Reinforcement Learning: Sample Efficiency, Generalisation, and AI Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 February 2026 | Viewed by 414

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9BW, UK
Interests: deep reinforcement learning; deep learning; AI; machine learning; intelligent agents; robotics applications

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Computational Science and Mathematical Modelling, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 2TL, UK
Interests: deep learning; machine learning; AI and data science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reinforcement learning (RL) continues to reshape the landscape of artificial intelligence, providing powerful tools for solving complex, sequential decision-making problems across a wide spectrum of domains. From fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) to enabling autonomous systems and managing critical infrastructure, RL has proven its versatility and transformative potential.

This Special Issue seeks to highlight recent advances, novel applications, and underexplored dimensions of RL that are shaping the future of intelligent systems. We particularly welcome contributions that introduce innovations in experience replay, algorithm design, sample efficiency, generalisation, safety, interpretability, and real-world deployment.

We invite researchers and practitioners from diverse disciplines to contribute high-quality work—ranging from theoretical developments and methodological insights to applied research and interdisciplinary case studies. This is a timely opportunity to exchange ideas, inspire new directions, and spotlight impactful use cases of RL.

Topics of Interest include, but are not limited to the following:

  • RL for robotics, dexterous manipulation, and swarm intelligence;
  • RL in autonomous driving, drone navigation, and transport systems;
  • Sample-efficient, generalisable, and robust RL algorithms;
  • New paradigms in experience replay and memory architectures;
  • RL in control of nuclear plants, water systems, and renewable energy grids;
  • RL for training or fine-tuning large language models (LLMs);
  • Human-in-the-loop RL and preference-based learning;
  • RL for summarisation, dialogue systems, and alignment with human intent;
  • RL for environmental forecasting and climate resilience;
  • Offline, safe, interpretable, and explainable RL;
  • Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) and coordination strategies;
  • RL applications in healthcare, finance, logistics, and smart infrastructure;
  • Benchmarks, reproducibility, and open-source RL frameworks.

We aim to make this Special Issue both inclusive and impactful, welcoming contributions that expand the boundaries of RL from both the academic and industrial communities. Whether your work addresses foundational challenges or introduces creative applications, we would be delighted to consider your submission.

Please feel free to contact us with any queries or to discuss the suitability of your work.

We look forward to receiving your contribution and showcasing the latest innovations in reinforcement learning.

Best wishes in your research,

Dr. Abdulrahman Altahhan
Prof. Dr. Vasile Palade
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • reinforcement learning
  • sample efficiency
  • over-estimation
  • generalisation
  • on-policy
  • off-policy
  • offline
  • online
  • policy gradient
  • experience replay
  • full experience replay
  • LLMs
  • human-in-the-loop
  • robotics
  • autonomous driverless cars
  • multi-agent RL
  • control

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

18 pages, 1910 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Learning for Closed-Loop Robotic Manipulation in Cluttered Scenes via Depth Vision, Reinforcement Learning, and Behaviour Cloning
by Hoi Fai Yu and Abdulrahman Altahhan
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3074; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153074 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in robot learning, the coordination of closed-loop manipulation in cluttered environments remains a challenging and relatively underexplored problem. We present a novel two-level hierarchical architecture for a depth vision-equipped robotic arm that integrates pushing, grasping, and high-level decision making. Central [...] Read more.
Despite rapid advances in robot learning, the coordination of closed-loop manipulation in cluttered environments remains a challenging and relatively underexplored problem. We present a novel two-level hierarchical architecture for a depth vision-equipped robotic arm that integrates pushing, grasping, and high-level decision making. Central to our approach is a prioritised action–selection mechanism that facilitates efficient early-stage learning via behaviour cloning (BC), while enabling scalable exploration through reinforcement learning (RL). A high-level decision neural network (DNN) selects between grasping and pushing actions, and two low-level action neural networks (ANNs) execute the selected primitive. The DNN is trained with RL, while the ANNs follow a hybrid learning scheme combining BC and RL. Notably, we introduce an automated demonstration generator based on oriented bounding boxes, eliminating the need for manual data collection and enabling precise, reproducible BC training signals. We evaluate our method on a challenging manipulation task involving five closely packed cubic objects. Our system achieves a completion rate (CR) of 100%, an average grasping success (AGS) of 93.1% per completion, and only 7.8 average decisions taken for completion (DTC). Comparative analysis against three baselines—a grasping-only policy, a fixed grasp-then-push sequence, and a cloned demonstration policy—highlights the necessity of dynamic decision making and the efficiency of our hierarchical design. In particular, the baselines yield lower AGS (86.6%) and higher DTC (10.6 and 11.4) scores, underscoring the advantages of content-aware, closed-loop control. These results demonstrate that our architecture supports robust, adaptive manipulation and scalable learning, offering a promising direction for autonomous skill coordination in complex environments. Full article
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