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Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 17059

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Suhan Park

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
Interests: new combustion technology; combustion efficiency; zero emission vehicle; fuel spray and droplet breakup; alternative fuels
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Public transportation is progressing day by day. Power systems for on-road and non-road vehicles are also evolving. Various efforts are also being made to reduce air pollution from vehicles. Various combustion technologies, vehicle technologies, and after-treatment devices for reduction of emission are being introduced to meet the tightened regulations.

In this Special Issue, we would like to provide our readers with various research results on the recently developed technologies to improve the energy efficiency and to reduce air pollutant emissions in the transportation field.

As Guest Editor of the Energies Special Issue on “Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field”, I warmly invite you to submit your relevant research results in the field for consideration for publication.

The topics that may be addressed in this Special Issue include (but are not limited to):

High-performance vehicle technology;
(Plug-in) hybrid electric vehicles for the improvement of energy efficiency;
Assessment of emissions from various vehicles;
Emission reduction technologies including after-treatment devices;
Application of alternative fuels to vehicle or engine systems;
In-use vehicle evaluation using PEMS (portable emission measurement system);
Life cycle analysis of various power systems or fuels.

Prof. Dr. Suhan Park
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

combustion engine
hybrid electric vehicle
vehicle emission reduction
portable emission measurement system
thermal efficiency
on-road vehicle emissions
non-road vehicle emissions

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Road Traffic Emission Inventory in an Urban Zone of West Africa: Case of Yopougon City (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)

by Madina Doumbia, Adjon A. Kouassi, Siélé Silué, Véronique Yoboué, Cathy Liousse, Arona Diedhiou, N’Datchoh E. Touré, Sékou Keita, Eric-Michel Assamoi, Adama Bamba, Maurin Zouzoua, Alima Dajuma and Kouakou Kouadio

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041111 - 19 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Road traffic emission inventories based on bottom-up methodology, are calculated for each road segment from fuel consumption and traffic volume data obtained during field measurements in Yopougon. High emissions of black carbon (BC) from vehicles are observed at major road intersections, in areas surrounding industrial zones and on highways. Highest emission values from road traffic are observed for carbon monoxide (CO) (14.8 t/d) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) (7.9 t/d), usually considered as the major traffic pollution tracers. Furthermore, peak values of CO emissions due to personal cars (PCs) are mainly linked to the old age of the vehicle fleet with high emission factors. The highest emitting type of vehicle for BC on the highway is PC (70.2%), followed by inter-communal taxis (TAs) (13.1%), heavy vehicles (HVs) (9.8%), minibuses (GBs) (6.4%) and intra-communal taxis (WRs) (0.4%). While for organic carbon (OC) emissions on the main roads, PCs represent 46.7%, followed by 20.3% for WRs, 14.9% for TAs, 11.4% for GB and 6.7% for HVs. This work provides new key information on local pollutant emissions and may be useful to guide mitigation strategies such as modernizing the vehicle fleet and reorganizing public transportation, to reduce emissions and improve public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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13 pages, 4775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing On-Road NOx Emission Factors for Euro 6b Light-Duty Diesel Trucks in Korean Driving Conditions

by Seungcheon Ro, Junhong Park, Myunghwan Shin and Jongtae Lee

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041041 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

This study aimed to develop on-road NOx emission factors for Euro 6b light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) in Korea. On-road NOx emissions were measured using portable emissions measurement systems and compared with those measured using the Korean Driving Cycle (KDC), the conventional laboratory test used to develop emission factors. To ensure the representativeness of the LDDTs emission factors, five vehicles of three models were driven along two real driving routes for total traveled mileage of 2280 km. On-road NOx levels were 2.1 to 6.9 times higher on average than those measured using the KDC because the latter does not cover the wide variability in vehicle speed and relative positive acceleration, common in real driving conditions. The lean-NOx trap was found to have disappointingly low NOx reduction efficiency in on-road driving. The on-road NOx emission factors by vehicle speeds developed in this study were comparable to the COPERT 4 factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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18 pages, 3160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Saving and CO₂ Reduction Potential from Partial Bus Routes Reduction Model in Bangkok Urban Fringe

by Chinnawat Hoonsiri, Vasin Kiattikomol and Siriluk Chiarakorn

Energies 2020, 13(22), 5963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225963 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1628

Abstract

Bus networks in many capital cities are long distances and partially overlapping with each other. As a result, waiting time is high and energy consumption efficiency is poor. Bus operators in many countries tried to reform their bus routes to reduce waiting time and fuel costs by reducing overlapping bus routes. However, most of the reformed bus routes were complicated, which caused discomfort to passengers to use the bus service. To overcome this problem, this study proposed a new bus reformed model called the Partial Bus Routes Reduction in Urban Fringe Model (PBRU) which was a simple and passenger-friendly route operation. It resulted in 14% of total inbound and 16% of total outbound passengers receiving the benefit of waiting time reduction. Most passengers wait twice at the resident bus-stop and transfer point. As a result, the overall waiting time increased by 0.72–3.75 min. The reduction of fuel consumption was consistent with increasing load factors and dependent on the time period. The bus reform operations during the off-peak hours had more benefits in terms of waiting time reduction, energy-saving potential, and CO₂ reduction than during the rush hours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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18 pages, 5327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Emission Characteristics of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Korea Based on EURO-VI Standards According to Type of After-Treatment System

by Hyung Jun Kim, Sang Hyun Lee, Sang Il Kwon, Sangki Park, Jonghak Lee, Ji Hoon Keel, Jong Tae Lee and Suhan Park

