  
Article
Chemically Pretreated Densification of Juniper Wood for Potential Use in Osteosynthesis Bone Implants
by Laura Andze, Vadims Nefjodovs, Martins Andzs, Marite Skute, Juris Zoldners, Martins Kapickis, Arita Dubnika, Janis Locs and Janis Vetra
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100287 - 28 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1142
Abstract
The aim of the study was to perform treatment of juniper wood to obtain wood material with a density and mechanical properties comparable to bone, thus producing a potential material for use in osteosynthesis bone implants. In the first step, partial delignification of [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to perform treatment of juniper wood to obtain wood material with a density and mechanical properties comparable to bone, thus producing a potential material for use in osteosynthesis bone implants. In the first step, partial delignification of wood sample was obtained by Kraft cooking. The second step was extraction with ethanol, ethanol–water mixture, saline, and water to prevent the release of soluble compounds and increase biocompatibility. In the last step, the thermal densification at 100 °C for 24 h was implemented. The results obtained in the dry state are equivalent to the properties of bone. The swelling of chemically pre-treated densified wood was reduced compared to chemically untreated densified wood. Samples showed no cytotoxicity by in vitro cell assays. The results of the study showed that it is possible to obtain noncytotoxic wood samples with mechanical properties equivalent to bones by partial delignification, extraction, and densification. However, further research is needed to ensure the material’s shape stability, water resistance, and reduced swelling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 14121 KiB  
Article
Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY (CLARITY)
by Michele Moreau, Debarghya China, Gnagna Sy, Kai Ding and Wilfred Ngwa
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100285 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1410
Abstract
Smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs) include seed and liquid biomaterials designed to be employed as fiducial markers during radiotherapy while also delivering therapeutic drug payloads to enhance treatment outcomes. In this study, we investigate a novel Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY [...] Read more.
Smart radiotherapy biomaterials (SRBs) include seed and liquid biomaterials designed to be employed as fiducial markers during radiotherapy while also delivering therapeutic drug payloads to enhance treatment outcomes. In this study, we investigate a novel Customizable Lyophilized Agent for Radiotherapy Imaging and TherapY (CLARITY) biomaterial, which can be loaded with immunoadjuvants (anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody or Caflanone (FBL-03G)) at the point of care. The CLARITY biomaterial was investigated in an animal model of pancreatic cancer using C57BL6 mice. Mice were imaged before and at different points of time post-treatment to evaluate the potential of CLARITY biomaterial to provide imaging contrast similar to fiducials. This study also used cadavers to assess CLARITY’s potential to provide imaging contrast in humans. Results showed imaging contrast from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities for up to 30 days post-treatment, demonstrating potential for use as fiducials. A significant increase in survival (***, p = 0.0006) was observed for mice treated with CLARITY biomaterial loaded with immunoadjuvant for up to 10 weeks post-treatment compared to those without treatment. These initial results demonstrate the potential of CLARITY biomaterial to serve as a smart multifunctional radiotherapy biomaterial and provide the impetus for further development and optimization as a point-of-care technology for combination radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 3649 KiB  
Review
Functional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Methods, and Future Directions
by Emily Ann Todd, Nicholas A. Mirsky, Bruno Luís Graciliano Silva, Ankita Raja Shinde, Aris R. L. Arakelians, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Rosemary Adriana Chiérici Marcantonio, Nikhil Gupta, Lukasz Witek and Paulo G. Coelho
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100280 - 25 Sep 2024
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7995
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration is a rapidly evolving field aimed at the development of biocompatible materials and devices, such as scaffolds, to treat diseased and damaged osseous tissue. Functional scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide mechanical support at the defect site during the healing [...] Read more.
Bone tissue regeneration is a rapidly evolving field aimed at the development of biocompatible materials and devices, such as scaffolds, to treat diseased and damaged osseous tissue. Functional scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide mechanical support at the defect site during the healing process, while simultaneously enabling or improving regeneration through amplified cellular cues between the scaffold and native tissues. Ample research on functionalization has been conducted to improve scaffold–host tissue interaction, including fabrication techniques, biomaterial selection, scaffold surface modifications, integration of bioactive molecular additives, and post-processing modifications. Each of these methods plays a crucial role in enabling scaffolds to not only support but actively participate in the healing and regeneration process in bone and joint surgery. This review provides a state-of-the-art, comprehensive overview of the functionalization of scaffold-based strategies used in tissue engineering, specifically for bone regeneration. Critical issues and obstacles are highlighted, applications and advances are described, and future directions are identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5061 KiB  
Article
Suspension-Sprayed Calcium Phosphate Coatings with Antibacterial Properties
by Maria Carolina Lanzino, Long-Quan R. V. Le, Anika Höppel, Andreas Killinger, Wolfgang Rheinheimer, Sofia Dembski, Ali Al-Ahmad, Hermann O. Mayr and Michael Seidenstuecker
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100281 - 25 Sep 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3848
Abstract
Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can [...] Read more.
Prosthesis loosening due to lack of osteointegration between an implant and surrounding bone tissue is one of the most common causes of implant failure. Further, bacterial contamination and biofilm formation onto implants represent a serious complication after surgery. The enhancement of osteointegration can be achieved by using bioconductive materials that promote biological responses in the body, stimulating bone growth and thus bonding to tissue. Through the incorporation of antibacterial substances in bioconductive, biodegradable calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings, faster osteointegration and bactericidal properties can be achieved. In this study, Cu-doped CaP supraparticles are spray-dried and suspension-sprayed CaP ceramic coatings with antibacterial properties are prepared using high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS). The objective was to increase the coatings’ porosity and investigate which Cu-doped supraparticles have the strongest antibacterial properties when introduced into the coating layers. Biocompatibility was tested on human Osteosarcoma cells MG63. A porosity of at least 13% was achieved and the supraparticles could be implemented, enhancing it up to 16%. The results showed that the addition of Cu-doped supraparticles did not significantly reduce the number of viable cells compared to the Cu-free sample, demonstrating good biocompatibility. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with Safe Airborne Antibacterial testing showing a significant reduction in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains on the Cu-doped coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 9118 KiB  
Article
Radioprotection Performance Evaluation of 3D-Printed and Conventional Heat-Cured Dental Resins for Radiotherapy Prostheses
by Jiangyu Wang, Mai Murase, Yuka I. Sumita, Ryoichi Notake, Masako Akiyama, Ryoichi Yoshimura and Noriyuki Wakabayashi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(10), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15100282 - 25 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1161
Abstract
3D printing is increasingly used in dentistry, with biocompatible resins playing a key role. This study compared the radioprotective properties of a commonly used 3D-printed resin (Formlabs surgical guide resin) with traditional heat-cured resin and examined the relationship between material thickness and radiation [...] Read more.
3D printing is increasingly used in dentistry, with biocompatible resins playing a key role. This study compared the radioprotective properties of a commonly used 3D-printed resin (Formlabs surgical guide resin) with traditional heat-cured resin and examined the relationship between material thickness and radiation attenuation. The specimens consisted of 3D-printed and heat-cured resin specimens, each measuring 45 × 45 mm2, with five different thicknesses (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mm), totaling 100 samples. Both types of resin specimens underwent testing with 150 MU external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and 400 cGy brachytherapy. Radiation experiments indicated that under EBRT conditions, there were no significant differences in radiation attenuation between the 3D-printed and heat-cured resins across all thickness groups. In brachytherapy, the attenuation of the 3D-printed resin was significantly lower than the heat-cured resin in the 6 mm and 8 mm groups. Specifically, attenuation rates were 48.0 ± 0.7 (3D-printed) vs. 45.2 ± 1.9 (heat-cured) in the 6 mm group, and 39.6 ± 1.3 vs. 37.5 ± 1.1 in the 8 mm group. Both resins showed significant positive linear correlations between thickness and attenuation (p < 0.001) within 6–14 mm. Thus, 3D-printed resin shows promising radioprotective properties and is a viable alternative to traditional heat-cured resin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5033 KiB  
Article
Electrospun Silk-ICG Composite Fibers and the Application toward Hemorrhage Control
by Ayesha Siddiqua, Elwin Clutter, Olga Garklavs, Hemalatha Kanniyappan and Rong R. Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090272 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1678
Abstract
In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous [...] Read more.
