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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 47775

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Prof. Dr. Issouf Fofana

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Guest Editor

Aging of Power Network Infrastructure (ViAHT), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
Interests: dielectrics and electrical insulating materials; insulating fluids; diagnostic and monitoring; atmospheric icing of power network equipment; electric discharge and lightning-related phenomena; HV testing techniques and computer modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Ioannis F. Gonos

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School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, GR 15780 Athens, Greece
Interests: substations; instrumentation and measurement; electrostatic discharge/lightning; power systems protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018) will be held on 10–13 September 2018 in Athens, Greece, and is organized by the National Technical University of Athens, Greece, and is endorsed by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society. This conference has attracted a great deal of attention from international researchers in the field of high voltage engineering. This conference can, not only provide an excellent platform to share knowledge and experiences on high voltage engineering, but also will provide the opportunity to present the latest achievements in power engineering, including topics of ultra-high voltage, smart grid, new insulation materials, and their dielectric properties. For more information about ICHVE 2018 please use the following link: http://ichve2018.ece.ntua.gr/

Prof. Dr. Issouf Fofana
Prof. Dr. Ioannis F. Gonos
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electromagnetic fields
transients and EMC
grounding systems
monitoring and diagnostics
power and industrial applications
high voltage insulation systems
high voltage testing and measurement
aging, space charge, and maintenance

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Special Issue “Selected Papers from the 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018)”

Ioannis F. Gonos

and

Issouf Fofana

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4959; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184959 - 22 Sep 2020

Viewed by 1389

Abstract

The 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE 2018) was organized by the National Technical University of Athens, Greece and endorsed by the IEEE Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Society [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

Research

Jump to: Editorial

Open AccessArticle

Offshore Wind Farms On-Site Submarine Cable Testing and Diagnosis with Damped AC

and

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3703; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193703 - 27 Sep 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3582

Abstract

The current power cables IEC standards do not provide adequate recommendations for after-laying testing and diagnosis of offshore export and inter-array power cables. However the standards IEEE 400 and IEEE 400.4 recommend partial discharge monitored testing, e.g., by continuous or damped AC voltages (DAC). Based on the international experiences, as collected in more than 20 years at different power grids, this contribution focuses on the use of DAC for after-laying testing and diagnosis of submarine power cables both the export and inter-array cables. Higher risk of failure, long unavailability, higher repair costs, and maintenance costs imply that advanced quality control is becoming more important. The current state of the existing and drafting international standards are based on onshore experiences and not related to the actual serious problems experienced with failures on export up to 230 kV and inter-array cables up to 66 kV. The application of damped AC as a testing solution in this concern is specially discussed. The advantages of this testing technique, in combination with actual testing examples, show the findings on export and inter-array cables at offshore wind farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Is the Dry-Band Characteristic a Function of Pollution and Insulator Design?

Maurizio Albano

A. Manu Haddad

and

Nathan Bungay

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193607 - 21 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1956

Abstract

This paper assesses the dry-band formation and location during artificial pollution tests performed on a 4-shed 11kV insulator with conventional and textured surface designs in a clean-fog chamber and with the application of a voltage ramp-shape source. The different designs present the same overall geometrical dimensions, but the textured ones are characterized by the application of a patented insulator surface design. Three pollution levels, extremely high, high and moderate, were considered. A newly developed MATLAB procedure is able to automatically recognize the perimeter of the insulator, the trunk and shed areas on infra-red recordings. In addition, using the vertical axis identification, all trunks are subdivided into zones and into left and right areas, significantly increasing the capability of abnormalities detection. Any temperature increase within these areas enables to detect the appearance and the extension of dry bands. The results of the analysis of the statistical location and extension development over time of the dry bands during these set of comparative tests show a clear distinction between designs and pollution levels. These results may offer interesting design guidelines for dry-band control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Two Dimensional Axisymmetric Simulation Analysis of Vegetation Combustion Particles Movement in Flame Gap under DC Voltage

and

Energies 2019, 12(19), 3596; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193596 - 20 Sep 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

