Diabetology

Background: Advanced hybrid closed-loop (AHCL) systems have improved the glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1D). While time in range (TIR) (70–180 mg/dL) is the standard metric, time in tight range (TITR) (70–140 mg/dL) offers a stricter assessment. Real-world comparisons using the TITR are limited. This study compared the TIR and TITR metrics between the MiniMed™ 780G and Tandem Control-IQ™ in adults with T1D. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study included 42 propensity-score-matched adults with T1D (28 MM780G users and 14 Tandem Control-IQ users), each with ≥3 months of AHCL system use. Glycemic metrics from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) were analyzed over a 14-day period. Comparisons between groups were conducted using Mann–Whitney U tests, adjusted linear regression, and linear mixed-effects models accounting for repeated measures. Results: At three months, the MM780G users achieved significantly higher TITR (60.1% ± 12 vs. 49.5% ± 9.3; p = 0.005) and TIR (83.7% ± 7.6 vs. 72.1% ± 7.5; p < 0.001) values, along with lower glucose variability, compared to these values in the Tandem Control-IQ users. The linear regression model confirmed that the MM780G was independently associated with a higher TITR (β = 14.2; p = 0.005). Mixed-effects modeling for the TIR showed a significant interaction between timepoint and device type (β = 4.81; p = 0.006), favoring the MM780G. Conclusions: In this real-world analysis, both AHCL systems improved glycemic control, but the MiniMed 780G could be associated with a superior performance in achieving tighter glucose targets without increasing hypoglycemia. TITR may serve as a valuable complementary metric alongside TIR in evaluating AHCL systems’ effectiveness. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to limitations such as the retrospective design, small sample size, potential residual confounding, and lack of standardization in the device settings. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results and assess their generalizability. Full article

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently associated with depressive disorder (DD), which negatively impacts glycemic control and overall metabolic outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) may exert neuroprotective effects and modulate mood. Likewise, it is unknown whether the presence of a DD, due to increased brain inflammation, could lead to a poorer response to GLP-1 RAs in terms of weight loss. This study evaluates the impact of DD on metabolic outcomes in individuals treated with GLP-1 RAs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study including 115 patients with T2DM treated with GLP-1 RAs for at least six months. DD was identified based on a documented clinical diagnosis, chronic antidepressant use, or a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score ≥16. Metabolic parameters, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting glucose, the body mass index (BMI), the waist circumference, and triglycerides, were compared between patients with and without DD. Results: Patients with DD had significantly higher baseline HbA1c (7.5% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.01), fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels. The waist circumference was also higher in the DD group (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in weight loss or BMI reductions following the GLP-1 RA treatment. Final HbA1c levels remained higher in the DD group (7.2% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.01). Conclusions: While DD is associated with a poorer baseline metabolic control in T2DM, it does not appear to impair the weight loss efficacy with GLP-1 RAs. However, patients with DD maintain higher post-treatment HbA1c levels, underscoring the need for integrated metabolic and psychiatric care in diabetes management. Full article

Obesity is considered a global pandemic. In Mexico, 7/10 adults, 4/10 adolescents, and 1/3 children are overweight or obese, and it is estimated that 90% of cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are attributable to these pathologies. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) presents increased lipolysis, lower insulin sensitivity, and greater metabolic alterations. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a polypeptide incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion dependent on the amount of oral glucose consumed, reduces plasma glucagon concentrations, slows gastric emptying, suppresses appetite, improves insulin synthesis and secretion, and increases the sensitivity of β cells to glucose. Liraglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 analog that reduces VAT and improves the expression of Glucose transporter receptor type 4 (GLUT 4R), Mitogen-activated protein (MAP kinases), decreases Fibroblast growth factor type β (TGF-β), reactivates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type ɣ (PPAR-ɣ) pathway, and decreases chronic inflammation. Currently, there are many studies that explain the decrease in VAT with these medications, but there are no studies that compare the decrease in patients with obesity and prediabetes vs. obesity and type 2 diabetes to know which population obtains a greater benefit from treatment with this pharmacological group; this is the reason for this study. The primary objective was to compare the difference in the determination of visceral adipose tissue in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes vs. obesity and prediabetes treated with liraglutide. Methods: A quasi-experimental, analytical, prolective, non-randomized, non-blinded study was conducted over a period of 6 months in a tertiary care center. A total of 36 participants were divided into two arms; group 1 (G1: Obesity and prediabetes) and group 2 (G2: Obesity and type 2 diabetes) for 6 months. Inclusion criteria: men and women ≥18 years with type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and obesity. Exclusion criteria: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² elevated transaminases (>5 times the upper limit of normal), and use of non-weight-modifying antidiabetic agents. Conclusions: No statistically significant difference was found in the decrease in visceral adipose tissue when comparing G1 (OB and PD) with G2 (OB and T2D). When comparing intragroup in G2 (OB and T2D), greater weight loss was found [(−3.78 kg; p = 0.012) vs. (−3.78 kg; p = 0.012)], as well differences in waist circumference [(−3.9 cm; p = 0.049) vs. (−3.09 cm; p = 0.017)], and glucose levels [(−1.75 mmol/L; p = 0.002) vs. (−0.56 mmol/L; p = 0.002)], A1c% [(−1.15%; p = 0.001) vs. (−0.5%; p = 0.000)]. Full article

