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Diabetology
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Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components
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Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components

A special issue of Diabetology (ISSN 2673-4540).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2024) | Viewed by 9644

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Andrej Belančić

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
2. Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology with Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Interests: clinical pharmacology; diabetes; evidence-based medicine; metabolic syndrome; obesity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Bojan Jelaković

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department for Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: nephrology; cardiovascular risk; arterial hypertension
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Martina Matovinović

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Endocrinology, Internal Clinic, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: obesity; diabetes type 2; metabolic syndrome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that the latter constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to extensively investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease.

Bearing this in mind, A. Belančić, M. Matovinović and B. Jelaković are organizing and editing this Special Issue titled “Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components”.

Diabetology (ISSN 2673-4540) is an international, peer-reviewed scientific open access journal that provides an advanced forum for studies related to epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, management, complications, and the prevention of diabetes, including the molecular, biochemical, and physiological aspects of diabetes. In this Special Issue “Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components”, we aim to publish outstanding contributions in the key fields covered by the journal, which will make a great contribution to the community. The complete Special Issue will be published in book format after 10 papers have been published.

Thus, we believe that Diabetology is an excellent platform to support such an overview of current evidence and insights regarding cardiorenometabolic syndrome and its components that we are currently facing or that we will face soon.

We hope that our Special Issue will draw the attention of readers and clinicians in general.

If you would like to publish your article (that fits the scope of the aforementioned Special Issue) feel free to contact the editors or some of the Editorial Board Members of the Diabetology journal. We look forward to the potential collaboration.

Dr. Andrej Belančić
Prof. Dr. Bojan Jelaković
Guest Editors

Dr. Martina Matovinović
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diabetology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metabolic syndrome
  • diabetes
  • cardiovascular diseases

