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Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (18 October 2023) | Viewed by 12274

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mohamed Assaad HAMIDA

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Guest Editor

Ecole Centrale de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, 1 Rue de la Noe, CEDEX 3, 44321 Nantes, France
Interests: electrical drive; renewable energy; energy storage; electric vehicles; nonlinear control and observation

Prof. Dr. Ragab A. El-Sehiemy

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Guest Editor

Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
Interests: power system modeling, computation, and control; renewable energy; microgrids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Malek GHANES

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Guest Editor

Centrale Nantes (CN), Director of the Chair between Renault and CN on electric vehicle performances, LS2N, CNRS UMR 6004, 1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
Interests: observation; control; nonlinear systems; fuel cell; electric vehicle; renewable energy, power electronics, electric machines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The transport sector is one of the main consumers of fossil fuel, and hence a major contributor to the EU’s total greenhouse gas emission, accounting for 23% of total greenhouse (GHG) emission as of 2015. It is currently the only sector to continue showing increasing GHG emissions leading to severe impact on the environment, such as air pollution, noise resource use and waste, and climate change. In this context, manufacturers are now willing to face the challenge of developing a mass market with existing electric vehicle technologies, as well as investing in new technologies to overcome infrastructural barriers.

This Special Issue of Energies will provide an up-to-date overview of the challenges on the control and estimation of electric vehicle components and offer advanced solutions to the challenges in control, estimation, and management.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

State-of-the-art reviews on control and estimation for EV applications;
Control, estimation, and fault diagnosis of power train;
Control power of converters: inverters, bidirectional DC/DC converters, and onboard chargers;
Energy optimization and management in electrified vehicles;
Battery modelling, state estimation, and battery management system;
hybrid electric vehicle energy storage system;
V2G applications;
Microgrids

Dr. Mohamed Assaad HAMIDA
Prof. Dr. Ragab A. El-Sehiemy
Prof. Dr. Malek GHANES
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric vehicle
advanced control
estimation
single and many objectives optimization
energy management
power electronics
fault detection and isolation
on board charger
battery modeling
hybrid storage
state of charge estimation
hydrogen energy
artificial intelligence
selection of charging stations
electrical and thermal modeling of BMSs
faults diagnosis and analysis
V2G applications
microgrids
optimal power flow

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 13114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single- and Multi-Objective Optimization Frameworks of Shape Design of Tubular Linear Synchronous Motor

by Araby Mahdy, Abdullah Shaheen, Ragab El-Sehiemy, Ahmed Ginidi and Saad F. Al-Gahtani

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2409; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052409 - 2 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1282

Abstract

The shape design of the Tubular Linear Synchronous Motor (TLSM) is a critical engineeri ng optimization problem which was handled as single- and multi-objective optimization frameworks. However, the different practical constraints for the TLSM design must be efficiently guaranteed. This paper proposes a developed multi-objective shape design of the TLSM to maximize the operating force and minimize the flux saturation. In this regard, a Multi-objective Grey Wolf Optimizer (MGWO) is developed, including an outside archive with a predetermined size that is integrated for storing and retrieving Pareto optimal solutions. Using this knowledge, the grey wolf social structure would then be established, and, in the multi-objective searching environments, grey wolf hunting behavior would then be replicated. The superiority and effectiveness of the developed MGWO is assessed in comparison to the Multi-objective Flower Pollination Algorithm (MFPA), Multi-objective Lichtenberg Algorithm (MOLA), and Multi-objective Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (MGOA). The outcomes illustrate that the developed MGWO provides an average improvement of 73.46%, 19.07%, and 15.15% compared to MFPA, MOLA, and MGOA, respectively. The validation of the developed MGWO is extended for a multi-objective form of welded beam design (WBD) by simultaneously minimizing the deflection and the manufacturing costs. Similar findings are obtained with different reference points, the developed MGWO provides an average improvement of 2.8%, 0.7%, and 3.04% compared to MFPA, MOLA, and MGOA, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications)

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20 pages, 4805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Dynamic Model for Parameter Estimation of Li-Ion Batteries Using Supply–Demand Algorithm

by Ragab El-Sehiemy, Mohamed A. Hamida, Ehab Elattar, Abdullah Shaheen and Ahmed Ginidi

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4556; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134556 - 22 Jun 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 1467

Abstract

The parameter extraction of parameters for Li-ion batteries is regarded as a critical topic for assessing the performance of battery energy storage systems (BESSs). The supply–demand algorithm (SDA) is used in this work to identify a storage system’s unknown parameters. The parameter-extracting procedure is represented as a nonlinear optimization task in which the state of charge (SOC) is approximated using nonlinear features related to the battery current and the initial SOC condition. Furthermore, the open-circuit voltage is approximated using the resulting SOC, which is performed in a nonlinear formula, as well. When used in the dynamic nonlinear BESS model, the SDA was used to verify the fitness values and standard deviation error. Furthermore, the results that were acquired using SDA are compared to recently developed approaches, which are the gradient-based, tuna swarm, jellyfish, heap-based, and forensic-based optimizers. Simulated studies were paired with experiments for the 40 Ah Kokam Li-ion battery and the ARTEMIS driving-cycle pattern. The numerical outcomes showed that the proposed SDA is an approach which is excellent at identifying the parameters. Furthermore, when compared to the other current optimization techniques, for both the Kokam Li-ion batteries and the ARTEMIS drive-cycle pattern, the suggested SDA exhibited substantial precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications)

