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Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications

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A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2017) | Viewed by 80927

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Prof. Dr. Boon-Chong Seet

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Interests: 5G wireless communications; antennas and radio frequency based sensors; smart textile and wearable technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Syed Faraz Hasan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
Interests: device-to-device communication; 5G networks; D2D discovery; mobile personal cells

Prof. Dr. Peter Han Joo Chong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
Interests: wireless communications and networks; 4/5/6G; vehicular networks; IoT
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Device-to-device (D2D) communications have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in recent years. It is a promising technique for offloading local traffic from cellular base stations by allowing local devices, in physical proximity, to communicate directly with each other. Furthermore, the resulting short-range communications can enable local devices to realize higher data rates, lower communication latency, and reduced power consumption. Through relaying, D2D is also a promising approach to enhancing service coverage, particularly at cell edges or in black spots within the cell. In addition to improving network performance and service quality, D2D can open up opportunities for new proximity-based services and applications for cellular users.

However, there are many challenges to realizing the full benefits of D2D. For one, minimizing the interference between legacy cellular and D2D users, operating in underlay mode, is still an active research issue. With 5G expected to be the main carrier for IoT traffic, the potential role of D2D and its scalability to support massive IoT devices and their machine-centric (as opposed to human-centric) communications need to be investigated. New challenges have also arisen from new enabling technologies for D2D communications, such as millimeter-wave and massive MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) systems, which call for new solutions to be proposed. The aforementioned matters are just a few examples of the many challenges that remain to be addressed.

This Special Issue aims to present a collection of exciting papers, reporting the most recent advances in cellular D2D communications. Topics of interests include, but are not limited to:

Interference and power control for D2D communications
Radio resource allocation and scheduling for D2D communications
Machine-centric scalable D2D communications for 5G IoT
D2D communications with relaying in millimeter-wave 5G networks
Massive MIMO with D2D communications
Fog/Cloud based 5G radio access networks with D2D communications
Network coding in D2D communications
D2D communications in vehicular environments
Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based D2D group communications
Energy harvesting based D2D communications
Big data based optimization of cellular network with D2D communications
Novel new services and applications

Dr. Boon-Chong Seet
Dr. Syed Faraz Hasan
Prof. Peter Chong
Guest Editors

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Keywords

cellular
interference
resource allocation
machine-centric
internet-of-things
millimeter-wave
massive mimo
non-orthogonal multiple access
energy harvesting

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 151 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recent Advances on Cellular D2D Communications

by Boon-Chong Seet, Syed Faraz Hasan and Peter Han-Joo Chong

Future Internet 2018, 10(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10010010 - 17 Jan 2018

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5082

Abstract

Device-to-device (D2D) communications have attracted a great deal of attention fromresearchers in recent years.[...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

Research

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676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social-Aware Relay Selection for Cooperative Multicast Device-to-Device Communications

by Francesco Chiti, Romano Fantacci and Laura Pierucci

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040092 - 4 Dec 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6407

Abstract

The increasing use of social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to share photos, video streaming, and music among friends has generated a huge increase in the amount of data traffic over wireless networks. This social behavior has triggered new communication paradigms such as device-to-device (D2D) and relaying communication schemes, which are both considered as strong drivers for the next fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. Recently, the social-aware layer and its relationship to and influence on the physical communications layer have gained great attention as emerging focus points. We focus here on the case of relaying communications to pursue the multicast data dissemination to a group of users forming a social community through a relay node, according to the extension of the D2D mode to the case of device-to-many devices. Moreover, in our case, the source selects the device to act as the relay among different users of the multicast group by taking into account both the propagation link conditions and the relay social-trust level with the constraint of minimizing the end-to-end content delivery delay. An optimization procedure is also proposed in order to achieve the best performance. Finally, numerical results are provided to highlight the advantages of considering the impact of social level on the end-to-end delivery delay in the integrated social–physical network in comparison with the classical relay-assisted multicast communications for which the relay social-trust level is not considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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699 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Blockchain-Empowered Fair Computational Resource Sharing System in the D2D Network