In recent years, extreme high temperature weather occurs frequently, which easily causes forest fires. The forest fire is prone to the trip accident of the transmission line. Previous studies show that charged combustion particles cause electric field distortion in the gap below the transmission line, and trigger discharges near the conductor area. The motion and distribution characteristics of combustion particles in the gap have an important influence on the discharge characteristics. Therefore, the size and morphology of combustion particles are analyzed through combustion experiments with typical vegetation. The combustion particles are mainly affected by the air drag force, electric field force and gravity. The interaction and influence of temperature, fluid, electric field and the multi-physical field of particle motion are comprehensively analyzed. A two dimensional (2D) axisymmetric simulation model is established by simplifying the flame region. According to the heat release rate of vegetation flame combustion, the fluid temperature and velocity are calculated. Combined with the fluid field and electric field, the forces on particles and movement are calculated. The results can provide a basis for the analysis of the electric field distortion, and further study the discharge mechanism of the gap under the condition of vegetation flame. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Dielectric Insulation Characteristics of Natural Ester Fluid Modified by Colloidal Iron Oxide Ions and Silica Nanoparticles

by Vasilios P. Charalampakos,

Georgios D. Peppas

, Eleftheria C. Pyrgioti,

Aristides Bakandritsos

Aikaterini D. Polykrati

and

Ioannis F. Gonos

Energies 2019, 12(17), 3259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173259 - 23 Aug 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

In this study, the dielectric characteristics of two types of natural esters modified into nanofluids are studied. The AC breakdown voltage was investigated for colloidal Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ nanoparticles effectively scattered in natural ester oil. The experimental results identify an increase in the breakdown voltage of the nanofluid with colloidal Fe₂O₃ conductive nanoparticles. In contrast, the breakdown voltage was reduced by adding SiO₂ nanoparticles in the same matrix. The potential well distribution of the two different types of nanoparticles was also calculated in order for the results of the experiment to be explained. The dielectric losses of the colloidal nanofluid are compared with the matrix oil and studied at 25 °C and 100 °C in the frequency regime of 10⁻¹–10⁶ Hz. The experimental data and the theoretical study reveal that conductivity along with the permittivity of nanoparticles constitute a pivotal parameter in the performance of nanofluid. Specific concentrations of nanoparticles with different electrical conductivity and permittivity than those of matrix oil increase the breakdown voltage strength. Simultaneously, the addition of nanoparticles having electrical conductivity and permittivity comparable to the matrix oil results in reducing the breakdown voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Computation of Transient Profiles along Nonuniform Transmission Lines Including Time-Varying and Nonlinear Elements Using the Numerical Laplace Transform

Rodrigo Nuricumbo-Guillén

Fermín P. Espino Cortés

Pablo Gómez

and

Carlos Tejada Martínez

Energies 2019, 12(17), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173227 - 21 Aug 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Electromagnetic transients are responsible for overvoltages and overcurrents that can have a negative impact on the insulating elements of the electrical transmission system. In order to reduce the damage caused by these phenomena, it is essential to accurately simulate the effect of transients along transmission lines. Nonuniformities of transmission line parameters can affect the magnitude of voltage transients, thus it is important to include such nonuniformities correctly. In this paper, a frequency domain method to compute transient voltage and current profiles along nonuniform multiconductor transmission lines is described, including the effect of time-varying and nonlinear elements. The model described here utilizes the cascade connection of chain matrices in order to take into consideration the nonuniformities along the line. This technique incorporates the change of parameters along the line by subdividing the transmission line into several line segments, where each one can have different electrical parameters. The proposed method can include the effect of time-dependent elements by means of the principle of superposition. The numerical Laplace transform is applied to the frequency-domain solution in order to transform it to the corresponding time-domain response. The results obtained with the proposed method were validated by means of comparisons with results computed with ATP (Alternative Transients Program) simulations, presenting a high level of agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Radio Interference Levels for 500 and 600 kV Bipolar HVDC Transmission Lines

Carlos Tejada-Martinez

Fermin P. Espino-Cortes

Suat Ilhan

and

Aydogan Ozdemir

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163187 - 20 Aug 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2969

Abstract

In this work, a method to compute the radio interference (RI) lateral profiles generated by corona discharge in high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines is presented. The method is based on a transmission line model that considers the skin effect, through the concept of complex penetration depth, in the conductors and in the ground plane. The attenuation constants are determined from the line parameters and the bipolar system is decoupled by using modal decomposition theory. As application cases, ±500 and ±600 kV bipolar transmission lines were analyzed. Afterwards, parametric sweeps of five variables that affect the RI levels are presented. Both the RI and the maximum electric field were calculated as a function of sub-conductor radius, bundle spacing, and the number of sub-conductors in the bundle. Additionally, the RI levels were also calculated as a function of the soil resistivity, and the RIV (radio interference voltage) frequency. Following this, vector optimization was applied to minimize the RI levels produced by the HVDC lines and differences between the designs with nominal and optimal values are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