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 612 KiB  
Article
Impact of an Ambulatory Clinical Pharmacy Population Health Initiative on HbA1c Reduction and Value-Based Measures: A Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study
by Savannah Nelson, Tasha A. Butler, Amanda Martinez, Jessica Bianco, Delilah Blanco and Nicholas W. Carris
Diabetology 2024, 5(6), 621-628; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5060045 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 450
Abstract
Background: Studies of pharmacists’ clinical programs have demonstrated improvements in controlling chronic diseases. However, significantly less data are available regarding pharmacist impact in a value-based Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH). The present study assessed a population health initiative to incorporate pharmacists for the [...] Read more.
Background: Studies of pharmacists’ clinical programs have demonstrated improvements in controlling chronic diseases. However, significantly less data are available regarding pharmacist impact in a value-based Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH). The present study assessed a population health initiative to incorporate pharmacists for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in a PCMH. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study of patients with T2D and baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) greater than 9%. Patients were excluded if they received care from an endocrinology provider or were lost to follow-up during the observation window of 1 January 2023 through 31 July 2023. Patients were analyzed in two cohorts: (1) patients who received any outpatient care from a clinical pharmacist (pharmacist cohort) and (2) patients who did not receive any outpatient care from a clinical pharmacist (usual care cohort). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving an HbA1c of less than 8%. Secondary outcomes included blood pressure control and receipt of guideline-directed statin therapy. Results: Ninety-one patients were identified, twenty-nine in the pharmacist cohort and sixty-two in the usual care cohort. The overall population was older (mean age ~66 years), 59% female, and racially diverse (<50% Caucasian). HbA1c less than 8% was achieved in 34% of patients in the pharmacist cohort and 29% of patients in the usual care cohort (p = 0.001). A blood pressure goal of less than 140/90 mmHg was achieved more frequently in the pharmacist cohort (90% vs. 61%, p = 0.006), but guideline-directed statin therapy was similar between groups (90% vs. 79%, p = 0.215). Conclusions: Pharmacists can play an integral role within a PCMH to improve value-based measures for HbA1c and blood pressure control. Further research is needed to assess the impact of pharmacist care on statin use and economic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
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12 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
Potential Impact of Metabolic Syndrome Control on Cardiovascular Risk in Elderly Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Tânia Nascimento, Margarida Espírito-Santo, Adriana Gonçalves, Ezequiel Pinto, Ana Luísa De Sousa-Coelho and Maria Dulce Estêvão
Diabetology 2024, 5(3), 321-332; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5030024 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 986
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS), a complex pathology with features like abnormal body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, contributes to higher cardiovascular (CV) risk. A cross-sectional study including 87 individuals assessed CV risk score in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and MS in [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome (MS), a complex pathology with features like abnormal body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, contributes to higher cardiovascular (CV) risk. A cross-sectional study including 87 individuals assessed CV risk score in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and MS in Algarve, Portugal. The 10-year CV risk score was estimated using the ADVANCE risk score calculator. The reductions in CV risk score were estimated by adjusting the data inputted on the online tool to achieve systolic blood pressure (SBP) <130 or <120 mmHg, and LDL cholesterol <70 mg/dL Beyond waist circumference, the mean number of clinical features of MS was 3.14 ± 0.84, without significant sex differences. The mean CV risk score was 22.5% (CI: 20.3–24.7). Sex-specific analysis showed higher risk score in males (24.2%, CI: 21.3–27.0) vs. females (19.7%, CI: 16.2–23.3; p = 0.028). Hypothetical risk score reductions show that lowering SBP to <130 mmHg could significantly lower the risk score by an average of 9.2% (CI: 7.7–10.7), whereas 34.5% of the participants would be out of the diagnostic criteria for MS. When comparing each potential intervention with current risk score, all interventions significantly reduce the 10-year CV risk score. The study highlights the potential of blood pressure control in reducing CV risk score and the importance of multifaceted risk score reduction strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
16 pages, 2147 KiB  
Article
Do T2DM and Hyperglycaemia Affect the Expression Levels of the Regulating Enzymes of Cellular O-GlcNAcylation in Human Saphenous Vein Smooth Muscle Cells?
by Israel O. Bolanle, Gillian A. Durham, James P. Hobkirk, Mahmoud Loubani, Roger G. Sturmey and Timothy M. Palmer
Diabetology 2024, 5(2), 162-177; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5020013 - 25 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1145
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and reversible glucose-dependent post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on target proteins, has been proposed to promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration events implicated in vein graft failure (VGF). Therefore, targeting the enzymes (glutamine fructose-6P [...] Read more.
Protein O-GlcNAcylation, a dynamic and reversible glucose-dependent post-translational modification of serine and threonine residues on target proteins, has been proposed to promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration events implicated in vein graft failure (VGF). Therefore, targeting the enzymes (glutamine fructose-6P amidotransferase (GFAT), O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and O-GlcNAcase (OGA)) that regulate cellular O-GlcNAcylation could offer therapeutic options to reduce neointimal hyperplasia and venous stenosis responsible for VGF. However, it is unclear how type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hyperglycaemia affect the expression of these enzymes in human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells (HSVSMCs), a key cell type involved in the vascular dysfunction responsible for saphenous VGF. Therefore, our aim was to assess whether T2DM and hyperglycaemia affect GFAT, OGT, and OGA expression levels in HSVSMCs in vitro. Expression levels of GFAT, OGT, and OGA were determined in low-passage HSVSMCs from T2DM and non-T2DM patients, and in HSVSMCs treated for 48 h with hyperglycaemic (10 mM and 25 mM) glucose concentrations, by quantitative immunoblotting. Expression levels of OGT, OGA, and GFAT were not significantly different in HSVSMC lysates from T2DM patients versus non-T2DM controls. In addition, treatment with high glucose concentrations (10 mM and 25 mM) had no significant effect on the protein levels of these enzymes in HSVSMC lysates. From our findings, T2DM and hyperglycaemia do not significantly impact the expression levels of the O-GlcNAcylation-regulating enzymes OGT, OGA, and GFAT in HSVSMCs. This study provides a foundation for future studies to assess the role of O-GlcNAcylation on VGF in T2DM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
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Review

