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Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2026 | Viewed by 6273

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ehsan Pashajavid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
Interests: integration of renewable energy resources; microgrids; power system planning and operation; electric vehicles; application of power electronics to power systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern power grids are evolving rapidly, with the significant integration of renewable energy sources, advanced power electronics, and digital technologies. While these advancements provide enhanced flexibility and control, they also introduce challenges such as intermittency, volatility, and operational uncertainty. Integrated energy systems (IESs) are critical to the ongoing energy transition, offering innovative pathways to enhance renewable energy integration, improve energy efficiency, and ensure sustainable operation. These systems are pivotal in addressing rising global energy demands and achieving environmental goals in line with international agreements. IESs, virtual power plants (VPPs), and microgrid systems form a hybrid paradigm requiring innovative modeling, scheduling, optimization, and control approaches.

The adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and advancements in energy storage technologies are reshaping both power grids and IESs. These innovations, coupled with digital twin technologies, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) applications, drive new methodologies for efficient operation, demand response, and fault prediction. However, the complexity of coupling multi-energy systems and managing large-scale renewable energy integration necessitates robust solutions to ensure reliability and sustainability.

This Special Issue invites high-quality manuscripts on topics including, but not limited to:

  • Integration of renewable energy systems;
  • Modeling and optimization of integrated energy systems;
  • Digital twin technologies for power grids and energy systems;
  • Virtual power plants and microgrids;
  • Advanced scheduling strategies for multi-energy coordination;
  • Modeling and control of energy storage systems;
  • Fuel cell technologies, electrolyzers, and power-to-hydrogen systems;
  • Demand response models and smart community applications;
  • Case studies on practical applications in power grids and energy systems.

This Special Issue seeks to foster a deeper comprehension of the challenges and opportunities within modern power systems and integrated energy infrastructures through a detailed exploration of these themes. It aims to provide innovative frameworks and actionable strategies for the effective modeling, efficient scheduling, and optimized operation of power grids and integrated energy systems, addressing critical areas such as reliability, sustainability, and advanced coordination of multi-energy systems.

Dr. Ehsan Pashajavid
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • decarbonization
  • renewable energy integration
  • integrated energy system
  • modeling, scheduling, and optimization
  • digital twins and machine learning
  • virtual power systems and microgrids
  • energy storage systems
  • power to hydrogen
  • power quality and reliability
  • grid compatibility
  • multi-energy systems