A New Approach to Include Complex Grounding System in Lightning Transient Studies and EMI Evaluations

and

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3142; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163142 - 15 Aug 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3199

Abstract

A new approach to lightning transient studies including complex grounding grids is presented in this paper. The grounding system is modeled in Matlab/Simulink based on the transmission line theory. Using a bottom-up approach and considering the properties of the fundamental elements, a detailed view of measurement values will be presented and analyzed. The Matlab/Simulink grounding system models are interfaced for co-simulation with EMTP-RV trough Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) 2.0. This modeling approach allows the use of the full component library and network design by EMTP-RV to evaluate and analyze the effects of the grounding system and transmission network simultaneously in Matlab/Simulink. The results present a simplified transmission system where a surge is injected, Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Électriques (CIGRE) 1 kA 1.2/50, in far-end of a transmission line. When reaching a substation, the surge is injected into the grounding system through a surge arrester. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Design of Cable Termination for AC Breakdown Voltage Tests

and

Energies 2019, 12(16), 3075; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163075 - 09 Aug 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3563

Abstract

International standards prescribe overvoltage tests to evaluate the insulating material performance of high-voltage cables. However, it is difficult to manage the electric fields at the cable ends when laboratory measurements are carried out because surface and external discharges occur at the cable termination. Therefore, this paper presents a procedure for designing cable terminations to reduce the electric field at the cable ends to appropriate levels even in the case of overvoltage tests. For this purpose, computer simulations of electric field distribution using the finite element method (FEM) were performed. A 35 kV cable model was employed as a sample. An voltage with RMS (root mean square) value of 300 kV was used as an overestimate of breakdown voltage for the internal insulating material. The cable termination model obtained through the proposed methodology allows an electric field reduction in air, preventing the occurrence of external discharges, and thus permitting the breakdown voltage measurement of the cable’s inner insulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Empirical Conductivity Equation for the Simulation of the Stationary Space Charge Distribution in Polymeric HVDC Cable Insulations

Christoph Jörgens

and

Markus Clemens

Energies 2019, 12(15), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12153018 - 05 Aug 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3003

Abstract

Many processes are involved in the accumulation of space charges within the insulation materials of high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables, e.g., the local electric field, a conductivity gradient inside the insulation, and the injection of charges at both electrodes. An accurate description of the time dependent charge distribution needs to include these effects. Furthermore, using an explicit Euler method for the time integration of a suitably formulated transient model, low time steps are used to resolve fast charge dynamics and to satisfy the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) stability condition. The long lifetime of power cables makes the use of a final stationary charge distribution necessary to assess the reliability of the cable insulations. For an accurate description of the stationary space charge and electric field distribution, an empirical conductivity equation is developed. The bulk conductivity, found in literature, is extended with two sigmoid functions to represent a conductivity gradient near the electrodes. With this extended conductivity equation, accumulated bulk space charges and hetero charges are simulated. New introduced constants to specify the sigmoid functions are determined by space charge measurements, taken from the literature. The measurements indicate accumulated hetero charges in about one quarter of the insulation thickness in the vicinity of both electrodes. The simulation results conform well to published measurements and show an improvement to previously published models, i.e., the developed model shows a good approximation to simulate the stationary bulk and hetero charge distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Electrical Detection of Creeping Discharges over Insulator Surfaces in Atmospheric Gases under AC Voltage Application

Michail Michelarakis

Phillip Widger

Abderrahmane Beroual

and

Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad

Energies 2019, 12(15), 2970; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152970 - 01 Aug 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3324

