Novel Insights into Neuroinflammation and Brain Disease

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Systems Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 138

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
Interests: oxidative stress; inflammation; genetic polymorphisms
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chemokines, a subclass of cytokines, are important modulators of immune activation and inflammation. Autoinflammatory central nervous system illnesses like multiple sclerosis (MS) or its animal counterpart, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), appear to be significantly impacted by the recently identified atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs). In contrast to other receptors, ACKRs function as scavenger receptors rather than appearing to trigger G protein signaling. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) and CXCL are bound by ACKR3, often referred to as CXCR7, one of the four ACKRs that have been identified to date. In the end, its activation allows leukocytes to enter the central nervous system. It also appears to mediate the migration of activated microglia, which have a significant impact on a number of CNS disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain damage, and even mental illnesses. ACKR3 has been demonstrated to be expressed in many parts of the brain in animal models, with an increase seen in cases of inflammation, such as EAE.

Additionally, ACKR3 elevations were observed in human astrocytes with cytokine stimulation or hypoxia induction. Only one study has examined ACKR3 to date.

Dr. Vlad Pădureanu
Dr. Ana-Maria Buga
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • oxidative stress
  • multiple sclerosis
  • stroke
  • neuroinflammation
  • cytokines
  • genetic polymorphisms
  • brain diseases

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

16 pages, 479 KiB  
Review
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Narrative Review
by Vlad Pădureanu, Dalia Dop, Rodica Pădureanu, Denisa Floriana Vasilica Pîrșcoveanu, Gabriela Olaru, Ioana Streata and Ana Maria Bugă
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050518 - 18 May 2025
Abstract
Antibodies against the NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor are linked to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, a type of encephalitis that mainly affects women. Clinicians who treat patients of all ages should be aware of this type of encephalitis since it [...] Read more.
Antibodies against the NR1 or NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor are linked to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis, a type of encephalitis that mainly affects women. Clinicians who treat patients of all ages should be aware of this type of encephalitis since it may be a treatable differential for symptoms and indicators observed in neurology and psychiatric clinics. Auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, altered behavior (often accompanied by agitation), reduced consciousness, motor disruption (from dyskinesia to catatonia), seizures, and autonomic dysfunction are typical clinical characteristics. In recent years, the incidence of autoimmune encephalitis diagnoses has markedly risen among adults, children, and adolescents. This fact is unequivocally connected to the dynamic evolution of novel diagnostic techniques and the advancement of medical knowledge. A specific variant of this illness is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Psychiatrists frequently serve as the initial specialists to treat patients with this diagnosis, owing to the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms associated with the condition. The differential diagnosis is quite challenging and predominantly relies on the patient’s history and the manifestation of characteristic clinical signs. Given its high prevalence, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis should be included in the differential diagnosis in routine psychiatric treatment. We provide an overview of the research on the condition, covering its prognosis, management, epidemiology, differential diagnosis, and clinical presentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Neuroinflammation and Brain Disease)
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