by Zhen Hong, Zehua Wang, Wei Cai and Victor C. M. Leung

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040085 - 17 Nov 2017

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8982

Abstract

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is becoming an increasingly important technology in future networks with the climbing demand for local services. For instance, resource sharing in the D2D network features ubiquitous availability, flexibility, low latency and low cost. However, these features also bring along challenges when building a satisfactory resource sharing system in the D2D network. Specifically, user mobility is one of the top concerns for designing a cooperative D2D computational resource sharing system since mutual communication may not be stably available due to user mobility. A previous endeavour has demonstrated and proven how connectivity can be incorporated into cooperative task scheduling among users in the D2D network to effectively lower average task execution time. There are doubts about whether this type of task scheduling scheme, though effective, presents fairness among users. In other words, it can be unfair for users who contribute many computational resources while receiving little when in need. In this paper, we propose a novel blockchain-based credit system that can be incorporated into the connectivity-aware task scheduling scheme to enforce fairness among users in the D2D network. Users’ computational task cooperation will be recorded on the public blockchain ledger in the system as transactions, and each user’s credit balance can be easily accessible from the ledger. A supernode at the base station is responsible for scheduling cooperative computational tasks based on user mobility and user credit balance. We investigated the performance of the credit system, and simulation results showed that with a minor sacrifice of average task execution time, the level of fairness can obtain a major enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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1466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Resource and Power Allocation for Underlay Multicast Device-to-Device Transmission

by Fan Jiang, Honglin Wang, Hao Ren and Shuai Xu

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040084 - 14 Nov 2017

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6062

Abstract

In this paper, we present an energy-efficient resource allocation and power control scheme for D2D (Device-to-Device) multicasting transmission. The objective is to maximize the overall energy-efficiency of D2D multicast clusters through effective resource allocation and power control schemes, while considering the quality of service (QoS) requirements of both cellular users (CUs) and D2D clusters. We first build the optimization model and a heuristic resource and power allocation algorithm is then proposed to solve the energy-efficiency problem with less computational complexity. Numerical results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing schemes in terms of throughput per energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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714 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quality of Service Based NOMA Group D2D Communications

by Asim Anwar, Boon-Chong Seet and Xue Jun Li

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040073 - 1 Nov 2017

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5762

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) provides superior spectral efficiency and is considered as a promising multiple access scheme for fifth generation (5G) wireless systems. The spectrum efficiency can be further enhanced by enabling device-to-device (D2D) communications. In this work, we propose quality of service (QoS) based NOMA (Q-NOMA) group D2D communications in which the D2D receivers (DRs) are ordered according to their QoS requirements. We discuss two possible implementations of proposed Q-NOMA group D2D communications based on the two power allocation coefficient policies. In order to capture the key aspects of D2D communications, which are device clustering and spatial separation, we model the locations of D2D transmitters (DTs) by Gauss–Poisson process (GPP). The DRs are then considered to be clustered around DTs. Multiple DTs can exist in proximity of each other. In order to characterize the performance, we derive the Laplace transform of the interference at the probe D2D receiver and obtain a closed-form expression of its outage probability using stochastic geometry tools. The performance of proposed Q-NOMA group D2D communications is then evaluated and benchmarked against conventional paired D2D communications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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1411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Throughput-Aware Cooperative Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Resource Allocation in Device-to-Device Communication

by Muhidul Islam Khan, Muhammad Mahtab Alam, Yannick Le Moullec and Elias Yaacoub

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040072 - 1 Nov 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6338

Abstract

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential feature for the future cellular networks as it increases spectrum efficiency by reusing resources between cellular and D2D users. However, the performance of the overall system can degrade if there is no proper control over interferences produced by the D2D users. Efficient resource allocation among D2D User equipments (UE) in a cellular network is desirable since it helps to provide a suitable interference management system. In this paper, we propose a cooperative reinforcement learning algorithm for adaptive resource allocation, which contributes to improving system throughput. In order to avoid selfish devices, which try to increase the throughput independently, we consider cooperation between devices as promising approach to significantly improve the overall system throughput. We impose cooperation by sharing the value function/learned policies between devices and incorporating a neighboring factor. We incorporate the set of states with the appropriate number of system-defined variables, which increases the observation space and consequently improves the accuracy of the learning algorithm. Finally, we compare our work with existing distributed reinforcement learning and random allocation of resources. Simulation results show that the proposed resource allocation algorithm outperforms both existing methods while varying the number of D2D users and transmission power in terms of overall system throughput, as well as D2D throughput by proper Resource block (RB)-power level combination with fairness measure and improving the Quality of service (QoS) by efficient controlling of the interference level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Practical Resource Management Scheme for Cellular Underlaid D2D Networks

by Tae-Won Ban

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040062 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4428

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a resource management scheme for cellular underlaid device-to-device (D2D) communications, which are an integral part of mobile caching networks. D2D communications are allowed to share radio resources with cellular communications as long as the generating interference of D2D communications satisfies an interference constraint to secure cellular communications. Contrary to most of the other studies, we propose a distributed resource management scheme for cellular underlaid D2D communications focusing on a practical feasibility. In the proposed scheme, the feedback of channel information is not required because all D2D transmitters use a fixed transmit power and every D2D transmitter determines when to transmit data on its own without centralized control. We analyze the average sum-rates to evaluate the proposed scheme and compare them with optimal values, which can be achieved when a central controller has the perfect entire channel information and the full control of all D2D communications. Our numerical results show that the average sum-rates of the proposed scheme approach the optimal values in low or high signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) regions. In particular, the proposed scheme achieves almost optimal average sum-rates in the entire SNR values in practical environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multicell Interference Management in Device to Device Underlay Cellular Networks

by Georgios Katsinis, Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou and Symeon Papavassiliou