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is common among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We examined the association between glycemic control and clinical outcomes in patients with COPD exacerbation and T2DM. Methods: A retrospective study of patients with T2DM and COPD exacerbation comparing controlled (HbA1c < 7.5%) to uncontrolled (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%) glycemia prior to admission. The primary endpoint is defined as a composite of 6-month rehospitalization/mortality. Secondary endpoints included 6-month mortality and 6-month readmission. Results: Of 426 admissions, 179 (42%) had uncontrolled glycemia. The risk of rehospitalization/mortality was significantly increased in the uncontrolled group in univariate (HR1.6, 95%CI 1.11–2.3, p = 0.01) and multivariate (HR 1.82, 95%CI 1.24–2.67, p = 0.002) analyses. The risk of 6-month rehospitalization was increased in the uncontrolled group in both univariate (HR1.94, 95%CI 1.16–3.23, p = 0.011) and multivariate (HR1.98, 95%CI 1.19–3.27, p = 0.008) analyses. No difference was found between 6-month mortality risks. Conclusions: Optimal glycemic control may improve COPD management and reduce adverse outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hypoglycemia remains the most frequent acute complication of diabetes, particularly among insulin-treated patients, with significant implications for morbidity, length of hospital stay, and healthcare costs. Nurses play a critical frontline role in its recognition and management, yet their competence varies widely. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Croatian nurses regarding hypoglycemia management and to identify key demographic and professional predictors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey following CHERRIES guidelines of 317 nurses across Croatia using a validated 26-item knowledge test and a 6-item attitude scale. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney U tests, and standardized effect sizes were used to assess group differences. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models examined the independent effects of education, sex, experience, and workplace setting. Results: The mean knowledge score was 66.9% (SD = 17.8), and the mean attitude score was 3.42 (SD = 0.70) on a 5-point scale. Nurses with tertiary education had significantly higher odds of achieving adequate knowledge (OR = 68.3, 95% CI: 19.9–234.2) and more favorable attitudes (β = +1.02, p < 0.001). Female sex had a small independent effect on knowledge (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.02–6.62), while experience and workplace setting were not significant predictors. Conclusions: Although overall knowledge and attitudes were moderately positive, substantial disparities persist, particularly across educational levels. Clinical Practice Implications: These findings support integrating structured hypoglycemia training into nursing curricula and in-service programs to improve patient safety. Full article