In trauma and surgery, efficient hemorrhage control is crucial to avert fatal blood loss and increase the likelihood of survival. There is a significant demand for novel biomaterials capable of promptly and effectively managing bleeding. This study aimed to develop flexible biocomposite fibrous scaffolds with an electrospinning technique using silk fibroin (SF) and indocyanine green (ICG). The FDA-approved ICG dye has unique photothermal properties. The water permeability, degradability, and biocompatibility of Bombyx mori cocoon-derived SF make it promising for biomedical applications. While as-spun SF-ICG fibers were dissolvable in water, ethanol vapor treatment (EVT) effectively induced secondary structural changes to promote β-sheet formation. This resulted in significantly improved aqueous stability and mechanical strength of the fibers, thereby increasing their fluid uptake capability. The enhanced SF-ICG interaction effectively prevented ICG leaching from the composite fibers, enabling them to generate heat under NIR irradiation due to ICG’s photothermal properties. Our results showed that an SF-ICG 0.4% fibrous matrix can uptake 473% water. When water was replaced by bovine blood, a 25 s NIR irradiation induced complete blood coagulation. However, pure silk did not have the same effect. Additionally, NIR irradiation of the SF-ICG fibers successfully stopped the flow of blood in an in vitro model that mimicked a damaged blood vessel. This novel breakthrough offers a biotextile platform poised to enhance patient outcomes across various medical scenarios, representing a significant milestone in functional biomaterials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Biomanufacturing, and Bio-Application of Advanced Polymers)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 13656 KiB  
Article
Regeneration of Critical Calvarial Bone Defects Using Bovine Xenograft, Magnesium-Enriched Bovine Xenograft and Autologous Dentin in Rats: Micro-CT, Gene Expression and Immunohistochemical Analysis
by Marija Čandrlić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Hrvoje Omrčen, Barbara Franović, Lara Batičić, Tamara Gulić, Tea Čaljkušić-Mance, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Lucija Malešić, Željka Perić Kačarević and Olga Cvijanović Peloza
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090270 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1876
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous dentin (AD), bovine xenograft (BX) and magnesium-enriched bovine xenograft (BX + Mg) in the healing of critical cranial bone defects (CCBDs) in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: BX, BX + Mg, AD and the control group (no intervention). Eight mm CCBDs were created and treated with the respective biomaterials. Healing was assessed 7, 15, 21 and 30 days after surgery by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Micro-CT analysis showed that AD had the highest bone volume and the least amount of residual biomaterial at day 30, indicating robust bone formation and efficient resorption. BX + Mg showed significant bone volume but had more residual biomaterial compared to AD. RT-PCR showed that the expression of osteocalcin (OC), the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) and sclerostin (SOST), was highest in the AD group at day 21 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at day 15, indicating increased osteogenesis and angiogenesis in the AD group. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed intense BMP-2/4 and SMAD-1/5/8 expression in the AD group, indicating osteoinductive properties. The favorable gene expression profile and biocompatibility of AD and BX + Mg make them promising candidates for clinical applications in bone tissue engineering. Further research is required to fully exploit their potential in regenerative surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4268 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Wound-Healing Potential of Phenolic and Polysaccharide Extracts of Aloe vera Gel
by Andreea Iosageanu, Elena Mihai, Ana-Maria Seciu-Grama, Elena Utoiu, Alexandra Gaspar-Pintiliescu, Florentina Gatea, Anisoara Cimpean and Oana Craciunescu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090266 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3036
Abstract
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to conduct a comparative investigation of the biological properties of phenolic and polysaccharide extracts obtained using an ultrasound-assisted technique from Aloe vera gel and their effects on each stage of the wound healing process in in vitro experimental models. HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic extract contained aloin, ferulic, and caffeic acid, as well as quercetin dihydrate, as major compounds. Capillary zone electrophoresis indicated the prevalence of mannose and glucose in the polysaccharide extract. Cell culture testing revealed the anti-inflammatory properties of the phenolic extract at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL through significant inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines—up to 28% TNF-α and 11% IL-8 secretion—in inflamed THP-1-derived macrophages, while a pro-inflammatory effect was observed at 0.5 mg/mL. The phenolic extract induced 18% stimulation of L929 fibroblast proliferation at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, enhanced the cell migration rate by 20%, and increased collagen type I synthesis by 18%. Moreover, the phenolic extract exhibited superior antioxidant properties by scavenging free DPPH (IC50 of 2.50 mg/mL) and ABTS (16.47 mM TE/g) radicals, and 46% inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was achieved. The polysaccharide extract demonstrated a greater increase in collagen synthesis up to 25%, as well as antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a bacteriostatic effect at 25 mg/mL and a bactericidal one at 50 mg/mL. All these findings indicate that the phenolic extract might be more beneficial in formulations intended for the initial phases of wound healing, such as inflammation and proliferation, while the polysaccharide extract could be more suitable for use during the remodeling stage. Moreover, they might be combined with other biomaterials, acting as efficient dressings with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties for rapid recovery of chronic wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6976 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Key Properties of Ag-TiO2 and Hydroxyapatite-Ag-TiO2 Coatings on NiTi SMA
by Karolina Dudek, Aleksandra Strach, Daniel Wasilkowski, Bożena Łosiewicz, Julian Kubisztal, Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz, Patryk Zioła and Adrian Barylski
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090264 - 12 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1205
Abstract
To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and [...] Read more.
To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion kinetics in a simulated body fluid and the mechanisms were analyzed. The coatings exhibited hydrophilic properties and were biocompatible with fibroblast and osteoblast cells while also demonstrating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The coatings adhered strongly to the NiTi substrate, with superior adhesion observed in the hydroxyapatite-doped layers. Conversely, the Ag-TiO2 layers showed enhanced corrosion resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 9164 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Fibrin Gels in Enhancing Cell Migration for Vasculature Formation
by Joana A. Moura, Hugh J. Barlow, Shareen H. Doak, Karl Hawkins, Iris Muller and Martin J. D. Clift
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090265 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1707
Abstract
A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of [...] Read more.
A hallmark of angiogenesis is the sprouting of endothelial cells. To replicate this event in vitro, biomaterial approaches can play an essential role in promoting cell migration. To study the capacity of a scaffold of fibrin (fibrinogen:thrombin mix) to support the movement of the endothelial cells, the migration area of spheroids formed with the HULEC cell line was measured. The cells were first allowed to form a spheroid using the hanging drop technique before being encapsulated in the fibrin gel. The cells’ migration area was then measured after two days of embedding in the fibrin gel. Various conditions affecting fibrin gel polymerization, such as different concentrations of fibrinogen and thrombin, were evaluated alongside rheology, porosity, and fiber thickness analysis to understand how these factors influenced cell behavior within the composite biomaterial. Data point toward thrombin’s role in governing fibrin gel polymerization; higher concentrations result in less rigid gels (loss tangent between 0.07 and 0.034) and increased cell migration (maximum concentration tested: 5 U/mL). The herein presented method allows for a more precise determination of the crosslinking conditions of fibrin gel that can be used to stimulate angiogenic sprouting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4286 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Methacrylation Process on the Usefulness of Chitosan as a Biomaterial Component for 3D Printing
by Marta Klak, Katarzyna Kosowska, Milena Czajka, Magdalena Dec, Sylwester Domański, Agnieszka Zakrzewska, Paulina Korycka, Kamila Jankowska, Agnieszka Romanik-Chruścielewska and Michał Wszoła
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090251 - 30 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2138
Abstract
Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue [...] Read more.
Chitosan is a very promising material for tissue model printing. It is also known that the introduction of chemical modifications to the structure of the material in the form of methacrylate groups makes it very attractive for application in the bioprinting of tissue models. The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of biomaterials containing chitosan (BCH) and its methacrylated equivalent (BCM) in order to identify differences in their usefulness in 3D bioprinting technology. It has been shown that the BCM material containing methacrylic chitosan is three times more viscous than its non-methacrylated BCH counterpart. Additionally, the BCM material is characterized by stability in a larger range of stresses, as well as better printability, resolution, and fiber stability. The BCM material has higher mechanical parameters, both mechanical strength and Young’s modulus, than the BCH material. Both materials are ideal for bioprinting, but BCM has unique rheological properties and significant mechanical resistance. In addition, biological tests have shown that the addition of chitosan to biomaterials increases cell proliferation, particularly in 3D-printed models. Moreover, modification in the form of methacrylation encourages reduced toxicity of the biomaterial in 3D constructs. Our investigation demonstrates the suitability of a chitosan-enhanced biomaterial, specifically methacrylate-treated, for application in tissue engineering, and particularly for tissues requiring resistance to high stress, i.e., vascular or cartilage models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tissue Regeneration and Biomaterials Manufacturing)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 606 KiB  
Review
Polycaprolactone in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comprehensive Review of Innovations in Scaffold Fabrication and Surface Modifications
by Hsin-Yu Liang, Wei-Keung Lee, Jui-Tsen Hsu, Jie-Yu Shih, Tien-Li Ma, Thi Thuy Tien Vo, Chiang-Wen Lee, Ming-Te Cheng and I-Ta Lee
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090243 - 24 Aug 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4191
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has seen significant advancements with innovative scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing. This review focuses on enhancing polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold properties through structural modifications, including surface treatments, pore architecture adjustments, and the incorporation of biomaterials like hydroxyapatite (HA). These [...] Read more.
Bone tissue engineering has seen significant advancements with innovative scaffold fabrication techniques such as 3D printing. This review focuses on enhancing polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold properties through structural modifications, including surface treatments, pore architecture adjustments, and the incorporation of biomaterials like hydroxyapatite (HA). These modifications aim to improve scaffold conformation, cellular behavior, and mechanical performance, with particular emphasis on the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone regeneration. The review also explores the potential of integrating nanomaterials and graphene oxide (GO) to further enhance the mechanical and biological properties of PCL scaffolds. Future directions involve optimizing scaffold structures and compositions for improved bone tissue regeneration outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4562 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Dual Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of Composites Based on Silver Camphorimine Complexes
by Joana P. Costa, Sílvia A. Sousa, Jorge H. Leitão, Fernanda Marques, Marta M. Alves and M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(9), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15090240 - 23 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used biocompatible material in orthopedic composite preparations. However, HAp composites that exhibit both anticancer and antibacterial activities through bioactive coordination complexes are relatively rare. To explore orthopedic applications, we blended several silver camphorimine compounds with HAp to create [...] Read more.
