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Biomolecules
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Photobiomodulation for Parkinson's Disease
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Photobiomodulation for Parkinson's Disease

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2020) | Viewed by 15823

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. John Mitrofanis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Anatomy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Interests: Parkinson's disease; basal ganglia circuitry; neuroprotection; thalamocortical pathways; retinal structure and organisation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with cardinal signs of resting tremor, akinesia, bradykinesia, lead-pipe rigidity, and postural instability. Two key features of the disease are that there is a rather targeted degeneration of a particular neurotransmitter system (i.e., dopaminergic) and that this degeneration is progressive, with more and more neurones dying over time. The current treatments are effective in treating motor signs, but not, however, in slowing the relentless progression of the degeneration. Recently, photobiomodulation—the use of red to near-infrared light on body tissues—has been reported to slow this neurodegeneration in a range of animal models, from flies to monkeys. There are also some encouraging, early reports that photobiomodulation results in many beneficial outcomes in patients. This Special Issue will explore various aspects of this new and exciting treatment in animal models and in patients, building on the template of findings needed to develop this treatment into a viable therapeutic option for patients. 

Prof. John Mitrofanis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomolecules is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Parkinson's disease
  • neurodegeneration
  • neuroprotection
  • microbiome
  • dopamine
  • red to near-infrared light
  • animal models
  • patients
  • fMRI

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 3873 KiB  
Article
Photobiomodulation Mitigates Cerebrovascular Leakage Induced by the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP
by Mia San Miguel, Kristy L. Martin, Jonathan Stone and Daniel M. Johnstone
Biomolecules 2019, 9(10), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100564 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3342
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it specifically damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Recent studies in mice have, however, provided evidence that MPTP also compromises the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. Photobiomodulation (PBM), the irradiation of [...] Read more.
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it specifically damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Recent studies in mice have, however, provided evidence that MPTP also compromises the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. Photobiomodulation (PBM), the irradiation of tissue with low-intensity red light, mitigates MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, but whether PBM also mitigates MPTP-induced damage to the cerebrovasculature has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize the time course of cerebrovascular disruption following MPTP exposure and to determine whether PBM can mitigate this disruption. Young adult male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 80 mg/kg MPTP or isotonic saline and perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC-labelled albumin at various time points post-injection. By 7 days post-injection, there was substantial and significant leakage of FITC-labelled albumin into both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; p < 0.0001) and the caudate-putamen complex (CPu; p ≤ 0.0003); this leakage partly subsided by 14 days post-injection. Mice that were injected with MPTP and treated with daily transcranial PBM (670 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 3 min/day), commencing 24 h after MPTP injection, showed significantly less leakage of FITC-labelled albumin in both the SNc (p < 0.0001) and CPu (p = 0.0003) than sham-treated MPTP mice, with levels of leakage that were not significantly different from saline-injected controls. In summary, this study confirms that MPTP damages the brain’s vasculature, delineates the time course of leakage induced by MPTP out to 14 days post-injection, and provides the first direct evidence that PBM can mitigate this leakage. These findings provide new understanding of the use of the MPTP mouse model as an experimental tool and highlight the potential of PBM as a therapeutic tool for reducing vascular dysfunction in neurological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photobiomodulation for Parkinson's Disease)
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20 pages, 5109 KiB  
Article
Effect of Photobiomodulation in Rescuing Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Loss in the Male Sprague–Dawley Rat
by Jayden A. O’Brien and Paul J. Austin
Biomolecules 2019, 9(8), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080381 - 19 Aug 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3661
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) provides neuroprotection against dopaminergic cell death and associated motor deficits in rodent and primate models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it has not yet been tested in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of PD, which leads to dopaminergic cell death through microglia-evoked [...] Read more.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) provides neuroprotection against dopaminergic cell death and associated motor deficits in rodent and primate models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it has not yet been tested in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of PD, which leads to dopaminergic cell death through microglia-evoked neuroinflammation. We investigated whether transcranial PBM could protect against dopaminergic cell death within the substantia nigra in male Sprague–Dawley rats following supranigral LPS injection. PBM fully protected rats from 10 µg LPS which would have otherwise caused 15% cell loss, but there was no significant neuroprotection at a 20 µg dose that led to a 50% lesion. Cell loss at this dose varied according to the precise site of injection and correlated with increased local numbers of highly inflammatory amoeboid microglia. Twenty microgram LPS caused motor deficits in the cylinder, adjusted stepping and rotarod tests that correlated with dopaminergic cell loss. While PBM caused no significant improvement at the group level, motor performance on all three tests no longer correlated with the lesion size caused by 20 µg LPS in PBM-treated rats, suggesting extranigral motor improvements in some animals. These results provide support for PBM as a successful neuroprotective therapy against the inflammatory component of early PD, provided inflammation has not reached a devastating level, as well as potential benefits in other motor circuitries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photobiomodulation for Parkinson's Disease)
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Review

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19 pages, 762 KiB  
Review
Photobiomodulation for Parkinson’s Disease in Animal Models: A Systematic Review
by Farzad Salehpour and Michael R Hamblin
Biomolecules 2020, 10(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040610 - 15 Apr 2020
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7180
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) might be an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in human patients. PBM of the brain uses red or near infrared light delivered from a laser or an LED at relatively low power densities, onto the head (or other body parts) [...] Read more.
Photobiomodulation (PBM) might be an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in human patients. PBM of the brain uses red or near infrared light delivered from a laser or an LED at relatively low power densities, onto the head (or other body parts) to stimulate the brain and prevent degeneration of neurons. PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra deep within the brain. PD is a movement disorder that also shows various other symptoms affecting the brain and other organs. Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy or electrical deep brain stimulation. The present systematic review covers reports describing the use of PBM to treat laboratory animal models of PD, in an attempt to draw conclusions about the best choice of parameters and irradiation techniques. There have already been clinical trials of PBM reported in patients, and more are expected in the coming years. PBM is particularly attractive as it is a non-pharmacological treatment, without any major adverse effects (and very few minor ones). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photobiomodulation for Parkinson's Disease)
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