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Hydrogen Leakage, Dispersion, Fires and Explosions: Advances in Hazard Mitigation...
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Hydrogen Leakage, Dispersion, Fires and Explosions: Advances in Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management

A Special Issue of Fire (ISSN 2571-6255) belonging to the section "Fire Risk Assessment and Safety Management in Buildings and Urban Spaces".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2027 | Viewed by 1676

Editors

Dr. Tianqi Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: hydrogen energy; lithium-ion battery; heat and mass transfer; energy transition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Qingxin Ba

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Thermal Science and Technology (Institute for Advanced Technology), Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Interests: hydrogen safety; hydrogen jet; jet flame; quantitative risk assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jinsheng Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hubei Research Center for New Energy & Intelligent Connected Vehicle, School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: batteries for electric vehicles; lithium-ion batteries; thermal management; heat transfer; hydrogen production and storage; hydrogen refueling system; renewable and clean energies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the global community accelerates the transition toward a low-carbon economy, hydrogen has emerged as a pivotal energy carrier. However, the unique physical and chemical properties of hydrogen—including its wide flammability range, low ignition energy, and tendency to embrittle materials—present significant safety challenges. Ensuring the safe production, storage, distribution, and utilization of hydrogen is therefore a critical prerequisite for its widespread adoption and public acceptance. Addressing these challenges requires advanced research to mitigate risks and establish robust safety protocols.

This Special Issue aims to compile cutting-edge research that advances the fundamental understanding and practical management of hydrogen-related hazards. By focusing on the intersection of hydrogen technology and combustion science, this collection aligns perfectly with the scope of the journal Fire, which is dedicated to advancing the knowledge of hydrogen accidents and their control. We seek to provide a platform for studies that enhance the safety of hydrogen systems.

We invite contributions on themes including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Hydrogen leakage and dissipation;
  • Liquid hydrogen safety;
  • Simulation of a hydrogen leakage accident;
  • Safety in hydrogen refueling stations;
  • Facility layout optimization of hydrogen refueling stations;
  • Promote hydrogen dissipation;
  • Hydrogen embrittlement and material compatibility;
  • Risk assessment and safety distances;
  • Detection and sensing technologies;
  • Hydrogen releases, fires, and explosions.

The Special Issue welcomes original research articles, comprehensive reviews, and case studies on industrial incidents or safety protocols.

Dr. Tianqi Yang
Dr. Qingxin Ba
Prof. Dr. Jinsheng Xiao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fire is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen safety
  • hydrogen hazards
  • liquid hydrogen
  • hydrogen leakage
  • hydrogen dissipation
  • promote dissipation system
  • flammability range
  • ignition
  • hydrogen embrittlement
  • risk assessment
  • safety distances
  • detection technologies
  • jet fire
  • explosion
  • hydrogen refueling stations
  • integrated station
  • facility layout optimization
  • protective wall
  • material compatibility
  • computational fluid dynamics

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

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  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4458 KB  
Article
Study on Hydrogen Leakage, Explosion and Safety Protection in an Underground Parking Garage
by Peng Cai, Rui Liu, Zhi Zhang, Zhilei Wang, Shishuai Nie, Huan Liu, Yi Liu and Anfeng Yu
Fire 2026, 9(7), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070285 - 7 Jul 2026
Viewed by 679
Abstract
To investigate the hydrogen leakage dispersion and explosion characteristics of fuel cell vehicles in an underground parking garage, experimental and numerical simulation studies were conducted. The results show that the hydrogen leakage concentration exhibits an evolutionary pattern of a rising stage followed by [...] Read more.
To investigate the hydrogen leakage dispersion and explosion characteristics of fuel cell vehicles in an underground parking garage, experimental and numerical simulation studies were conducted. The results show that the hydrogen leakage concentration exhibits an evolutionary pattern of a rising stage followed by a plateau stage, with a stratified distribution characterized by higher concentration at the top and lower concentration at the bottom. Higher leakage flow rate leads to a faster concentration growth rate, while the two are not in a direct proportional relationship. The hydrogen concentration near the leakage outlet was relatively low. The maximum explosion overpressure reached 194 kPa at a hydrogen concentration of 20%, with higher overpressure observed on the walls. Flame propagation followed a four-stage law, and a Laval nozzle effect appeared at the leakage outlet. Ventilation can rapidly suppress hydrogen accumulation, and the ventilation effect approached optimality at a wind speed of 8 m/s. The explosion venting area exerted the most significant influence: when the venting area increased from 0.36 m2 to 1.44 m2, the overpressure decreased by 76%. The explosion venting position was the second most influential factor, while the vent shape had negligible effects. This study provides a scientific basis for the safety prevention and control of hydrogen energy applications in underground spaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Leakage, Dispersion, Fires and Explosions: Advances in Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management)
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28 pages, 13054 KB  
Article
Study on Liquid Hydrogen Leakage Dispersion Behavior and Synergistic Mitigation by Barrier Walls and Air Curtains in a Hydrogen Production and Refueling Station
by Xingyu Liu, Bo Yuan, Shiyan Zeng, Linzhi Xu, Chunyan Song, Nianfeng Xu, Tianqi Yang, Yonghua Cai and Jinsheng Xiao
Fire 2026, 9(6), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9060230 - 1 Jun 2026
Viewed by 599
Abstract
Compared with gaseous hydrogen at ambient temperature, liquid hydrogen (LH2) possesses a higher volumetric energy density and is therefore regarded as one of the most economically viable hydrogen storage and transportation options. However, the extremely large temperature difference between the storage [...] Read more.
Compared with gaseous hydrogen at ambient temperature, liquid hydrogen (LH2) possesses a higher volumetric energy density and is therefore regarded as one of the most economically viable hydrogen storage and transportation options. However, the extremely large temperature difference between the storage temperature of LH2 and the ambient environment may give rise to serious safety hazards once a leakage accident occurs. Focusing on an integrated hydrogen production and refueling station (IHPRS), this study investigates the suppression effect of a novel synergistic protection system—combining a barrier wall and an air curtain—on LH2 leakage and dispersion. By comparing the dispersion distances of hydrogen clouds under different barrier wall–air curtain configurations, the optimal synergistic structure was identified as a barrier wall with a planar size of 36 m × 12 m and a height of 3 m, combined with an air curtain velocity of 40 m/s. The reliability of this structure is further evaluated under practical influencing factors: under varying natural wind conditions, the maximum downwind dispersion distance is reduced by up to 58.02%; at a flash evaporation mass fraction of 20%, horizontal dispersion is suppressed by 42.18% and 33.17% in the X- and Z-directions, respectively; and at a leakage mass flow rate of 5.15 kg/s, the X-direction dispersion distance is reduced by 33.88% with a 40.14% increase in cloud height. The results show that the proposed barrier wall–air curtain synergistic protection structure can effectively alter the dispersion path of the FHC (refers to the hydrogen cloud with a volume concentration within the flammable range between 4 and 75% vol) formed by LH2 leakage, shorten the hazardous downwind distance, and enhance the vertical dispersion of the FHC. These findings provide theoretical support and safety guidance for the risk control of LH2 leakage accidents in IHPRS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Leakage, Dispersion, Fires and Explosions: Advances in Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management)
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