Background/Objectives: DEXCOM™ continuous glucose monitoring devices (DCGMs) have been shown to improve glycaemic control and complication rates in people with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). However, little qualitative data exists regarding user satisfaction, useful features and the overall lived experience of using a DCGM which will strongly impact one’s quality of life (QOL), compliance and the self-management of diabetes. This study aimed to assess DCGM users’ satisfaction rates and experiences with device features in patients with T1DM in Ireland. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of open- and closed-ended questions together with a glucose monitoring satisfaction survey (GMSS) was offered to all patients attending Sligo University Hospital (SUH) diabetes clinic who used a DCGM for at least six months. Results: Data was analysed for 73 participants. Self-reported QOL improved in 88% of participants and 52% of participants reported fewer hypoglycaemic events. The features most liked by participants were alerts given when the glycaemic target was not in range, improved quality of life, improved hypoglycaemia awareness and the need for reduced finger pricking. However, concerns were also identified about redundant alarms and sensor failures, phone incompatibility and skin reactions. DCGM was associated with good levels of glucose monitoring satisfaction with an overall satisfaction score of 3.67 ± 1.24 out of 5. Participants reported high openness (4.01 ± 0.91), increased trust (3.77 ± 1.16) and low emotional (1.70 ± 0.97) and behavioural burden (2.38 ± 1.10) with DCGM usage. Male participants who had diabetes for a mean duration of 20.06 ± 0.89 years and used DEXCOM^TM for approximately 2 years demonstrated significantly higher levels of satisfaction (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study provide a first exploration of patients’ perspectives on DCGM devices in an Irish setting. Results suggest that DCGM users are highly satisfied with the device with an increase in self-reported QOL. Adaptations to features based on patient feedback should be considered to further enhance user satisfaction and maximise QOL benefits. Full article

Introduction: Recent technological progress in optical imaging—such as adaptive optics, interferometry and tomography—has greatly improved the resolution of retinal imaging. The ability to capture sequential images over time is particularly valuable for continuous monitoring and assessment of retinal diseases. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and age-matched controls from the Diabetes and Ophthalmology Department of the Emergency Military Clinical Hospital “Dr. Constantin Papilian” Cluj-Napoca between October 2023 and October 2024. These patients were assessed for inclusion and exclusion criteria and then categorized into two groups: the diabetes group and control group. Each participant underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination and retinal evaluation using SS-OCT (Spectralis Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The parameters measured included the superficial and deep foveal avascular zones (FAZ) in only one eye for each patient, selected based on image quality. Additionally, each patient underwent quantitative analysis of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Results: A total of 33 patients (33 eyes) featured, 13 men and 20 women. The DM group showed statistically significant higher results for CRP value compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Also, both superficial and deep FAZ areas were statistically significantly higher for diabetes patients compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis revealed that there was no significant correlation between CRP and either superficial FAZ (p = 0.809) or deep FAZ (p = 0.659). However, a significant positive moderate correlation was found between superficial FAZ and deep FAZ (r = 0.577, p = 0.015). Conclusions: Our findings showed a significantly enlarged FAZ in diabetic patients compared to healthy individuals, highlighting its potential as an early indicator of microvascular alterations in diabetes. While CRP levels were notably elevated in the diabetic group, no significant association was found between CRP and FAZ measurements, suggesting that FAZ changes may occur independently of systemic inflammatory status. Full article

Background/Objectives: 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a biosynthetic precursor of heme that induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Therapeutic induction of HO-1 has shown effectiveness in various autoimmune disease models, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the efficacy of 5-ALA as an HO-1 inducer in T1D models remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of oral 5-ALA administration in preventing autoimmune diabetes development in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Methods: We evaluated diabetes incidence, levels of insulin autoantibody, and severity of insulitis in 5-ALA-treated and control NOD mice. HO-1 expression of dendritic cells in the pancreatic islets and spleen of 5-ALA-treated NOD mice was measured. The IFN-γ/IL-17 of islet-infiltrating T cells and IL-10/IL-12 productions of dendritic cells in the spleen of 5-ALA-treated NOD mice were assessed. We stimulated islet antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cells with islet antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in the presence of 5-ALA and examined the proliferation of the T cells. Finally, we adoptively transferred islet antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cells into 5-ALA-treated, immunodeficient NOD-Rag1 knockout mice, and diabetes incidence in recipients was determined. Results: Oral 5-ALA treatment did not significantly impact diabetes incidence, levels of insulin autoantibody, and insulitis. No significant difference was observed in HO-1 expression in dendritic cells and cytokine production of T cells and dendritic cells. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the proliferation of islet antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cells in vitro and diabetes induction in transfer experiments. Conclusions: Oral administration of 5-ALA has a limited effect on suppressing the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Full article