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Review

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28 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Modeling and Control Strategies of DC–DC LLC Converters for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Applications

by Houssein Al Attar, Mohamed Assaad Hamida, Malek Ghanes and Miassa Taleb

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093946 - 8 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1904

Abstract

Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. In this article, the use of a DC–DC LLC converter used in a bidirectional EV charger is reviewed. Different modeling approaches of the DC–DC LLC converter, such as small and large signal modeling, are discussed. Common modulation strategies applied to the DC–DC LLC converter in V2X mode, such as Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Phase-Shift Modulation (PSM), are presented. The new challenge is to present the main characteristics and limitations of each modulation strategy in order to cover the whole operating zone of the EV charger in V2X mode. Furthermore, different control strategies based on a small or large signal model combined with different modulation strategies are highlighted. Linear and nonlinear controllers applied to the DC–DC LLC converter are discussed. Robust controllers are mainly highlighted regarding their advantage in ensuring the control robustness with respect to unexpected disturbances. A comparative study among modulation strategies as well as different control algorithms is conducted in terms of control performance and converter efficiency in V2X mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications)

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29 pages, 6462 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Compensation Topologies and Control Techniques of Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications

by Murugan Venkatesan, Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam, Pradeep Vishnuram, Mohit Bajaj, Vojtech Blazek, Lukas Prokop and Stanislav Misak

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7816; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207816 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4338

Abstract

Owing to the constantly rising energy demand, Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)-equipped vehicles are being replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). The other advantage of using EVs is that the batteries can be utilised as an energy storage device to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources. Integrating EVs with the grid is one of the recent advancements in EVs using Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. A bidirectional technique enables power transfer between the grid and the EV batteries. Moreover, the Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer (BWPT) method can support consumers in automating the power transfer process without human intervention. However, an effective BWPT requires a proper vehicle and grid coordination with reasonable control and compensation networks. Various compensation techniques have been proposed in the literature, both on the transmitter and receiver sides. Selecting suitable compensation techniques is a critical task affecting the various design parameters. In this study, the basic compensation topologies of the Series–Series (SS), Series–Parallel (SP), Parallel–Parallel (PP), Parallel–Series (SP), and hybrid compensation topology design requirements are investigated. In addition, the typical control techniques for bidirectional converters, such as Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID), sliding mode, fuzzy logic control, model predictive, and digital control, are discussed. In addition, different switching modulation schemes, including Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control, PWM + Phase Shift control, Single-Phase Shift, Dual-Phase Shift, and Triple-Phase Shift methods, are discussed. The characteristics and control strategies of each are presented, concerning the typical applications. Based on the review analysis, the low-power (Level 1/Level 2) charging applications demand a simple SS compensation topology with a PID controller and a Single-Phase Shift switching method. However, for the medium- or high-power applications (Level 3/Level 4), the dual-side LCC compensation with an advanced controller and a Dual-Side Phase-Shift switching pattern is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications)

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30 pages, 4791 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Active Distribution Networks with Fault Current Limiters and Renewable Energy Resources

by Adel A. Abou El-Ela, Ragab A. El-Sehiemy, Abdullah M. Shaheen and Aya R. Ellien

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7648; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207648 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

To cope with the increasing energy demand, power systems, especially distribution networks, face many challenges. Recently, these networks have become complex and large, and their stability and reliability are not easy to be handled. The integration of renewable energy resources and at the same time limiting their accompanied high fault currents is one of the approvable suggestions. Many solutions have appeared to restrict the fault currents, but fault current limiters (FCLs) arise as an efficient and promising solution to whether to interrupt or limit the fault currents to allowable limits. This paper presents a literature review of the integration of renewable energy resources as distributed generation units (DGs) and FCLs in distribution networks. The DGs can be categorized based on their size and ability to deliver active or reactive power in addition to their fuel. All of solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cell are utilized as the main engine for these units. Additionally, a survey about FCLs is provided, including their diverse types and applications in either medium- or low-voltage networks. FCLs are divided into reactor, pyrotechnic, non-superconducting (solid state), and the last-developed ones, superconducting FCLs. In addition, the implemented optimization techniques are summarized to correctly employ both FCLs and DGs. These techniques vary between classical and modern, whereas more methods are developed to suit the renewable energy intermittence and uncertainty and the power system operators’ aspirations. Moreover, in this paper, the optimal allocation of diverse types of DGs correlated with FCLs is presented and applied to the real Egyptian distribution network of the East Delta Network (EDN). The results show the avails obtained where the power losses are significantly reduced, with respect to the total load, from 3.59% in the initial case to 0.296%. In addition, the fault current returns to its initial value, removing the percentage of increase of 20.93%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Estimation, Management and Fault Diagnosis of Electrical Vehicles Applications)

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