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used biocompatible material in orthopedic composite preparations. However, HAp composites that exhibit both anticancer and antibacterial activities through bioactive coordination complexes are relatively rare. To explore orthopedic applications, we blended several silver camphorimine compounds with HAp to create [Ag(I)] composites. All compounds [Ag(NO3)(L)n] (n = 1,2) based on camphorimine (LA), camphor sulfonimine (LB) or imine bi-camphor (LC) ligands demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 0.30–2.6 μgAg/mL) against osteosarcoma cancer cells (HOS). Based on their structural and electronic characteristics, four complexes (1–4) were selected for antibacterial evaluation against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia contaminans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. All complexes (1–4) revealed combined anticancer and antibacterial activities; therefore, they were used to prepare [Ag(I)]:HAp composites of 50:50% and 20:80% weight compositions and the activities of the composites were assessed. Results showed that they retain the dual anticancer and antibacterial characteristics of their precursor complexes. To replicate the clinical context of bone-filling applications, hand-pressed surfaces (pellets) were prepared. It is worth highlighting that no agglutination agent was necessary for the pellet’s consistency. The biological properties of the so-prepared pellets were assessed, and the HOS cells and bacteria spreading on the pellet’s surface were analyzed by SEM. Notably, composite 4B, derived from the bicamphor (LC) complex [Ag(NO3)(OC10H14N(C6H4)2NC10H14O)], exhibited significant anticancer activity against HOS cells and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, fostering potential clinical applications on post-surgical OS treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis Composites for Biomedical Application)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5428 KiB  
Article
Lymphatic Regeneration after Popliteal Lymph Node Excision and Implantation of Aligned Nanofibrillar Collagen Scaffolds: An Experimental Rabbit Model
by José Luis Campos, Gemma Pons, Ali M. Al-Sakkaf, Irene Laura Lusetti, Laura Pires, Francisco Javier Vela, Elena Ramos, Verónica Crisóstomo, Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo, Elena Abellán and Jaume Masiá
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080235 - 21 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1468
Abstract
Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted [...] Read more.
Lymphedema presents significant challenges to patients’ quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative treatments, such as collagen scaffolds, aimed at treating and reducing the risk of lymphedema. We aimed to evaluate the preventive and therapeutic efficacy and the lymphangiogenic potential of implanted aligned nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridgeTM) following the induction of secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Thirty rabbits were divided into treatment (G1), prevention (G2), and control (G3) groups. Secondary lymphedema was induced in all groups. BioBridgeTM implantation was performed in G2 and G1 on days 0 and 60, respectively. Follow-ups included hindlimb circumference measurements and indocyanine green lymphography at 0, 60, and 90 days. None of the study rabbits exhibited dermal backflow on day 0 before surgery. At 60 days, the incidence rates of dermal backflow in G1, G2, and G3 were 100%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. Furthermore, at 90 days, the incidence rates were 22.2%, 44.4%, and 90%, respectively. New linear lymphatic observation was seen in rabbits with resolved dermal backflow. The findings of this study demonstrated the capacity of BioBridgeTM scaffolds to induce new lymphatic vessel formation and reduce dermal backflow in secondary lymphedema in a rabbit model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1565 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of the Cytocompatibility of Endodontic Bioceramics in Human Periodontal-Ligament-Derived Cells
by Asuka Aka, Takashi Matsuura and Atsutoshi Yoshimura
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080231 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1171
Abstract
The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of [...] Read more.
The present study evaluated the cytocompatibility of three endodontic bioceramics in human periodontal-ligament-derived cells (hPDLCs): MTA Repair HP (HP), MTA Flow White (F), and Nishika Canal Sealer BG multi (BG). In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the powder–liquid (paste) ratio of F and BG on cytocompatibility. Discs of endodontic bioceramics (diameter = 8 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were prepared with HP, F, and BG. hPDLCs obtained from extracted teeth and cultured for three to five passages were used in the experiment. The prepared discs were placed at the bottom of a 48-well plate, seeded with hPDLCs at 100,000 cells/well, cultured for 7 or 28 days, and subjected to a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. hPDLCs cultured without any discs were used as a negative control (NC) group. Discs made of F or BG mixed in three different consistencies were also used in this experiment. The absorbance values at days 7 and 28 were high in the order of HP > NC > BG > F. Furthermore, F or BG with higher consistency showed higher absorbance values. MTA Repair HP had the highest cytocompatibility among the three materials. Furthermore, it also showed that higher consistency improved cytocompatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 8233 KiB  
Article
Surgery Combined with Local Implantation of Doxorubicin-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite Halts Tumor Growth and Prevents Bone Destruction in an Aggressive Osteosarcoma
by Yang Liu, Tova Corbascio, Jintian Huang, Jacob Engellau, Lars Lidgren, Magnus Tägil and Deepak Bushan Raina
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080232 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1242
Abstract
Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based [...] Read more.
Osteosarcoma treatment comprises pre-surgical chemotherapy followed by radical surgery and further chemotherapy cycles, but the prognosis has been far from satisfactory. No new drugs or treatment modalities have been developed for clinical use in the last four decades. We describe a nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)-based local drug delivery platform for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX), a cornerstone drug in osteosarcoma treatment. The efficacy of the developed drug delivery system was evaluated in an orthotopic human osteosarcoma xenograft in the proximal tibia of mice. After tumor development, the tumor was surgically resected and the void filled with the following: (1) No treatment (G1); (2) nHA only (G2); (3) DOX-loaded nHA (G3). In-vivo tumor response was assessed by evaluating the tumor-induced osteolysis at 2 weeks using micro-CT followed by in-vivo PET-CT at 3 weeks and ex-vivo micro-CT and histology. Micro-CT imaging revealed complete destruction of the tibial metaphysis in groups G1 and G2, while the metaphysis was protected from osteolysis in G3. PET-CT imaging using 18F-FDG revealed high metabolic activity in the tumors in G1 and G2, which was significantly reduced in G3. Using histology, we were able to verify that local DOX delivery reduced the bone destruction and the tumor burden compared with G1 and G2. No off-target toxicity in the vital organs could be observed in any of the treatment groups histologically. This study describes a novel local drug adjuvant delivery approach that could potentially improve the prognosis for patients responding poorly to the current osteosarcoma treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3770 KiB  
Review
Advancements in Nanoporous Materials for Biomedical Imaging and Diagnostics
by Nargish Parvin, Vineet Kumar, Tapas Kumar Mandal and Sang Woo Joo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080226 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of [...] Read more.
This review explores the latest advancements in nanoporous materials and their applications in biomedical imaging and diagnostics. Nanoporous materials possess unique structural features, including high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, making them highly promising platforms for a range of biomedical applications. This review begins by providing an overview of the various types of nanoporous materials, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, and nanoporous gold. The synthesis method for each material, their current research trends, and prospects are discussed in detail. Furthermore, this review delves into the functionalization and surface modification techniques employed to tailor nanoporous materials for specific biomedical imaging applications. This section covers chemical functionalization, bioconjugation strategies, and surface coating and encapsulation methods. Additionally, this review examines the diverse biomedical imaging techniques enabled by nanoporous materials, such as fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging. The mechanisms underlying these imaging techniques, their diagnostic applications, and their efficacy in clinical settings are thoroughly explored. Through an extensive analysis of recent research findings and emerging trends, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanoporous materials in advancing biomedical imaging and diagnostics. The integration of interdisciplinary approaches, innovative synthesis techniques, and functionalization strategies offers promising avenues for the development of next-generation imaging agents and diagnostic tools with enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and biocompatibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 5769 KiB  
Review
Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review
by Katja Vasić, Željko Knez and Maja Leitgeb
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080227 - 14 Aug 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4388
Abstract
A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages [...] Read more.
A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 9246 KiB  
Article
Fibronectin Functionalization: A Way to Enhance Dynamic Cell Culture on Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds
by Bianca Zumbo, Benedetta Guagnini, Barbara Medagli, Davide Porrelli and Gianluca Turco
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080222 - 10 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2110
Abstract
Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide [...] Read more.
Bone defects are a global health concern; bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the most promising alternative to reduce patient morbidity and overcome the inherent drawbacks of autograft and allograft bone. Three-dimensional scaffolds are pivotal in this field due to their potential to provide structural support and mimic the natural bone microenvironment. Following an already published protocol, a 3D porous structure consisting of alginate and hydroxyapatite was prepared after a gelation step and a freezing-drying step. Despite the frequent use of alginate in tissue regeneration, the biological inertness of this polysaccharide hampers proper cell colonization and proliferation. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to enhance the biological properties by promoting the interaction and adhesion between cells and biomaterial with the use of Fibronectin. This extracellular matrix protein was physically adsorbed on the scaffold, and its presence was evaluated with environmental scanning electron microscopy (eSEM) and the Micro-Bicinchoninic Acid (μBCA) protein assay. The MG-63 cell line was used for both static and dynamic (i.e., in bioreactor) 3D cell culturing on the scaffolds. The use of the bioreactor allowed for a better exchange of nutrients and oxygen and a better removal of cell catabolites from the inner portion of the construct, mimicking the physiological environment. The functionalized scaffolds showed an improvement in cell proliferation and colonization compared to non-functionalized ones; the effect of the addition of Fibronectin was more evident in the dynamic culturing conditions, where the cells clearly adhered on the surface of functionalized scaffolds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Scaffolds for Bone and Joint Surgery)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8416 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Biocompatibility Assessment of Bioengineered PLA-Hydrogel Core–Shell Scaffolds with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Bone Regeneration
by Federica Re, Luciana Sartore, Chiara Pasini, Matteo Ferroni, Elisa Borsani, Stefano Pandini, Andrea Bianchetti, Camillo Almici, Lorena Giugno, Roberto Bresciani, Silvia Mutti, Federica Trenta, Simona Bernardi, Mirko Farina and Domenico Russo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080217 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3697
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their [...] Read more.