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24 pages, 397 KiB  
Review
Metabolic Syndrome Drug Therapy: The Potential Interplay of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetic Interactions in Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review
by Sandra Knežević, Francesca Filippi-Arriaga, Andrej Belančić, Tamara Božina, Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić and Dinko Vitezić
Diabetology 2024, 5(4), 406-429; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5040031 - 3 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) presents a significant global health challenge, characterized by a cluster of metabolic alterations including obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance/dysglycemia, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Advances in understanding and pharmacotherapy have added complexity to MetS management, particularly concerning drug interactions and pharmacogenetic variations. Limited [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) presents a significant global health challenge, characterized by a cluster of metabolic alterations including obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance/dysglycemia, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Advances in understanding and pharmacotherapy have added complexity to MetS management, particularly concerning drug interactions and pharmacogenetic variations. Limited literature exists on drug–drug–gene interactions (DDGIs) and drug–drug–transporter gene interactions (DDTGIs), which can significantly impact pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, affecting treatment outcomes. This narrative review aims to address the following three key objectives: firstly, shedding a light on the PK metabolism, transport, and the pharmacogenetics (PGx) of medicines most commonly used in the MetS setting (relevant lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensives and antihyperglycemics agents); secondly, exemplifying potential clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions, including drug–drug interactions, DDGIs, and DDTGIs; and, thirdly, describing and discussing their potential roles in clinical practice. This narrative review includes relevant information found with the use of interaction checkers, pharmacogenetic databases, clinical pharmacogenetic practice guidelines, and literature sources, guided by evidence-based medicine principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
10 pages, 253 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Literature Relationship between Psychological Eating Patterns and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome
by Filip Mustač, Martina Matovinović, Tin Galijašević, Maja Škarić, Eva Podolski, Toma Perko and Darko Marčinko
Diabetology 2024, 5(4), 365-374; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5040028 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 989
Abstract
Mental health today includes much more than the treatment of psychiatric disorders. More and more interventions aim to bring mental health support closer to people and psychotherapeutic interventions to people with somatic conditions. Since the treatment of people with metabolic syndrome and diabetes [...] Read more.
Mental health today includes much more than the treatment of psychiatric disorders. More and more interventions aim to bring mental health support closer to people and psychotherapeutic interventions to people with somatic conditions. Since the treatment of people with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2 also requires a change in lifestyle, mental health has a prominent role. This overview paper wants to offer a solution after recognizing the given patterns where psychotherapy certainly has a significant and irreplaceable role. Precisely because of this phenomenon, psychological eating patterns associated with diabetes mellitus and hence metabolic syndrome should be studied, and attempts should be made to uncover patterns in occurrence. The aim of this study is to review the literature and consider the connection among diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and psychological eating patterns such as emotional and compulsive eating, as well as through the lens of food addiction. Furthermore, we have attempted to uncover the role of psychiatry and psychotherapy in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome and delve into the complexity of recognizing these patterns and emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
21 pages, 414 KiB  
Review
Metabolic Syndrome and Pharmacological Interventions in Clinical Development
by Eugen Javor, David Šarčević and Arnes Rešić
Diabetology 2024, 5(3), 300-320; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5030023 - 23 Jul 2024
Viewed by 2333
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome prevalence is between 24 and 27% and poses a significant risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), or other comorbidities. Currently, no drugs are approved for metabolic syndrome treatment itself, so the risk factors are [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome prevalence is between 24 and 27% and poses a significant risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), or other comorbidities. Currently, no drugs are approved for metabolic syndrome treatment itself, so the risk factors are treated with therapies approved for cardiac and metabolic conditions. These are approved drugs for dyslipidemia treatment such as statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, cornerstone antihypertensive drugs, or novel class glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) for T2D and overweight or obesity treatment. We have also evaluated new pharmacological interventions in clinical development that have reached Phase 2 and/or Phase 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for the management of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. In the pipeline are glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GLP-1, glucagon receptor (GCGR), amylin agonists, and a combination of the latter for T2D and overweight or obesity treatment. Non-entero-pancreatic hormone-based therapies such as ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitor, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) agonists, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as activin type II receptors (ActRII) inhibitors, and a combination of anti-α-myostatin (GFD8) and anti-Activin-A (Act-A) mAbs have also reached Phase 2 or 3 RCTs in the same indications. Rilparencel (Renal Autologous Cell Therapy) is being evaluated in patients with T2D and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a Phase 3 trial. For dyslipidemia treatment, novel PCSK9 inhibitors (oral and subcutaneous) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors are in the final stages of clinical development. There is also a surge of a new generation of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeting lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] synthesis pathway that could possibly contribute to a further step forward in the treatment of dyslipidemia. For resistant and uncontrolled hypertension, aldosterone synthase inhibitors and siRNAs targeting angiotensinogen (AGT) messenger RNA (mRNA) are promising new therapeutic options. It would be interesting if a few drugs in clinical development for metabolic syndrome such as 6-bromotryptophan (6-BT), vericiguat, and INV-202 as a peripherally-acting CB1 receptor (CB1r) blocker would succeed in finally gaining the first drug approval for metabolic syndrome itself. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components)
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