Background/Objectives: Advanced wound healing biologics for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are typically withheld from persons who are at high risk for amputation. However, a prospective, single-center cohort study evaluated the use of an advanced biologic, dehydrated amniotic (DAMA) tissue as early treatment for DFUs in patients with a high risk for amputation, demonstrating benefit for a small sample. This is the report of the five-year follow-up of those high-risk participants. Methods: This chart review provides a 5-year follow-up of 18 of 20 participants in the original study. The data were collected by medical record review. Specific data points included mortality, re-ulceration and additional ulceration, amputation (minor and major), end-stage renal disease with dialysis dependence, hospitalization, and limb-threatening ischemia. Results: The 5-year mortality rate from the time of wound healing was 50% (9/18 deceased). Four of the eighteen participants (22.2%) underwent major amputation within 5 years of study completion. Two had amputations of the study limb and two had amputations of the contralateral limb. Fifty percent (2/4) of those who had amputations died within 5 years after the major amputation. Over fifty percent (55.5% or 10 out of 18) of the participants experienced the re-ulceration of the original study ulcer and 94% (17 out of 18) developed a new site ulceration. A total of 25% of the hospitalizations over the 5 years were related to DFU (infection, osteomyelitis, and sepsis). Conclusions: This small-sample 5-year follow-up shows that early treatment with dehydrated amniotic (DAMA) tissue in patients with diabetic foot ulcers of moderate-to-high amputation risk results in similar outcomes as noted in the current research on patients with low risk for amputation. In fact, this paper may suggest that advanced biologics can safely be used for early treatment in moderate-to-high amputation risk without increasing mortality and amputation over 5 years. Full article

Background/Objective: The body roundness index (BRI) has emerged as a novel anthropometric parameter with potential utility in the assessment of obesity and its associated metabolic complications. This study aimed to identify the optimal BRI cut-off point for the diagnostic process of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a cohort of postmenopausal women with obesity and to compare its predictive capacity with that of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 468 Caucasian postmenopausal women with obesity. Clinical and biochemical assessments included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, the HOMA-IR, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and adipokines. MetS was diagnosed according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Results: MetS was identified in 270 patients (57.5%). Stratification by the median BRI revealed that individuals in the higher-BRI group had a significantly increased odds of MetS (OR 2.65; 95% CI: 1.99–3.53; p = 0.03). A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the HOMA-IR had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.67–0.77; p = 0.01), with a cut-off value of 2.64 (sensitivity: 64.9%; specificity: 69.7%). In contrast, the BRI exhibited a higher AUC of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71–0.80; p = 0.001), with an optimal cut-off of 8.15, demonstrating superior sensitivity (85.6%) and specificity (72.5%). Conclusions: The BRI is a promising and practical alternative anthropometric index for identifying MetS in Caucasian postmenopausal women with obesity. Its strong association with markers of adiposity and metabolic dysregulation underscores its potential value in clinical and epidemiological settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Recruiting and retaining low-income participants in community-based diabetes interventions remains a persistent challenge, particularly in medically underserved areas. This study describes engagement strategies and lessons learned recruiting for a 12-month pilot of a community-based, medically tailored nutrition program for diabetes remission and weight loss. Methods: A descriptive, exploratory mixed-methods study was performed to assess the effectiveness of recruitment and engagement strategies in the HEAL Diabetes program and identify areas for improvement. Recruitment and enrollment data were tracked utilizing recruitment logs and field notes. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze recruitment activity and retention rates, while qualitative analysis of fieldnotes identified key barriers and facilitators. Results: Among 83 eligible participants, 63 (75.9%) completed the in-person screening and 35 (55.6% enrollment rate) enrolled. Retention was high, with 30 completing the study. Participants were largely African American (97.1%), female (70.6%), average age of 59.8 years, with a household income below USD 49,000 (74.3%). Recruitment cycles achieved 87.5% of the target before budget constraints halted enrollment. Recruitment was hindered by limited clinical integration, social barriers and life demands, while facilitators to recruiting included trust, flexibility, and tangible support for participation. Conclusions: Conventional recruitment methods, including registry-based approaches, were insufficient for engaging underserved populations. Participant-centric strategies, emphasizing trust, practical support, and structural and cultural relevance, can help enhance enrollment and retention. Effective engagement in community-based diabetes interventions requires multifaceted approaches that address clinical, social, and structural barriers to participation. Full article