Future Internet 2017, 9(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9030044 - 7 Aug 2017

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6247

Abstract

In this paper, the problem of interference mitigation in a multicell Device to Device (D2D) underlay cellular network is addressed. In this type of network architectures, cellular users and D2D users share common Resource Blocks (RBs). Though such paradigms allow potential increase in the number of supported users, the latter comes at the cost of interference increase that in turn calls for the design of efficient interference mitigation methodologies. To treat this problem efficiently, we propose a two step approach, where the first step concerns the efficient RB allocation to the users and the second one the transmission power allocation. Specifically, the RB allocation problem is formulated as a bilateral symmetric interaction game. This assures the existence of a Nash Equilibrium (NE) point of the game, while a distributed algorithm, which converges to it, is devised. The power allocation problem is formulated as a linear programming problem per RB, and the equivalency between this problem and the total power minimization problem is shown. Finally, the operational effectiveness of the proposed approach is evaluated via numerical simulations, while its superiority against state of the art approaches existing in the recent literature is shown in terms of increased number of supported users, interference reduction and power minimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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1189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NB-IoT for D2D-Enhanced Content Uploading with Social Trustworthiness in 5G Systems ^†

by Leonardo Militano, Antonino Orsino, Giuseppe Araniti and Antonio Iera

Future Internet 2017, 9(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9030031 - 8 Jul 2017

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9318

Abstract

Future fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems are set to give a strong boost to the large-scale deployment of Internet of things (IoT). In the view of a future converged 5G-IoT infrastructure, cellular IoT solutions such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and device-to-device (D2D) communications are key technologies for supporting IoT scenarios and applications. However, some open issues still need careful investigation. An example is the risk of threats to privacy and security when IoT mobile services rely on D2D communications. To guarantee efficient and secure connections to IoT services involving exchange of sensitive data, reputation-based mechanisms to identify and avoid malicious devices are fast gaining ground. In order to tackle the presence of malicious nodes in the network, this paper introduces reliability and reputation notions to model the level of trust among devices engaged in an opportunistic hop-by-hop D2D-based content uploading scheme. To this end, social awareness of devices is considered as a means to enhance the identification of trustworthy nodes. A performance evaluation study shows that the negative effects due to malicious nodes can be drastically reduced by adopting the proposed solution. The performance metrics that proved to benefit from the proposed solution are data loss, energy consumption, and content uploading time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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Review

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18 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Latest Advances in 3GPP Standardization: D2D Communication in 5G Systems and Its Energy Consumption Models

by Marko Höyhtyä, Olli Apilo and Mika Lasanen

Future Internet 2018, 10(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10010003 - 3 Jan 2018

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 14264

Abstract

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation (5G) system that can be seen as a “network of networks,” consisting of multiple seamlessly-integrated radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, socially-aware networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review the status of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization, which is the most important standardization body for 5G systems. We define a set of application scenarios for D2D communications in 5G networks. We use the recent models of 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power consumption from both the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that with the latest radio interfaces, the best option for energy saving is the minimization of active interfaces and sending the data with the best possible data rate. Multiple recommendations on how to exploit the results in future networks are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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Other

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12982 KiB

Open AccessConference Report

A Fast and Reliable Broadcast Service for LTE-Advanced Exploiting Multihop Device-to-Device Transmissions

by Giovanni Nardini, Giovanni Stea and Antonio Virdis

Future Internet 2017, 9(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9040089 - 25 Nov 2017

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6502

Abstract

Several applications, from the Internet of Things for smart cities to those for vehicular networks, need fast and reliable proximity-based broadcast communications, i.e., the ability to reach all peers in a geographical neighborhood around the originator of a message, as well as ubiquitous connectivity. In this paper, we point out the inherent limitations of the LTE (Long-Term Evolution) cellular network, which make it difficult, if possible at all, to engineer such a service using traditional infrastructure-based communications. We argue, instead, that network-controlled device-to-device (D2D) communications, relayed in a multihop fashion, can efficiently support this service. To substantiate the above claim, we design a proximity-based broadcast service which exploits multihop D2D. We discuss the relevant issues both at the UE (User Equipment), which has to run applications, and within the network (i.e., at the eNodeBs), where suitable resource allocation schemes have to be enforced. We evaluate the performance of a multihop D2D broadcasting using system-level simulations, and demonstrate that it is fast, reliable and economical from a resource consumption standpoint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications)

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