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), whether used alone or together with three-dimensional scaffolds, are the best-studied postnatal stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this study, innovative composite scaffolds consisting of a core–shell architecture were seeded with bone-marrow-derived hMSCs (BM-hMSCs) and tested for their biocompatibility and remarkable capacity to promote and support bone regeneration and mineralization. The scaffolds were prepared by grafting three different amounts of gelatin–chitosan (CH) hydrogel into a 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) core (PLA-CH), and the mechanical and degradation properties were analyzed. The BM-hMSCs were cultured in the scaffolds with the presence of growth medium (GM) or osteogenic medium (OM) with differentiation stimuli in combination with fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human platelet lysate (hPL). The primary objective was to determine the viability, proliferation, morphology, and spreading capacity of BM-hMSCs within the scaffolds, thereby confirming their biocompatibility. Secondly, the BM-hMSCs were shown to differentiate into osteoblasts and to facilitate scaffold mineralization. This was evinced by a positive Von Kossa result, the modulation of differentiation markers (osteocalcin and osteopontin), an expression of a marker of extracellular matrix remodeling (bone morphogenetic protein-2), and collagen I. The results of the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) clearly demonstrate the presence of calcium and phosphorus in the samples that were incubated in OM, in the presence of FBS and hPL, but not in GM. The chemical distribution maps of calcium and phosphorus indicate that these elements are co-localized in the same areas of the sections, demonstrating the formation of hydroxyapatite. In conclusion, our findings show that the combination of BM-hMSCs and PLA-CH, regardless of the amount of hydrogel content, in the presence of differentiation stimuli, can provide a construct with enhanced osteogenicity for clinically relevant bone regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Bone Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1950 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Antimicrobial Properties of Experimental Resin-Based Dental Composites through the Addition of Quaternary Ammonium Salts
by Joanna Nowak, Maja Zalega, Witold Jakubowski, Monika Domarecka, Jerzy Sokołowski and Kinga Bociong
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080213 - 30 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1800
Abstract
Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified [...] Read more.
Secondary caries is one of the main reasons for dental filling replacement. There is a need to obtain dental restorative material that is able to act against caries-inducing microorganisms. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-modified photo-cured experimental dental composites against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was assessed by using an Accuri C6 flow cytofluorimeter, and then analyzed using BD CSampler software (1.0.264). Bacterial/yeast surface colonization was carried out by using an GX71 inverted-optics fluorescence microscope equipped with a DP 73 digital camera. For bactericidal surface analysis of each sample type, simultaneous standardization was performed using a positive control (live cells) and a negative control (dead cells). A positive correlation between the increasing concentration of CTAB or DODAB and the dead cell ratio of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was revealed. In particular, CTAB at a 2.0 wt% concentration exhibits superior efficiency against pathogens (65.0% dead cells of Escherichia coli, 73.9% dead cells of Streptococcus mutans, and 23.9% dead cells of Candida albicans after 60 min). However, Candida albicans is more resistant to used salts than bacteria. A CTAB- or DODAB-modified experimental dental composite exhibits antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans after 10 and 60 min of incubation, and the antimicrobial efficiency increases with the wt% of QAS in the tested material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dental Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2697 KiB  
Article
Yeast Particle Encapsulation of Azole Fungicides for Enhanced Treatment of Azole-Resistant Candida albicans
by Ernesto R. Soto, Florentina Rus and Gary R. Ostroff
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(8), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15080203 - 23 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1556
Abstract
Addressing the growing problem of antifungal resistance in medicine and agriculture requires the development of new drugs and strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing fungicides. One approach is to utilize delivery technologies. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3–5 µm porous, hollow microspheres, a [...] Read more.
Addressing the growing problem of antifungal resistance in medicine and agriculture requires the development of new drugs and strategies to preserve the efficacy of existing fungicides. One approach is to utilize delivery technologies. Yeast particles (YPs) are 3–5 µm porous, hollow microspheres, a byproduct of food-grade Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast extract manufacturing processes and an efficient and flexible drug delivery platform. Here, we report the use of YPs for encapsulation of tetraconazole (TET) and prothioconazole (PRO) with high payload capacity and stability. The YP PRO samples were active against both sensitive and azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans. The higher efficacy of YP PRO versus free PRO is due to interactions between PRO and saponifiable lipids in the YPs. Encapsulation of PRO in glucan lipid particles (GLPs), a highly purified form of YPs that do not contain saponifiable lipids, did not result in enhanced PRO activity. We evaluated the co-encapsulation of PRO with a mixture of the terpenes: geraniol, eugenol, and thymol. Samples co-encapsulating PRO and terpenes in YPs or GLPs were active on both sensitive and azole-resistant C. albicans. These approaches could lead to the development of more effective drug combinations co-encapsulated in YPs for agricultural or GLPs for pharmaceutical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

41 pages, 11168 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Hydrogel Formulation Based on Ferulic Acid-Grafted Nano-Chitosan and Bacterial Nanocellulose Enriched with Selenium Nanoparticles from Kombucha Fermentation
by Naomi Tritean, Luminița Dimitriu, Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima, Marius Ghiurea, Bogdan Trică, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Ionuț Moraru, Alina Nicolescu, Anisoara Cimpean, Florin Oancea and Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070202 - 22 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2944
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) [...] Read more.
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) based on ferulic acid-grafted chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) enriched with SeNPs from Kombucha fermentation (SeNPsK), which could be used as an adjuvant for oral implant integration and other applications. The grafted chitosan and SeBNCSFa were characterized by biochemical and physical-chemical methods. The cell viability and proliferation of HGF-1 gingival fibroblasts were investigated, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. The inflammatory response was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in cell culture medium. Likewise, the amount of nitric oxide released was measured by the Griess reaction. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated. The grafting degree with ferulic acid was approximately 1.780 ± 0.07% of the total chitosan monomeric units, assuming single-site grafting per monomer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced a convolution of BNC and grafted chitosan spectra, and X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted an amorphous rearrangement of the diffraction patterns, suggesting multiple interactions. The hydrogel showed a high degree of cytocompatibility, and enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potentials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Protective Coatings for Implants and Tissue Engineering Formulations)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 4448 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Bone Substitute Containing Tricalcium Phosphate and Silver Modified Hydroxyapatite–Methylcellulose Granules
by Joanna P. Czechowska, Annett Dorner-Reisel and Aneta Zima
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070196 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1459
Abstract
Despite years of extensive research, achieving the optimal properties for calcium phosphate-based biomaterials remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, ‘biomicroconcretes’ systems consisting of setting-phase-forming bone cement matrix and aggregates (granules/microspheres) have been developed and studied. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify the complex [...] Read more.
Despite years of extensive research, achieving the optimal properties for calcium phosphate-based biomaterials remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, ‘biomicroconcretes’ systems consisting of setting-phase-forming bone cement matrix and aggregates (granules/microspheres) have been developed and studied. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify the complex interplay between the synthesis, structure, and properties of these materials. This article focusses on the development and potential applications of hybrid biomaterials based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP), hydroxyapatite (HA) and methylcellulose (MC) modified with silver (0.1 wt.% or 1.0 wt.%). The study presents the synthesis and characterization of silver-modified hybrid granules and seeks to determine the possibility and efficiency of incorporating these hybrid granules into αTCP-based biomicroconcretes. The αTCP and hydroxyapatite provide structural integrity and osteoconductivity, the presence of silver imparts antimicrobial properties, and MC allows for the self-assembling of granules. This combination creates an ideal environment for bone regeneration, while it potentially may prevent bacterial colonization and infection. The material’s chemical and phase composition, setting times, compressive strength, microstructure, chemical stability, and bioactive potential in simulated body fluid are systematically investigated. The results of the setting time measurements showed that both the size and the composition of granules (especially the hybrid nature) have an impact on the setting process of biomicroconcretes. The addition of silver resulted in prolonged setting times compared to the unmodified materials. Developed biomicroconcretes, despite exhibiting lower compressive strength compared to traditional calcium phosphate cements, fall within the range of human cancellous bone and demonstrate chemical stability and bioactive potential, indicating their suitability for bone substitution and regeneration. Further in vitro studies and in vivo assessments are needed to check the potential of these biomaterials in clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2252 KiB  
Review
Antibiotic-Loaded Nano-Sized Delivery Systems: An Insight into Gentamicin and Vancomycin
by Silvia Pisani, Shafia Tufail, Mariella Rosalia, Rossella Dorati, Ida Genta, Enrica Chiesa and Bice Conti
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070194 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2594
Abstract
The fight against infectious disease has remained an ever-evolving challenge in the landscape of healthcare. The ability of pathogens to develop resistance against conventional drug treatments has decreased the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the main [...] Read more.
The fight against infectious disease has remained an ever-evolving challenge in the landscape of healthcare. The ability of pathogens to develop resistance against conventional drug treatments has decreased the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the main challenges of our time. The goal of this systematic review paper is to provide insight into the research papers published on innovative nanosized drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on gentamycin and vancomycin and to discuss the opportunity of their repurposing through nano DDS formulations. These two antibiotics are selected because (i) gentamicin is the first-line drug used to treat suspected or confirmed infections caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections and (ii) vancomycin is used to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. Moreover, both antibiotics have severe adverse effects, and one of the purposes of their formulation as nanosized DDSs is to overcome them. The review paper includes an introduction focusing on the challenges of infectious diseases and traditional therapeutic treatments, a brief description of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and vancomycin, case studies from the literature on innovative nanosized DDSs as carriers of the two antibiotic drugs, and a discussion of the results found in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Materials for Drug Targeting, Drug Delivery and Cell Therapy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 18494 KiB  
Article
Sheep Bone Ultrastructure Analyses Reveal Differences in Bone Maturation around Mg-Based and Ti Implants
by Kamila Iskhakova, D. C. Florian Wieland, Romy Marek, Uwe Y. Schwarze, Anton Davydok, Hanna Cwieka, Tamadur AlBaraghtheh, Jan Reimers, Birte Hindenlang, Sandra Sefa, André Lopes Marinho, Regine Willumeit-Römer and Berit Zeller-Plumhoff
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070192 - 12 Jul 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1494
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are some of the most convenient biodegradable materials for bone fracture treatment due to their tailorable degradation rate, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties resembling those of bone. Despite the fact that magnesium-based implants and ZX00 (Mg-0.45Zn-0.45Ca in wt.%), in particular, have been [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys are some of the most convenient biodegradable materials for bone fracture treatment due to their tailorable degradation rate, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties resembling those of bone. Despite the fact that magnesium-based implants and ZX00 (Mg-0.45Zn-0.45Ca in wt.%), in particular, have been shown to have suitable degradation rates and good osseointegration, knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the impact of their degradation properties on the bone’s ultrastructure. Bone is a hierarchically structured material, where not only the microstructure but also the ultrastructure are important as properties like the local mechanical response are determined by it. This study presents the first comparative analysis of bone ultrastructure parameters with high spatial resolution around ZX00 and Ti implants after 6, 12, and 24 weeks of healing. The mineralization was investigated, revealing a significant decrease in the lattice spacing of the (002) Bragg’s peak closer to the ZX00 implant in comparison to Ti, while no significant difference in the crystallite size was observed. The hydroxyapatite platelet thickness and osteon density demonstrated a decrease closer to the ZX00 implant interface. Correlative indentation and strain maps obtained by scanning X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a higher stiffness and faster mechanical adaptation of the bone surrounding Ti implants as compared to the ZX00 ones. Thus, the results suggest the incorporation of Mg2+ ions into the bone ultrastructure, as well as a lower degree of remodeling and stiffness of the bone in the presence of ZX00 implants than Ti. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5346 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid on Handling Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Premixed Calcium Silicate Cement
by Yi-Huei Huang, I-Ting Wu, Chun-Cheng Chen and Shinn-Jyh Ding
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070187 - 5 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2107
Abstract
Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial [...] Read more.
Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial properties. In this study, different volume ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactic acid liquids were added to calcium silicate, and the effects of varying liquid-to-powder ratios (L/P) were examined. This study assessed the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli of this premixed cement. The results from the experiments indicated that lactic acid significantly reduced the setting time of the CaSi-based cement and enhanced its mechanical strength. Furthermore, the appropriate concentration of lactic acid and matching L/P ratio improved its washout resistance. The cell viability of all premixed cement was found to be over 80%. The premixed cement containing PEG and lactic acid exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to the CaSi control. Based on its setting time, washout resistance, and antibacterial activity, a premixed cement with a liquid phase of 80% PEG and 20% lactic acid at an L/P ratio of 0.4 appeared promising for use in dental and orthopedic practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 10260 KiB  
Article
Alginate-Sr/Mg Containing Bioactive Glass Scaffolds: The Characterization of a New 3D Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering
by Benedetta Guagnini, Barbara Medagli, Bianca Zumbo, Valeria Cannillo, Gianluca Turco, Davide Porrelli and Devis Bellucci
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070183 - 2 Jul 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2417
Abstract
In bone regeneration, combining natural polymer-based scaffolds with Bioactive Glasses (BGs) is an attractive strategy to improve the mechanical properties of the structure, as well as its bioactivity and regenerative potential. Methods: For this purpose, a well-studied alginate/hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp) porous scaffold was enhanced [...] Read more.
In bone regeneration, combining natural polymer-based scaffolds with Bioactive Glasses (BGs) is an attractive strategy to improve the mechanical properties of the structure, as well as its bioactivity and regenerative potential. Methods: For this purpose, a well-studied alginate/hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp) porous scaffold was enhanced with an experimental bioglass (BGMS10), characterized by a high crystallization temperature and containing therapeutic ions such as strontium and magnesium. This resulted in an improved biological response compared to 45S5 Bioglass®, the “gold” standard among BGs. Porous composite scaffolds were fabricated by freeze-drying technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, and microcomputed tomography. The mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of the new scaffold composition were also evaluated. The addition of bioglass to the Alg/HAp network resulted in a slightly lower porosity. However, despite the change in pore size, the MG-63 cells were able to better adhere and proliferate when cultured for one week on a BG scaffold compared to the control Alg/HAp scaffolds. Thus, our findings indicate that the combination of bioactive glass BGMS10 does not affect the structural and physicochemical properties of the Alg/HAp scaffold and confers bioactive properties to the structures, making the Alg/HAp-BGMS10 scaffold a promising candidate for future application in bone tissue regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 3539 KiB  
Article
Formulation Effects on the Mechano-Physical Properties of In Situ-Forming Resilient Hydrogels for Breast Tissue Regeneration
by Daniella Goder Orbach and Meital Zilberman
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070176 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1287
Abstract
The need for a long-term solution for filling the defects created during partial mastectomies due to breast cancer diagnosis has not been met to date. All available defect-filling methods are non-permanent and necessitate repeat procedures. Here, we report on novel injectable porous hydrogel [...] Read more.
The need for a long-term solution for filling the defects created during partial mastectomies due to breast cancer diagnosis has not been met to date. All available defect-filling methods are non-permanent and necessitate repeat procedures. Here, we report on novel injectable porous hydrogel structures based on the natural polymers gelatin and alginate, which are designed to serve for breast reconstruction and regeneration following partial mastectomy. The effects of the formulation parameters on the mechanical and physical properties were thoroughly studied. The modulus in compression and tension were in the range of native breast tissue. Both increased with the increase in the crosslinker concentration and the polymer–air ratio. Resilience was very high, above 93% for most studied formulations, allowing the scaffold to be continuously deformed without changing its shape. The combination of high resilience and low elastic modulus is favored for adipose tissue regeneration. The physical properties of gelation time and water uptake are controllable and are affected mainly by the alginate and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) concentrations and less by the polymer–air ratio. In vitro cell viability tests were performed on mouse preadipocytes and indicated high biocompatibility. The minimally invasive nature of this approach, along with the excellent properties of the scaffold, will enable the filling of complex voids while simultaneously decreasing surgical costs and greatly improving patient well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1633 KiB  
Review
A Historical Perspective on Dental Composite Restorative Materials
by Jack L. Ferracane
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070173 - 25 Jun 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6135
Abstract
This review article will discuss the origin of resin-based dental composite materials and their adoption as potentially useful adjuncts to the primary material used by most dentists for direct restorations. The evolution of the materials, largely driven by the industry’s response to the [...] Read more.
This review article will discuss the origin of resin-based dental composite materials and their adoption as potentially useful adjuncts to the primary material used by most dentists for direct restorations. The evolution of the materials, largely driven by the industry’s response to the needs of dentists, has produced materials that are esthetic, strong, and versatile enough to be used in most areas of the oral cavity to replace or restore missing tooth structures. Significant advancements, such as the transition from chemical to light-curing materials, refinements in reinforcing particles to produce optimum polishing and wear resistance, formulating pastes with altered viscosities to create highly flowable and highly stiff materials, and creating materials with enhanced depth of cure to facilitate placement, will be highlighted. Future advancements will likely reflect the movement away from simply being a biocompatible material to one that is designed to produce some type of beneficial effect upon interaction within the oral environment. These new materials have been called “bioactive” by virtue of their potential effects on bacterial biofilms and their ability to promote mineralization of adjacent tooth structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Dental Adhesives and Restorative Composites)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2775 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Filament-Based TCP Scaffold Design for Osteoconduction and Bone Augmentation: Insights from In Vivo Rabbit Models
by Julien Guerrero, Ekaterina Maevskaia, Chafik Ghayor, Indranil Bhattacharya and Franz E. Weber
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070174 - 25 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1542
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative tool in biomedical engineering, offering precise control over scaffold design for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While much attention has been focused on optimizing pore-based scaffold architectures, filament-based microarchitectures remain relatively understudied, despite the fact [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative tool in biomedical engineering, offering precise control over scaffold design for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While much attention has been focused on optimizing pore-based scaffold architectures, filament-based microarchitectures remain relatively understudied, despite the fact that the majority of 3D-printers generate filament-based structures. Here, we investigated the influence of filament characteristics on bone regeneration outcomes using a lithography-based additive manufacturing approach. Three distinct filament-based scaffolds (Fil050, Fil083, and Fil125) identical in macroporosity and transparency, crafted from tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) with varying filament thicknesses and distance, were evaluated in a rabbit model of bone augmentation and non-critical calvarial defect. Additionally, two scaffold types differing in filament directionality (Fil and FilG) were compared to elucidate optimal design parameters. Distance of bone ingrowth and percentage of regenerated area within scaffolds were measured by histomorphometric analysis. Our findings reveal filaments of 0.50 mm as the most effective filament-based scaffold, demonstrating superior bone ingrowth and bony regenerated area compared to larger size filament (i.e., 0.83 mm and 1.25 mm scaffolds). Optimized directionality of filaments can overcome the reduced performance of larger filaments. This study advances our understanding of microarchitecture’s role in bone tissue engineering and holds significant implications for clinical practice, paving the way for the development of highly tailored, patient-specific bone substitutes with enhanced efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Translation to Clinical Application)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 930 KiB  
Review
Advances in Extraction, Structure, and Physiochemical Properties of Sorghum Kafirin for Biomaterial Applications: A Review
by Umar Shah, Rewati Bhattarai, Hani Al-Salami, Christopher Blanchard and Stuart K. Johnson
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070172 - 24 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2841
Abstract
Kafirin is an endosperm-specific hydrophobic protein found in sorghum grain and the waste by-product from sorghum biorefineries known as sorghum dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS). Because of kafirin’s poor nutritional profile (negative nitrogen balance, slow digestibility, and lack of some essential amino [...] Read more.