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is increasingly recognised not only as an autoimmune metabolic disorder but also as a condition associated with accelerated biological ageing. Among the hallmarks of ageing, telomere shortening has emerged as a key feature, driven by multiple molecular pathological pathways linked to T1D onset and progression. This review explores the molecular mechanisms contributing to telomere attrition in T1D, including cytokine-induced β-cell damage, ROS-mediated DNA damage, impaired mitochondrial dynamics, and dysregulated DNA damage response pathways. Empirical evidence supports a consistent association between shortened telomeres and T1D, vascular complications, nephropathy, and mortality in T1D patients. Furthermore, the bidirectional relationship between telomere biology and immune-metabolic stress suggests novel directions for intervention. Understanding these pathways may enhance the predictive value of telomere length as a biomarker and inform targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating premature ageing and disease progression in T1D. Full article

Certain pharmacological properties of the methanolic extract of Justicia secunda Vahl leaves (Acanthaceae) were evaluated in Streptozotocin (STZ)-treated albino mice to confirm whether it could be considered an alternative candidate for the treatment of diabetes. Using qualitative phytochemistry, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins were detected. In an in vitro DPPH antioxidant activity test, high extract concentrations inhibited the radical by 90% during the first minutes of the reaction. The extract presented a slight genoprotective effect on mouse peripheral blood during the last days of the micronucleus test. Oral administration of the extract at a high dose every two days for 6 weeks caused a hypoglycemic effect in STZ-treated mice, protection against weight loss, and decreased blood triglyceride levels from week 3 of treatment. These effects could be mediated by the antioxidant activity of the detected metabolites and, perhaps, by an inhibitory effect on intestinal α-glucosidase. This renders J. secunda a good candidate for the long-term alternative treatment of diabetes without abandoning allopathic therapy. Full article

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of the Indicator Plaster Neuropad in detecting established Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy (DAN). Methods: We studied 180 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM, mean age 49.5 ± 16 years, 82 with DM type 1). All patients underwent the following Cardiovascular Reflex Tests (CARTs): R-R variation during deep breathing (Mean Circular Resultant (MCR) and standard deviation (SD)), Valsalva maneuver, R-R variability after a rapid change from lying to standing position and postural hypotension. The presence of DAN was established if ≥2 CARTs were abnormal. According to the result the patients were divided into two groups, one with DAN and one without DAN. Assessment with Neuropad was performed also in all patients. Results: Abnormal perspiration with Neuropad (uncompleted or no change in color) was detected in 94 patients. Established DAN was detected in 85 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of Neuropad for the diagnosis of established DAN were 87.1%, 78.9% and 82.8%, respectively and area under the curve was 0.846 and 95% CI (0.787, 0.905). Conclusions: Neuropad has high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting established DAN, as defined by ≥2 abnormal CARTs. Full article

Background: Two changes to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) testing were implemented in the Australian Capital Territory in 2015 and 2017. Aims: We aimed to determine the associations between testing regimes and the prevalence of GDM and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants and to compare the prevalence of LGA and SGA infants between women with and without GDM in each testing period. Methods: A total of 23,790 singleton live births with estimated GDM testing and birth dates between June 2012 and December 2019 were stratified into groups: pre-testing changes (June 2012–December 2014, group 1, n = 8069), revised diagnostic criteria (January 2015–May 2017, group 2, n = 8035) and changed pathology centrifugation protocol (June 2017-December 2019, group 3, n = 7686). Women were allocated to groups based on their estimated GDM testing date and stratified by their GDM status. A chi-square test, pairwise z-tests and logistic regression tested the associations. Results: The GDM prevalence significantly increased from 9.5% (group 1) to 19.4% (group 2) to 26.3% (group 3) (all: p < 0.001). The LGA infant prevalence significantly decreased in non-GDM women following revised diagnostic criteria implementation (11.6% vs. 9.7%, p = 0.001). Compared to group 1, women with GDM in groups 2 and 3 had significantly reduced odds of having LGA infants (aOR = 0.73, 95% CI of 0.56–0.95 and p = 0.021 and aOR = 0.75, 95% CI of 0.59–0.97 and p = 0.029, respectively). Compared to group 1, non-GDM women in groups 2 and 3 had significantly reduced odds of having LGA infants (aOR = 0.83, 95% CI of 0.74–0.92 and p < 0.001 and aOR = 0.88, 95% CI of 0.79–0.99 and p = 0.026, respectively). There were no significant associations for group 3 compared to group 2 nor for SGA infants. Conclusions: While significantly increasing the GDM prevalence, implementing the testing changes was associated with a reduced whole-population LGA infant prevalence without a change in the SGA infant prevalence. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can affect glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially during the luteal phase, when increased insulin resistance may lead to prolonged hyperglycemia. Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop (AHCL) systems could help manage these hormone-driven fluctuations. This study aimed to assess glycemic control across menstrual phases and explore the role of AHCL systems in counteracting the related glucose variability. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including women with T1D and regular menstrual cycles (study group) and women on estroprogestin therapy (control group). Each group was subdivided by insulin delivery method (AHCL vs. non-AHCL). Glycemic metrics and insulin requirements were compared between the follicular and luteal phases, and between groups. Results: The study included 94 women (62 in the study group, 32 in the control group). In the study group, glycemic control worsened during the luteal phase, with increased average glucose, glycemic variability, and time above range > 250 mg/dL (+0.93%, p = 0.03) and reduced time in range 70–180 mg/dL. These changes were more pronounced among AHCL users, who also showed a significant increase in bolus insulin. No phase-related differences were observed in the control group or among non-AHCL users. Significantly higher insulin needs during the follicular phase were found in the study group compared with the controls. Conclusions: This study confirmed a worsening in glycemic control in women affected by T1D during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, suggesting a need for more tailored management. The clear efficacy of AHCL systems in counteracting hormone-related glycemic fluctuations has not been proved, highlighting the need for further research in larger, more homogeneous cohorts. Full article