Abstract

Creeping discharges over insulator surfaces have been related to the presence of triple junctions in compressed gas insulated systems. The performance of dielectric materials frequently utilised in gaseous insulating high voltage applications, stressed under triple junction conditions, has been an interesting topic approached through many different physical perspectives. Presented research outcomes have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms behind the related phenomena, macroscopically and microscopically. This paper deals with the electrical detection of creeping discharges over disc-shaped insulator samples of different dielectric materials (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), epoxy resin and silicone rubber) using atmospheric gases (dry air, N₂ and CO₂) as insulation medium in a point-plane electrode arrangement and under AC voltage application. The entire approach implementation is described in detail, from the initial numerical field simulations of the electrode configuration to the sensing and recording devices specifications and applications. The obtained results demonstrate the dependence of the generated discharge activity on the geometrical and material properties of the dielectric and the solid/atmospheric gas interface. The current work will be further extended as part of a future extensive research programme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Effect of Polycyclic Compounds Fillers on Electrical Treeing Characteristics in XLPE with DC-Impulse Voltage

and

Energies 2019, 12(14), 2767; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142767 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Electrical tree is an important factor in the threat of the safety of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation, eventually leading to the electrical failure of cables. Polycyclic compounds have the potential to suppress electrical treeing growth. In this paper, three types of polycyclic compounds, 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, and 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone are added into XLPE, denoted by A, B, and C. Electrical treeing characteristics are researched with DC-impulse voltage at 30, 60, and 90 °C, and the trap distribution and carrier mobility are characterized. It has been found that although three types of polycyclic compounds can all suppress the electrical tree propagation at different voltages and temperatures, the suppression effect of these polycyclic compounds with the same DC-impulse polarity is worse than with the opposite polarity. As the temperature increases, the suppression effect becomes weak. The energy level and deep trap density are the largest in XLPE-A composite, leading to a decrease in the charge transportation and resulting in the suppression of electrical treeing growth. Experimental results reveal that the polycyclic compound A has great application prospects in high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Surface Degradation of Silicone Rubber Caused by Partial Discharge

and

Energies 2019, 12(14), 2756; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142756 - 18 Jul 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

This paper reports experimental and analytical results of partial discharge degradation of silicone rubber sheets in accordance with proposed procedures. Considering the actual usage condition of silicone rubber as an insulating material of polymer insulators, an experimental procedure is established to evaluate long-term surface erosion caused only by partial discharge. Silicone rubber is subjected to partial discharge for 8 h using an electrode system with air gap. Voltage application is stopped for subsequent 16 h for recovery of hydrophobicity. The 24 h cycle is repeated 50 or 100 times. Deterioration of sample surface is evaluated in terms of contact angle and surface roughness. It is confirmed the proposed experimental procedure has advantage of no arc discharge occurrence, good repeatability of results, and possible acceleration of erosion. Surface erosion of silicone rubber progresses gradually and finally breakdown of silicone rubber occurs. Alumina trihydrate (ATH), an additive to avoid tracking and erosion by discharge, is not necessarily effective to prevent breakdown caused by partial discharge when localized electric field in air is enhanced by adding ATH. In such a situation, lower permittivity and higher resistance of silicone rubber seem dominant factors to prevent partial discharge breakdown and a careful insulation design should be required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Statistical Study on Space Charge effects and Stage Characteristics of Needle-Plate Corona Discharge under DC Voltage

Disheng Wang

Lin Du

and

Chenguo Yao

Energies 2019, 12(14), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12142732 - 17 Jul 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2527

Abstract

The air’s partial discharges (PD) under DC voltage are obviously affected by space charges. Discharge pulse parameters have statistical regularity, which can be applied to analyze the space charge effects and discharge characteristics during the discharge process. Paper studies air corona discharge under DC voltage with needle-plate model. Statistical rules of repetition rate (n), amplitude (V) and interval time (∆t) are extracted, and corresponding space charge effects and electric field distributions in PD process are analyzed. The discharge stages of corona discharge under DC voltage are divided. Furthermore, reflected space charge effects, electric field distributions and discharge characteristics of each stages are summarized to better explain the stage discharge mechanism. This research verifies that microcosmic process of PD under DC voltage can be described based on statistical method. It contributes to the microcosmic illustration of gas PD with space charges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Static Voltage Sharing Design of a Sextuple-Break 363 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker

and

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2512; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132512 - 29 Jun 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2512