Kafirin is an endosperm-specific hydrophobic protein found in sorghum grain and the waste by-product from sorghum biorefineries known as sorghum dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS). Because of kafirin’s poor nutritional profile (negative nitrogen balance, slow digestibility, and lack of some essential amino acids), its direct human use as a food is restricted. Nevertheless, increased focus on biofuel production from sorghum grain has triggered a new wave of research to use sorghum DDGS kafirin as a food-grade protein for biomaterials with diverse applications. These applications result from kafirin’s unique chemical nature: high hydrophobicity, evaporation-induced self-assembling capacity, elongated conformation, water insolubility, and low digestibility. Aqueous alcohol mixtures have been widely used for the extraction of kafirin. The composition, structure, extraction methodologies, and physiochemical properties of kafirin, emphasising its biomaterial functionality, are discussed in detail in this review. The literature survey reveals an in-depth understanding of extraction methodologies and their impact on structure functionality, which could assist in formulating materials of kafirin at a commercial scale. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential of kafirin and optimise its utilisation as a functional biomaterial, highlighting its valuable structural and physicochemical properties. Further studies should focus on covering gaps in the research as some of the current structural understanding comes from data on zein protein from maize. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 6643 KiB  
Review
Unveiling Nanoparticles: Recent Approaches in Studying the Internalization Pattern of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Mono- and Multicellular Biological Structures
by Teodora Eliana Petcov, Mihai Straticiuc, Decebal Iancu, Dragoș Alexandru Mirea, Roxana Trușcă, Paul Emil Mereuță, Diana Iulia Savu, George Dan Mogoșanu, Laurențiu Mogoantă, Roxana Cristina Popescu, Verena Kopatz and Sorin Ion Jinga
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060169 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2180
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP)-based solutions for oncotherapy promise an improved efficiency of the anticancer response, as well as higher comfort for the patient. The current advancements in cancer treatment based on nanotechnology exploit the ability of these systems to pass biological barriers to target the [...] Read more.
Nanoparticle (NP)-based solutions for oncotherapy promise an improved efficiency of the anticancer response, as well as higher comfort for the patient. The current advancements in cancer treatment based on nanotechnology exploit the ability of these systems to pass biological barriers to target the tumor cell, as well as tumor cell organelles. In particular, iron oxide NPs are being clinically employed in oncological management due to this ability. When designing an efficient anti-cancer therapy based on NPs, it is important to know and to modulate the phenomena which take place during the interaction of the NPs with the tumor cells, as well as the normal tissues. In this regard, our review is focused on highlighting different approaches to studying the internalization patterns of iron oxide NPs in simple and complex 2D and 3D in vitro cell models, as well as in living tissues, in order to investigate the functionality of an NP-based treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 58669 KiB  
Article
Development of Novel Antibacterial Ti-Nb-Ga Alloys with Low Stiffness for Medical Implant Applications
by Rhianna McHendrie, Ngoc Huu Nguyen, Manh Tuong Nguyen, Khosro Fallahnezhad, Krasimir Vasilev, Vi Khanh Truong and Reza Hashemi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060167 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
With the rising demand for medical implants and the dominance of implant-associated failures including infections, extensive research has been prompted into the development of novel biomaterials that can offer desirable characteristics. This study develops and evaluates new titanium-based alloys containing gallium additions with [...] Read more.
With the rising demand for medical implants and the dominance of implant-associated failures including infections, extensive research has been prompted into the development of novel biomaterials that can offer desirable characteristics. This study develops and evaluates new titanium-based alloys containing gallium additions with the aim of offering beneficial antibacterial properties while having a reduced stiffness level to minimise the effect of stress shielding when in contact with bone. The focus is on the microstructure, mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity, and cytocompatibility to inform the suitability of the designed alloys as biometals. Novel Ti-33Nb-xGa alloys (x = 3, 5 wt%) were produced via casting followed by homogenisation treatment, where all results were compared to the currently employed alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results depicted a single beta (β) phase microstructure in both Ga-containing alloys, where Ti-33Nb-5Ga was also dominated by dendritic alpha (α) phase grains in a β-phase matrix. EDS analysis indicated that the α-phase dendrites in Ti-33Nb-5Ga were enriched with titanium, while the β-phase was richer in niobium and gallium elements. Mechanical properties were measured using nanoindentation and microhardness methods, where the Young’s modulus for Ti-33Nb-3Ga and Ti-33Nb-5Ga was found to be 75.4 ± 2.4 and 67.2 ± 1.6 GPa, respectively, a significant reduction of 37% and 44% with respect to Ti-6Al-4V. This reduction helps address the disproportionate Young’s modulus between titanium implant components and cortical bone. Importantly, both alloys successfully achieved superior antimicrobial properties against Gram-negative P. aeruginosa and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria. Antibacterial efficacy was noted at up to 90 ± 5% for the 3 wt% alloy and 95 ± 3% for the 5 wt% alloy. These findings signify a substantial enhancement of the antimicrobial performance when compared to Ti-6Al-4V which exhibited very small rates (up to 6.3 ± 1.5%). No cytotoxicity was observed in hGF cell lines over 24 h. Cell morphology and cytoskeleton distribution appeared to depict typical morphology with a prominent nucleus, elongated fibroblastic spindle-shaped morphology, and F-actin filamentous stress fibres in a well-defined structure of parallel bundles along the cellular axis. The developed alloys in this work have shown very promising results and are suggested to be further examined towards the use of orthopaedic implant components. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2145 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Current State of Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Dental Composites
by Xiaoxi Wang and Tian Ding
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060165 - 16 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3600
Abstract
Resin-based dental composites, commonly used in dentistry, offer several advantages including minimally invasive application, esthetically pleasing appearance, and good physical and mechanical properties. However, these dental composites can be susceptible to microcracks due to various factors in the complex oral environment. These microcracks [...] Read more.
Resin-based dental composites, commonly used in dentistry, offer several advantages including minimally invasive application, esthetically pleasing appearance, and good physical and mechanical properties. However, these dental composites can be susceptible to microcracks due to various factors in the complex oral environment. These microcracks can potentially lead to clinical restoration failure. Conventional materials and methods are inadequate for detecting and repairing these microcracks in situ. Consequently, incorporating self-healing properties into dental composites has become a necessity. Recent years have witnessed rapid advancements in self-healing polymer materials, drawing inspiration from biological bionics. Microcapsule-based self-healing dental composites (SHDCs) represent some of the most prevalent types of self-healing materials utilized in this domain. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive review of the most recent literature, highlighting key insights and findings related to microcapsule-based SHDCs. Our discussion centers particularly on the preparation techniques, application methods, and the promising future of self-healing microcapsules in the field of dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 7676 KiB  
Article
Silver-Doped Titanium Oxide Layers for Improved Photocatalytic Activity and Antibacterial Properties of Titanium Implants
by Aya Ali, Likhitha Polepalli, Sheetal Chowdhury, Mary A. Carr, Amol V. Janorkar, Mary E. Marquart, Jason A. Griggs, Joel D. Bumgardner and Michael D. Roach
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060163 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
Titanium has a long history of clinical use, but the naturally forming oxide is not ideal for bacterial resistance. Anodization processes can modify the crystallinity, surface topography, and surface chemistry of titanium oxides. Anatase, rutile, and mixed phase oxides are known to exhibit [...] Read more.
Titanium has a long history of clinical use, but the naturally forming oxide is not ideal for bacterial resistance. Anodization processes can modify the crystallinity, surface topography, and surface chemistry of titanium oxides. Anatase, rutile, and mixed phase oxides are known to exhibit photocatalytic activity (PCA)-driven bacterial resistance under UVA irradiation. Silver additions are reported to enhance PCA and reduce bacterial attachment. This study investigated the effects of silver-doping additions to three established anodization processes. Silver doping showed no significant influence on oxide crystallinity, surface topography, or surface wettability. Oxides from a sulfuric acid anodization process exhibited significantly enhanced PCA after silver doping, but silver-doped oxides produced from phosphoric-acid-containing electrolytes did not. Staphylococcus aureus attachment was also assessed under dark and UVA-irradiated conditions on each oxide. Each oxide exhibited a photocatalytic antimicrobial effect as indicated by significantly decreased bacterial attachment under UVA irradiation compared to dark conditions. However, only the phosphorus-doped mixed anatase and rutile phase oxide exhibited an additional significant reduction in bacteria attachment under UVA irradiation as a result of silver doping. The antimicrobial success of this oxide was attributed to the combination of the mixed phase oxide and higher silver-doping uptake levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium-Based Implants: Advances in Materials and Applications)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 17899 KiB  
Article
A Two-Stage Approach Integrating Provisional Biomaterial-Mediated Stabilization Followed by a Definitive Treatment for Managing Volumetric Muscle Loss Injuries
by Andrew R. Clark, Jonathan Kulwatno, Sergey S. Kanovka, George J. Klarmann, Claudia E. Hernandez, Roman M. Natoli, Todd O. McKinley, Benjamin K. Potter, Christopher L. Dearth and Stephen M. Goldman
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060160 - 6 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1538
Abstract
Treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML) faces challenges due to its unique pathobiology and lower priority in severe musculoskeletal injury management. Consequently, a need exists for multi-stage VML treatment strategies to accommodate delayed interventions owing to comorbidity management or prolonged casualty care in [...] Read more.
Treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML) faces challenges due to its unique pathobiology and lower priority in severe musculoskeletal injury management. Consequently, a need exists for multi-stage VML treatment strategies to accommodate delayed interventions owing to comorbidity management or prolonged casualty care in combat settings. To this end, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used at concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% to generate provisional muscle void fillers (MVFs) of varying stiffness values (1.125 kPa, 3.700 kPa, and 7.699 kPa) to stabilize VML injuries as part of a two-stage approach. These were implanted into a rat model for a duration of 4 weeks, then explanted and either left untreated (control) or treated through minced muscle grafting (MMG). Additional benchmarks included acute MMG and unrepaired groups. At the MVF explant, the 7.5% PVA group exhibited superior neuromuscular function compared to the 5% and 10% PVA groups, the least fibrosis, and the largest median myofiber size among all groups at the 12-week endpoint. Despite the 7.5% PVA’s superiority amongst the two-stage treatment groups, neuromuscular function was neither improved nor impaired relative to acute treatment benchmarks. This suggests that the future success of a two-stage VML treatment strategy will necessitate a more effective definitive intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6703 KiB  
Review
Enhancing Guided Bone Regeneration with a Novel Carp Collagen Scaffold: Principles and Applications
by Michele Bujda and Karel Klíma
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060150 - 1 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
Bone defects resulting from trauma, surgery, and congenital, infectious, or oncological diseases are a functional and aesthetic burden for patients. Bone regeneration is a demanding procedure, involving a spectrum of molecular processes and requiring the use of various scaffolds and substances, often yielding [...] Read more.