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GIP/GLP-1 RAs) have transformed disease management, particularly in diabetes and obesity. However, recent shortages have disrupted patient care. This review explores the current evidence regarding their direct impact on patient populations and reviews the mitigation strategies recommended by relevant health organizations. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from the earliest available data to 10 January 2025, using these terms: “GLP-1 AND shortage”, “liraglutide AND shortage”, “dulaglutide AND shortage”, “semaglutide AND shortage”, “exenatide AND shortage”, and “tirzepatide AND shortage”. Eligible studies needed to report measurable outcomes like prescription counts, specific laboratory findings, or the proportion of a study population achieving a defined outcome related to the shortage. Only English-language clinical research was considered, while other manuscripts were not included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Study characteristics and findings were summarized in tables. Results: Out of 295 identified manuscripts, 85 works were retained for further screening. Consequently, 8 studies met the inclusion criteria, covering 1036 participants with type 2 diabetes and 573 treated for obesity. In addition, two studies reported prescription prevalence, and one examined prescription counts. Key findings included reduced prescription rates and shifts in treatment practices. No studies assessed impacts on cardiovascular, renal outcomes, or mortality. Discussion and Conclusions: Evidence on the health effects of these shortages is limited. Existing studies highlight disruptions in diabetes and obesity care, but broader impacts remain unclear. Preventing future shortages requires coordinated efforts among all stakeholders. Therefore, we advocate for ethical planning, sustainable production, and fair distribution strategies to mitigate long-term consequences. Full article

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of diabetes underscores the urgent need for non-invasive, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic alternatives. This study presents a breath-based multiclass diabetes classification system leveraging only three gas sensors (CO, alcohol, and acetone) to analyze exhaled breath composition. Methods: Breath samples were collected from 58 participants (22 healthy, 7 prediabetic, and 29 diabetic), with blood glucose levels serving as the reference metric. To enhance classification performance, we introduced a novel biomarker, the alcohol-to-acetone ratio, through a feature engineering approach. Class imbalance was addressed using the Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE), ensuring a balanced dataset for model training. A nested cross-validation framework with 3 outer and 3 inner folds was implemented. Multiple machine learning classifiers were evaluated, with Random Forest and Gradient Boosting emerging as the top-performing models. Results: An ensemble combining both yielded the highest overall performance, achieving an average accuracy of 98.86%, precision of 99.07%, recall of 98.81% and F1 score of 98.87%. These findings highlight the potential of gas sensor-based breath analysis as a highly accurate, scalable, and non-invasive method for diabetes screening. Conclusions: The proposed system offers a promising alternative to blood-based diagnostic approaches, paving the way for real-world applications in point-of-care diagnostics and continuous health monitoring. Full article