Abstract

A balanced voltage distribution for each break is required for normal operation of a multi-break vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) This paper presented a novel 363 kV/5000 A/63 kA sextuple-break VCB with a series-parallel structure. To determine the static voltage distribution of each break, a 3D finite element method (FEM) model was established to calculate the voltage distribution and the electric field of each break at the fully open state. Our results showed that the applied voltage was unevenly distributed at each break, and that the first break shared the most voltage, about 86.3%. The maximum electric field of the first break was 18.9 kV/mm, which contributed to the reduction of the breaking capacity. The distributed and stray capacitance parameters of the proposed structure were calculated based on the FEM model. According to the distributed capacitance parameters, the equivalent circuit simulation model of the static voltage distribution of this 363 kV VCB was established in PSCAD. Subsequently, the influence of the grading capacitor on the voltage distribution of each break was investigated, and the best value of the grading capacitors for the 363 kV sextuple-break VCB was confirmed to be 10 nF. Finally, the breaking tests of a single-phase unit was conducted both in a minor loop and a major loop. The 363 kV VCB prototype broke both the 63 kA and the 80 kA short circuit currents successfully, which confirmed the validity of the voltage sharing design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Accumulation Behaviors of Different Particles and Effects on the Breakdown Properties of Mineral Oil under DC Voltage

and

Energies 2019, 12(12), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122301 - 16 Jun 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2248

Abstract

Particles in transformer oil are harmful to the operation of transformers, which can lead to the occurrence of partial discharge and even breakdown. More and more researchers are becoming interested in investigating the effects of particles on the performance of insulation oil. In this paper, a simulation method is provided to explore the motion mechanism and accumulation characteristics of different particles. This is utilized to explain the effects of particle properties on the breakdown strength of mineral oil. Experiments on particle accumulation under DC voltage as well as DC breakdown were carried out. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results. Having a DC electrical field with a sufficient accumulation time and initial concentration are advantageous for particle accumulation. Properties of impurities determine the bridge shape, conductivity characteristics, and variation law of DC breakdown voltages. Metal particles and mixed particles play more significant roles in the increase of current and electrical field distortion. It is noteworthy that cellulose particles along with metal particles cannot have superposition influences on changing conductivity characteristics and the electrical field distortion of mineral oil. The range of electrical field distortion is enlarged as the particle concentration increases. Changes in the electrical field distribution and an increase in conductivity collectively affect the DC breakdown strength of mineral oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Accuracy and Reliability of Switching Transients Measurement with Open-Air Capacitive Sensors

Fani Barakou

Fred Steennis

and

Peter Wouters

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071405 - 11 Apr 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Contactless capacitive (open-air) sensors are applied to monitor overvoltages near overhead line terminations at a substation or at the transition from underground cables to overhead lines. It is shown that these sensors, applied in a differentiating/integrating measuring concept, can result in excellent characteristics in terms of electromagnetic compatibility. The inherent cross-coupling from open-air sensors to other phases is dealt with. The paper describes a method to calibrate the sensor to line coupling matrix based on assumed 50 Hz symmetric phase voltages and in particular focuses on uncertainty analysis of assumptions made. Network simulation shows that predicted maximum overvoltages agree within typically 7% compared to reconstructed values from measurement, also with significant cross-coupling. Transient voltages from energization of an (extra-)high voltage connection can cause large and steep rising ground currents near the line terminations. Comparison with results obtained by a capacitive divider confirms the intrinsic capability in interference rejection by the differentiating/integrating measurement methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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Open AccessArticle

Detection of Water Content in Transformer Oil Using Multi Frequency Ultrasonic with PCA-GA-BPNN

and

Energies 2019, 12(7), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071379 - 10 Apr 2019

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 2906

Abstract

The water content in oil is closely related to the deterioration performance of an insulation system, and accurate prediction of water content in oil is important for the stability and security level of power systems. A novel method of measuring water content in transformer oil using multi frequency ultrasonic with a back propagation neural network that was optimized by principal component analysis and genetic algorithm (PCA-GA-BPNN), is reported in this paper. 160 oil samples of different water content were investigated using the multi frequency ultrasonic detection technology. Then the multi frequency ultrasonic data were preprocessed using principal component analysis (PCA), which was implemented to obtain main principal components containing 95% of original information. After that, a genetic algorithm (GA) was incorporated to optimize the parameters for a back propagation neural network (BPNN), including the weight and threshold. Finally, the BPNN model with the optimized parameters was trained with a random 150 sets of pretreatment data, and the generalization ability of the model was tested with the remaining 10 sets. The mean squared error of the test sets was 8.65 × 10⁻⁵, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. Results show that the developed PCA-GA-BPNN model is robust and enables accurate prediction of a water content in transformer oil using multi frequency ultrasonic technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2018 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2018))

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