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3669 KB  
Article
Development of Programmable Digital Twin via IEC-61850 Communication for Smart Grid
by Hyllyan Lopez, Ehsan Pashajavid, Sumedha Rajakaruna, Yanqing Liu and Yanyan Yin
Energies 2026, 19(3), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030703 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 746
Abstract
This paper proposes the development of an IEC 61850-compliant platform that is readily programmable and deployable for future digital twin applications. Given the compatibility between IEC-61850 and digital twin concepts, a focused case study was conducted involving the robust development of a Raspberry [...] Read more.
This paper proposes the development of an IEC 61850-compliant platform that is readily programmable and deployable for future digital twin applications. Given the compatibility between IEC-61850 and digital twin concepts, a focused case study was conducted involving the robust development of a Raspberry Pi platform with protection relay functionality using the open-source libIEC61850 library. Leveraging IEC-61850’s object-oriented data modelling, the relay can be represented by fully consistent virtual and physical models, providing an essential foundation for accurate digital twin instantiation. The relay implementation supports high-speed Sampled Value (SV) subscription, real-time RMS calculations, IEC Standard Inverse overcurrent trip behaviour according to IEC-60255, and Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) publishing. Further integration includes setting group functionality for dynamic parameter switching, report control blocks for MMS client–server monitoring, and GOOSE subscription to simulate backup relay protection behaviour with peer trip messages. A staged development methodology was used to iteratively develop features from simple to complex. At the end of each stage, the functionality of the added features was verified before proceeding to the next stage. The integration of the Raspberry Pi into Curtin’s IEC = 61,850 digital substation was undertaken to verify interoperability between IEDs, a key outcome relevant to large-scale digital twin systems. The experimental results confirm GOOSE transmission times below 4 ms, tight adherence to trip-time curves, and performance under higher network traffic. Such measured RMS and trip-time errors fall well within industry and IEC limits, confirming the reliability of the relay logic. The takeaways from this case study establish a high-performing, standardised foundation for a digital twin system that requires fast, bidirectional communication between a virtual and a physical system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems)
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18 pages, 1101 KB  
Article
Power Management of a Wind-Powered Microgrid Based on Qualitative Needs
by Maryam Yaghoubirad and John Hall
Energies 2026, 19(1), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19010241 - 31 Dec 2025
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Power management strategies for microgrids are typically designed around quantitative performance metrics such as cost, efficiency, and reliability. While effective in many settings, these approaches often do not fully account for qualitative, human-centric considerations, such as the relative importance or criticality of different [...] Read more.
Power management strategies for microgrids are typically designed around quantitative performance metrics such as cost, efficiency, and reliability. While effective in many settings, these approaches often do not fully account for qualitative, human-centric considerations, such as the relative importance or criticality of different loads. This limitation is especially relevant in remote or community-based energy systems, and becomes more pronounced in wind-powered microgrids, where variable generation and limited resources require flexible and context-aware operational decisions. In this work, a qualitative-driven power management framework is proposed that incorporates stakeholder-defined qualitative indices into microgrid energy allocation. A community–importance (CI) index is used to represent qualitative needs as normalized weighting factors, which are then used to guide power redistribution during supply–demand imbalances. The framework is demonstrated using a wind-powered microgrid with heterogeneous load types and is evaluated under different operating scenarios. The results show that the proposed approach supports prioritized and socially informed power allocation while preserving overall system feasibility. Rather than replacing conventional quantitative optimization, the framework acts as a complementary decision-support layer and is particularly well suited for microgrids serving remote or resource-constrained communities where qualitative priorities play an important role in operational planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems)
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25 pages, 565 KB  
Article
Optimizing Hybrid Renewable Power Plants: A Comparative Analysis of Wind–Solar Configurations for Northeast Brazil
by Isabella Branco Renolphi, Walquiria N. Silva, Luís Felipe Normandia Lourenço, Bruno Z. D. Malta, Thiago S. Andrade and Giovani G. T. Vieira
Energies 2025, 18(20), 5329; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205329 - 10 Oct 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1503
Abstract
The transition to sustainable electricity grids, particularly in countries with high renewable potential, such as Brazil, requires integrated assessments of hybrid and single-source configurations. This study analyzed the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid plants and isolated wind and solar systems in the [...] Read more.
The transition to sustainable electricity grids, particularly in countries with high renewable potential, such as Brazil, requires integrated assessments of hybrid and single-source configurations. This study analyzed the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid plants and isolated wind and solar systems in the Brazilian Northeast, focusing on Macaíba (RN) and Casa Nova (BA), regions characterized by high resource availability. The work addresses a gap in the literature by integrating detailed technical modeling and financial analysis of hybrid configurations, considering both local and operational constraints. Hourly simulations were performed using the HyDesign software (v1.1.0), with optimization based on the ratio between net present value (NPV) and invested capital (CAPEX), covering seven different scenarios by location, including hybrid combinations and systems with solar trackers. The results indicated that systems with solar tracking achieved superior economic performance. In Macaíba, the optimal configuration was the hybrid scenario with trackers, which increased the NPV/CAPEX by 27.69% compared to the relevant baseline. In Casa Nova, the best solution was the pure solar plant with trackers, which increased the NPV/CAPEX by 50.0% compared to fixed solar. Hybridization showed moderate gains in scenarios without tracking. It is concluded that while solar trackers are highly beneficial, the optimal plant configuration (pure solar or hybrid) is site-specific and depends on the local renewable resource profile. Notably, battery storage was not economically justified under the evaluated cost assumptions. The study contributes to the planning of renewable projects in contexts of high source complementarity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 7989 KB  
Article
Model-Free Predictive Control of Inverter Based on Ultra-Local Model and Adaptive Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Observer
by Wensheng Luo, Zejian Shu, Ruifang Zhang, Jose I. Leon, Abraham M. Alcaide and Leopoldo G. Franquelo
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4570; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174570 - 28 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1322
Abstract
Model predictive control (MPC) is significantly affected by parameter mismatch in inverter applications, whereas model-free predictive control (MFPC) avoids parameter dependence through the ultra-local model (ULM). However, the traditional MFPC based on the algebraic method needs to store historical data for multiple cycles, [...] Read more.
Model predictive control (MPC) is significantly affected by parameter mismatch in inverter applications, whereas model-free predictive control (MFPC) avoids parameter dependence through the ultra-local model (ULM). However, the traditional MFPC based on the algebraic method needs to store historical data for multiple cycles, which results in a sluggish dynamic response. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a model-free predictive control method based on the ultra-local model and an adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer (ASTSMO). Firstly, the effect of parameter mismatch on the current prediction error of conventional MPC is analyzed through theoretical analysis, and a first-order ultra-local model of the inverter is established to enhance robustness against parameter variations. Secondly, a super-twisting sliding mode observer with adaptive gain is designed to estimate the unknown dynamic terms in the ultra-local model in real time. Finally, the superiority of the proposed method is verified through comparative validation against conventional MPC and the algebraic-based MFPC. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly enhance robustness against parameter variations and shorten the settling time during dynamic transients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems)
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22 pages, 4263 KB  
Article
An Approach to Enhance the Controlled Switching of Circuit Breakers Equipped with Preinsertion Resistors for Power Capacitor Banks
by Ricardo T. Lima, Aurélio L. M. Coelho, Giovani B. Vitor and Philippe A. V. D. Liz
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4356; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164356 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1454
Abstract
The controlled switching of capacitor banks when properly parameterized brings significant benefits to the bank, circuit breaker, and adjacent equipment by significantly reducing the levels of inrush currents. This article explores and analyzes the waveforms from a circuit breaker equipped with both preinsertion [...] Read more.
The controlled switching of capacitor banks when properly parameterized brings significant benefits to the bank, circuit breaker, and adjacent equipment by significantly reducing the levels of inrush currents. This article explores and analyzes the waveforms from a circuit breaker equipped with both preinsertion resistors (PIR) and a controlled switching device (CSD), proposing a dynamic approach to determine the better closing times for both the PIR and the main contact of the circuit breaker, thereby reducing inrush current levels and improving system performance and reliability. The study employs a computational tool to identify the circuit breaker’s contacts insertion points, presenting important information such as the best closing instant for the main contact, the determination of preinsertion time, and maximum inrush current peak. The waveforms used in the study originate from both a real power shunt capacitor bank from a Brazilian substation and simulations modeled using the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). This dynamic approach not only reduces inrush current levels, but also contributes to increasing the useful life of the capacitor bank elements, the circuit breaker itself, and neighboring equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Scheduling, Optimising, and Control of Power Grids and Integrated Energy Systems)
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