Bone defects resulting from trauma, surgery, and congenital, infectious, or oncological diseases are a functional and aesthetic burden for patients. Bone regeneration is a demanding procedure, involving a spectrum of molecular processes and requiring the use of various scaffolds and substances, often yielding an unsatisfactory result. Recently, the new collagen sponge and its structural derivatives manufactured from European carp (Cyprinus carpio) were introduced and patented. Due to its fish origin, the novel scaffold poses no risk of allergic reactions or transfer of zoonoses and additionally shows superior biocompatibility, mechanical stability, adjustable degradation rate, and porosity. In this review, we focus on the basic principles of bone regeneration and describe the characteristics of an “ideal” bone scaffold focusing on guided bone regeneration. Moreover, we suggest several possible applications of this novel material in bone regeneration processes, thus opening new horizons for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5642 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Conventional and Digital Workflow in Implant Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Massimo Corsalini, Giuseppe Barile, Francesco Ranieri, Edvige Morea, Tommaso Corsalini, Saverio Capodiferro and Rosario Roberto Palumbo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060149 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 2650
Abstract
The progress of digital technologies in dental prosthodontics is fast and increasingly accurate, allowing practitioners to simplify their daily work. These technologies aim to substitute conventional techniques progressively, but their real efficiency and predictability are still under debate. Many systematic reviews emphasize the [...] Read more.
The progress of digital technologies in dental prosthodontics is fast and increasingly accurate, allowing practitioners to simplify their daily work. These technologies aim to substitute conventional techniques progressively, but their real efficiency and predictability are still under debate. Many systematic reviews emphasize the lack of clinical RCTs that compare digital and traditional workflow. To address this evidence, we conducted a three-arm designed clinical RCT, which compares fully digital, combined digital, and analogic and fully analog workflows. We aimed to compare the clinical properties of each workflow regarding interproximal (IC) and occlusal contact (OC), marginal fit, impression time (IT), and patient satisfaction through a VAS scale. In total, 72 patients were included in the study. The IC and OC of the digital workflow were better than the others (p < 0.001), which obtained similar results. No difference between implant–abutment fit was observed (p = 0.5966). The IT was shorter in the digital workflow than the others (p < 0.001), which were similar. Patient satisfaction was higher in the digital workflow than in the conventional one. Despite the limitations, this study’s results support better accuracy and patient tolerance of digital workflow than of conventional techniques, suggesting it as a viable alternative to the latter when performed by clinicians experienced in digital dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Biomaterials and Implants for Dentistry (2nd Edition))
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4868 KiB  
Article
Laser Ablation Facilitates Implantation of Dynamic Self-Regenerating Cartilage for Articular Cartilage Regeneration
by Yingfang Fan, Fernando P. S. Guastaldi, Gem Runyan, Ying Wang, William A. Farinelli, Mark A. Randolph and Robert W. Redmond
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060148 - 29 May 2024
Viewed by 1319
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated a novel strategy for improving regenerative cartilage outcomes. It combines fractional laser treatment with the implantation of neocartilage generated from autologous dynamic Self-Regenerating Cartilage (dSRC). Methods: dSRC was generated in vitro from harvested autologous swine chondrocytes. Culture was performed [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study investigated a novel strategy for improving regenerative cartilage outcomes. It combines fractional laser treatment with the implantation of neocartilage generated from autologous dynamic Self-Regenerating Cartilage (dSRC). Methods: dSRC was generated in vitro from harvested autologous swine chondrocytes. Culture was performed for 2, 4, 8, 10, and 12 weeks to study matrix maturation. Matrix formation and implant integration were also studied in vitro in swine cartilage discs using dSRC or cultured chondrocytes injected into CO2 laser-ablated or mechanically punched holes. Cartilage discs were cultured for up to 8 weeks, harvested, and evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically. Results: The dSRC matrix was injectable by week 2, and matrices grew larger and more solid with time, generating a contiguous neocartilage matrix by week 8. Hypercellular density in dSRC at week 2 decreased over time and approached that of native cartilage by week 8. All dSRC groups exhibited high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the matrix was typical of normal hyaline cartilage, being rich in collagen type II. After 8 weeks in cartilage lesions in vitro, dSRC constructs generated a contiguous cartilage matrix, while isolated cultured chondrocytes exhibited only a sparse pericellular matrix. dSRC-treated lesions exhibited high GAG production compared to those treated with isolated chondrocytes. Conclusions: Isolated dSRC exhibits hyaline cartilage formation, matures over time, and generates contiguous articular cartilage matrix in fractional laser-created microenvironments in vitro, being well integrated with native cartilage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4041 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Gingival Fibroblasts Behaviour in the Presence of 3D-Printed versus Milled Methacrylate-Based Dental Resins—Do We Have a Winner?
by Veaceslav Saramet, Miruna S. Stan, Alexandra Ripszky Totan, Ana Maria Cristina Țâncu, Bianca Voicu-Balasea, Dan Sebastian Enasescu, Florentina Rus-Hrincu and Marina Imre
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060147 - 28 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1924
Abstract
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are based on either subtractive (milling prefabricated blocks) or additive (3D printing) methods, and both are used for obtaining dentistry materials. Our in vitro study aimed to investigate the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts exposed to [...] Read more.
Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are based on either subtractive (milling prefabricated blocks) or additive (3D printing) methods, and both are used for obtaining dentistry materials. Our in vitro study aimed to investigate the behavior of human gingival fibroblasts exposed to methacrylate (MA)-based CAD/CAM milled samples in comparison with that of MA-based 3D-printed samples to better elucidate the mechanisms of cell adaptability and survival. The proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts was measured after 2 and 24 h of incubation in the presence of these samples using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the membrane integrity was assessed through the lactate dehydrogenase release. The level of reactive oxygen species, expression of autophagy-related protein LC3B-I, and detection of GSH and caspase 3/7 were evaluated by fluorescence staining. The MMP-2 levels were measured using a Milliplex MAP kit. The incubation with MA-based 3D-printed samples significantly reduced the viability, by 16% and 28% from control after 2 and 24 h, respectively. There was a 25% and 55% decrease in the GSH level from control after 24 h of incubation with the CAD/CAM milled and 3D-printed samples, respectively. In addition, higher levels of LC3B-I and MMP-2 were obtained after 24 h of incubation with the MA-based 3D samples compared to the CAD/CAM milled ones. Therefore, our results outline that the MA-CAD/CAM milled samples displayed good biocompatibility during 24-h exposure, while MA-3D resins are proper for short-term utilization (less than 24 h). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1486 KiB  
Article
Biocompatibility of Subperiosteal Dental Implants: Changes in the Expression of Osteogenesis-Related Genes in Osteoblasts Exposed to Differently Treated Titanium Surfaces
by Marco Roy, Elisa Chelucci, Alessandro Corti, Lorenzo Ceccarelli, Mauro Cerea, Barbara Dorocka-Bobkowska, Alfonso Pompella and Simona Daniele
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060146 - 27 May 2024
Viewed by 1637
Abstract
The use of endosseous dental implants may become unfeasible in the presence of significant maxillary bone atrophy; thus, surgical techniques have been proposed to promote bone regeneration in such cases. However, such techniques are complex and may expose the patient to complications. Subperiosteal [...] Read more.
The use of endosseous dental implants may become unfeasible in the presence of significant maxillary bone atrophy; thus, surgical techniques have been proposed to promote bone regeneration in such cases. However, such techniques are complex and may expose the patient to complications. Subperiosteal implants, being placed between the periosteum and the residual alveolar bone, are largely independent of bone thickness. Such devices had been abandoned due to the complexity of positioning and adaptation to the recipient bone site, but are nowadays witnessing an era of revival following the introduction of new acquisition procedures, new materials, and innovative manufacturing methods. We have analyzed the changes induced in gene and protein expression in C-12720 human osteoblasts by differently surface-modified TiO2 materials to verify their ability to promote bone formation. The TiO2 materials tested were (i) raw machined, (ii) electropolished with acid mixture, (iii) sand-blasted + acid-etched, (iv) AlTiColorTM surface, and (v) anodized. All five surfaces efficiently stimulated the expression of markers of osteoblastic differentiation, adhesion, and osteogenesis, such as RUNX2, osteocalcin, osterix, N-cadherin, β-catenin, and osteoprotegerin, while cell viability/proliferation was unaffected. Collectively, our observations document that presently available TiO2 materials are well suited for the manufacturing of modern subperiosteal implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Biomaterials: From the Past to the Present)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 3618 KiB  
Article
Elasticity Modification of Biomaterials Used in 3D Printing with an Elastin–Silk-like Recombinant Protein
by Violetta Cecuda-Adamczewska, Agnieszka Romanik-Chruścielewska, Katarzyna Kosowska, Iwona Sokołowska, Natalia Łukasiewicz, Paulina Korycka, Katarzyna Florys-Jankowska, Agnieszka Zakrzewska, Michał Wszoła and Marta Klak
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(6), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15060141 - 24 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760
Abstract
The recombinant structural protein described in this study was designed based on sequences derived from elastin and silk. Silk–elastin hybrid copolymers are characterized by high solubility while maintaining high product flexibility. The phase transition temperature from aqueous solution to hydrogel, as well as [...] Read more.