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4936; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184936 - 20 Sep 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

This study analyzed the characteristics and distribution of emissions from diesel vehicles that are sold in Korea and satisfy the Euro-6 standards, according to after-treatment systems. To identify the emission distribution of diesel vehicles according to after-treatment systems, results of the certification tests conducted on 266 vehicle models were examined. Results of the certification tests on 86 vehicle models that were manufactured based on the standards for RDE after 2017 were examined according to the engine displacement and power. The emission characteristics of six vehicle models equipped with different types of after-treatment systems were verified through certification tests in the New European Driving Cycle and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure modes and RDE tests, according to the after-treatment systems. Specifically, a chassis dynamometer and an emission analyzer were used in the certification test modes; a portable emissions measurement system was used in the RDE test. The results indicated that the amount of NO_x emissions from diesel vehicles has been constantly decreasing since 2017 due to the implementation of standards for RDE and advancements in after-treatment systems. Furthermore, it was found that selective catalyst reduction systems must be installed in vehicles to satisfy Euro-6 standards for permissible emissions on real-roads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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22 pages, 8146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Spray Development Process of Gasoline-Biodiesel Blended Fuel Sprays in a Constant Volume Chamber

by Kihyun Kim and Ocktaeck Lim

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4819; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184819 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1610

Abstract

This study investigated gasoline–biodiesel blended fuel (GB) subjected to a fuel spray development process on macroscopic and microscopic scales. The four tested fuels were neat gasoline and gasoline containing biodiesel (5%, 20%, and 40% by volume) at three different ratios. The initial spray near the nozzle revealed that the spray penetration and spray tip velocity both decreased with decreasing biodiesel blending ratio. In addition, the different spray tip velocities at the start of spraying result in different atomization regimes between the fuels. The GB fuels with a low biodiesel blending ratio were disadvantaged in terms of spray atomization due to their lower spray penetration and tip velocity. The macroscopic spray penetration changes were similar to those observed in the microscopic spray. The fuel with the lower biodiesel blending ratio had a larger spray cone angle, indicating increased radial spray dispersion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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22 pages, 4311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Operating Parameters for Stable and High Operating Performance of a GDI Fuel Injector System

by Wen-Chang Tsai

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2405; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102405 - 12 May 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3829

Abstract

In this study, a novel injector driving circuit was developed to achieve the regulation of fuel injection quantity and to work with the engine control system in a vehicle. The main purpose of the proposed injector driving circuit is to control the quantity and timing of fuel injection within the gasoline direct injection (GDI) fuel injector system. In this paper, a mathematical state model of a high-pressure (H.P.) fuel injector system is derived and the improved Taguchi method is proposed to define the optimal operating parameter settings of a fuel injector system. The experiments on fuel injection quantity were performed to achieve the requirements of the injector driving circuit. The fuel quantity sprayed from a fuel injector system under these control parameters was analyzed by leading the design of experiments. The S/N and β slopes were analyzed to determine their optimal control settings. The H.P. injector driving circuit developed was designed to drive the fuel injector and spray the injected quantity of fuel into the flask following the optimized control factors. The experimental results demonstrate that the H.P. fuel injecting system exhibits better and more stable operating performance, to assure the accurate injection quantity for the GDI injector, and it was also realized with low cost metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 11706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macroscopic Spray Behavior of a Single-Hole Common Rail Diesel Injector Using Gasoline-Blended 5% Biodiesel

by Sakda Thongchai and Ocktaeck Lim

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092276 - 05 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2266

Abstract

This research studies the macroscopic spray structure from a single-hole common rail diesel injector using gasoline-blended 5% biodiesel for use in compression ignition engines. To reduce the NO_X/PM trade-off emissions, researchers are investigating gasoline used in compression ignition engines, called gasoline compression ignition. As a result that gasoline is injected directly into the combustion chamber, its spray field has a significant effect on combustion and emissions. Due to its low lubricity, gasoline is blended with biodiesel 5%, as a lubricity enhancer, to prevent the failure of the high-pressure injection system. The macroscopic spray structures of this gasoline blend were investigated Schlieren photography and planar laser-induced fluorescence-particle image velocimetry. Injection pressure was handled by a conventional common rail system, while ambient pressure was controlled by supplying nitrogen into the constant-volume combustion chamber. The effects of injection pressure and ambient pressure on the gasoline spray elucidated by Planar laser-induced fluorescence coupled with particle-image velocimetry (PLIF-PIV) imagery and comparisons with variations in neat diesel spray. In addition, the flow field of gasoline spray that formed vortexes and vorticity was characterized. The results show that the injection pressure and back pressure had the same effects on the gasoline spray structure, in terms of the penetration tip and cone angle, as on the diesel spray. However, the injection pressure had a greater effect on the diesel spray than the gasoline at low ambient pressure due to the occurrence of cavitation. Moreover, the images show the remarkable turbulent structure of gasoline spray and indicate air entrainment at the spray tip region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Reduction of Air Pollutant Emission in the Transportation Field)

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