The recombinant structural protein described in this study was designed based on sequences derived from elastin and silk. Silk–elastin hybrid copolymers are characterized by high solubility while maintaining high product flexibility. The phase transition temperature from aqueous solution to hydrogel, as well as other physicochemical and mechanical properties of such particles, can differ significantly depending on the number of sequence repeats. We present a preliminary characterization of the EJ17zipR protein obtained in high yield in a prokaryotic expression system and efficiently purified via a multistep process. Its addition significantly improves biomaterial’s rheological and mechanical properties, especially elasticity. As a result, EJ17zipR appears to be a promising component for bioinks designed to print spatially complex structures that positively influence both shape retention and the internal transport of body fluids. The results of biological studies indicate that the addition of the studied protein creates a favorable microenvironment for cell adhesion, growth, and migration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3667 KiB  
Article
Strategic Use of Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM) in Wound Healing: A Case Series in Asian Patients
by Angela Chien-Yu Chen, Tsuo-Wu Lin, Ke-Chung Chang and Dun-Hao Chang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15050136 - 18 May 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3113
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue reconstruction has long been based on the reconstructive ladder. However, a skin substitute has become popular due to its predictable outcomes, without donor-site morbidity. The biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM; NovoSorb, PolyNovo Ltd., Port Melbourne, Australia) is a synthetic skin [...] Read more.
Skin and soft tissue reconstruction has long been based on the reconstructive ladder. However, a skin substitute has become popular due to its predictable outcomes, without donor-site morbidity. The biodegradable temporizing matrix (BTM; NovoSorb, PolyNovo Ltd., Port Melbourne, Australia) is a synthetic skin substitute that has recently gained its clinical application. Compared with those of other dermal templates, the clinical efficacy and performance of the BTM are not well established, especially among the Asian population. This study aims to share our experience and strategy of using BTM in various wound conditions. The data of patients who underwent skin and soft tissue reconstruction with BTM at a single institution between January 2022 and December 2023 were reviewed. The patient demographics, wound characteristics, surgical details, secondary procedures, and complications were recorded and analyzed. Postoperative 6-month photographs were collected and independently evaluated by two plastic surgeons and two wound care center nurses using the Manchester Scar Scale (MSS). This study included 37 patients, consisting of 22 males and 15 females with a mean age of 51.8 years (range, 18–86 years old). The wound etiologies included trauma (67.6%), necrotizing soft tissue infection (16.2%), burns (10.8%), toe gangrene (2.7%), and scar excision (2.7%). The average wound area covered by BTM was 50.6 ± 47.6 cm2. Among the patients, eight received concomitant flap surgery and BTM implantation, 20 (54.1%) underwent subsequent split-thickness skin grafts (STSG), and 17 had small wounds (mean: 21.6 cm2) healed by secondary intention. Infection was the most common complication, affecting six patients (n = 6 [16.2%]), five of whom were treated conservatively, and only one required debridement. Thirty-three patients (89.2%) had good BTM take, and only four had BTM failure, requiring further reconstruction. At the last follow-up, 35 out of the 37 patients (94.6%) achieved successful wound closure, and the total MSS score was 10.44 ± 2.94, indicating a satisfactory scar condition. The patients who underwent BTM grafting without STSG had better scar scores than those who received STSG (8.71 ± 2.60 vs. 11.18 ± 2.84, p = 0.039). In conclusion, the BTM is effective and feasible in treating various wounds, with relatively low complication rates, and it can thus be considered as an alternative for skin and soft tissue reconstruction. When combined with adipofasical flap reconstruction, it achieves a more comprehensive anatomical restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3594 KiB  
Article
Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Lactococcus lactis-Loaded Alginate Particles as a Promising Delivery Tool for Periodontal Probiotic Therapy
by Bettina Wuttke, Katharina Ekat, Oleksandra Chabanovska, Mario Jackszis, Armin Springer, Praveen Vasudevan, Bernd Kreikemeyer and Hermann Lang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15050129 - 15 May 2024
Viewed by 1609
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms are used in a variety of food supplements and medical formulations to promote human health. In periodontal therapy, probiotics are mainly used in the form of gels, tablets or rinses that often tend to leak from the periodontal pocket, resulting in [...] Read more.
Probiotic microorganisms are used in a variety of food supplements and medical formulations to promote human health. In periodontal therapy, probiotics are mainly used in the form of gels, tablets or rinses that often tend to leak from the periodontal pocket, resulting in a strongly reduced therapeutic effect. In this pilot in vitro study, we present biodegradable alginate-based particles as an alternative, highly efficient system for a periodontal delivery of probiotic bacteria to the inflammation site. For this purpose, Lactococcus (L.) lactis was encapsulated using a standardized pump-controlled extrusion-dripping method. Time-dependent bacterial release in artificial saliva was investigated over 9 days. The effect of freeze drying was explored to ensure long-term storage of L. lactis-loaded particles. Additionally, the particles were bound to dentin surface using approved bioadhesives and subjected to shear stress in a hydrodynamic flow chamber that mimics the oral cavity in vitro. Thus, round particles within the range of 0.80–1.75 mm in radius could be produced, whereby the diameter of the dripping tip had the most significant impact on the size. Although both small and large particles demonstrated a similar release trend of L. lactis, the release rate was significantly higher in the former. Following lyophilization, particles could restore their original shape within 4 h in artificial saliva; thereby, the bacterial viability was not affected. The attachment strength to dentin intensified by an adhesive could resist forces between 10 and 25 N/m2. Full degradation of the particles was observed after 20 days in artificial saliva. Therefore, alginate particles display a valuable probiotic carrier for periodontal applications that have several crucial advantages over existing preparations: a highly stable form, prolonged continuous release of therapeutic bacteria, precise manufacturing according to required dimensions at the application site, strong attachment to the tooth with low risk of dislocation, high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Periodontal Regeneration)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3600 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Open versus Closed Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Systems on the Marginal Gap of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Single Crowns Evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy: A Comparative In Vitro Study
by Asaf Shely, Joseph Nissan, Ofir Rosner, Eran Zenziper, Diva Lugassy, Khadija Abidulkrem and Gil Ben-Izhack
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15050130 - 15 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the impact of CAD/CAM closed systems and open systems on the marginal gap of monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns, as both systems are used in everyday dentistry, both chair-side and laboratory. For the closed system, 20 [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare the impact of CAD/CAM closed systems and open systems on the marginal gap of monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns, as both systems are used in everyday dentistry, both chair-side and laboratory. For the closed system, 20 plastic teeth were scanned by a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), and for the open system, the same number of plastic teeth were scanned by Trios 4 IOS. For the closed system, CEREC software was used, and for the open system, EXOCAD software was used. All 40 ZLS crowns were grinded by the same four-axis machine and cemented with Temp-bond, followed by self-adhesive resin cement. For each type of cement, an evaluation of the marginal gap was conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Before comparisons between the groups, a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed on the study variables showing a normal distribution (p > 0.05). Independent T tests (α = 0.05) and paired-sample T tests (α = 0.05) were used. The independent T test found no significant mean marginal gap differences in the zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate crowns bonded with Temp-bond and scanned by Primescan (28.09 μm ± 3.06) compared to Trios 4 (28.94 μm ± 3.30) (p = 0.401), and there was no significant mean marginal gap differences in zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate crowns bonded with self-adhesive resin cement (Gcem ONE) and scanned by Primescan (46.70 μm ± 3.80) compared to Trios 4 (47.79 μm ± 2.59) (p = 0.295). Paired-sample T tests showed significantly higher mean marginal gaps with Gcem ONE compared to Temp-bond for the total mean marginal gap when scanning with Primescan (p = 0.0005) or Trios 4 (p = 0.0005). In everyday dentistry, both closed systems (Primescan with Cerec) and open systems (Trios 4 with Exocad) can be used to achieve an acceptable (<120 µm) marginal gap for ZLS CELTRA® DUO single crowns. There is a significant difference between cementation with Temp-bond and Gcem ONE self-adhesive resin cement (p < 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry 2024)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5139 KiB  
Article
Resorbable Patient-Specific Implants of Molybdenum for Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery—Proof of Concept in an In Vivo Pilot Study
by Dominik Thomas Hoppe, André Toschka, Nadia Karnatz, Henriette Louise Moellmann, Maximilian Seidl, Lutz van Meenen, Georg Poehle, Christian Redlich and Majeed Rana
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15050118 - 29 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
Titanium continues to be the gold standard in the field of osteosynthesis materials. This also applies to pediatric craniofacial surgery. Various resorbable materials have already been developed in order to avoid costly and risky second operations to remove metal in children. However, none [...] Read more.
Titanium continues to be the gold standard in the field of osteosynthesis materials. This also applies to pediatric craniofacial surgery. Various resorbable materials have already been developed in order to avoid costly and risky second operations to remove metal in children. However, none of these resorbable materials have been able to completely replace the previous gold standard, titanium, in a satisfactory manner. This has led to the need for a new resorbable osteosynthesis material that fulfills the requirements for biocompatibility, stability, and uniform resorption. In our previous in vitro and in vivo work, we were able to show that molybdenum fulfills these requirements. To further confirm these results, we conducted a proof of concept in four domestic pigs, each of which was implanted with a resorbable molybdenum implant. The animals were then examined daily for local inflammatory parameters. After 54 days, the animals were euthanized with subsequent computer tomography imaging. We also removed the implants together with the surrounding tissue and parts of the spleen, liver, and kidney for histopathological evaluation. The molybdenum implants were also analyzed metallographically and using scanning electron microscopy. A blood sample was taken pre- and post-operatively. None of the animals showed clinical signs of inflammation over the entire test period. Histopathologically, good tissue compatibility was found. Early signs of degradation were observed after 54 days, which were not sufficient for major resorption. Resorption is expected with longer in situ residence times based on results of similar earlier investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites for Bone Implants and Osseointegration)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying article 51-100 on page 2 of 10.
Go to page     chevron_left 1 2 3 4 5 chevron_right last_page
Back to TopTop