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Antioxidants
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New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food
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New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 50280

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sara Jaramillo-Carmona

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
Interests: phytochemicals; bioactivity; food quality; nutrition; olive oil; fatty acids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rafael Guillén Bejarano

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Phytochemicals and Food Quality Group, Department of Food Phytochemistry, CSIC—Instituto de la Grasa (IG), 41013 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: phytochemicals; by-products; food ingredients; biological activities; circular economy; saponins; antioxidants; dietary fiber; asparagus; walnut; date fruit; olive
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sergio López

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
Interests: nutrition; cardiovascular diseases; lipid metabolism; cell signaling; traffic membranes; protein sorting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oxidative stress is thought to play a role in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and eye diseases such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. Several decades of dietary research findings suggest that consuming greater amounts of antioxidant-rich foods might help to protect against diseases.

The amount and type of antioxidants present in food depend on genetic factors (species and varieties), as well as on environmental ones such as cultivation or breeding conditions, time of collection, processing and storage of the final food. Studying the best combination of these factors to optimize the antioxidant content is a very relevant subject.

The preponderant agronomic practices in recent decades have led to a significant decrease in agrobiodiversity. In fact, 75% of world plant food is generated only from 12 species. This loss of agrobiodiversity has dramatically decreased the content and variety of antioxidant compounds in our diet. Consequently, the search for antioxidant compounds in so-called minor and under-utilized crops, even wild species, and the study of their applications in the field of functional foods and nutraceuticals deserve attention.

The aim of this Special Issue is to enrich the knowledge about the development of better methods for the isolation and purification of antioxidants from their respective sources. Furthermore, the systematic screening of the antioxidant activity and the biological activity of the plant food, providing new insights into the preservation of biodiversity, are welcome.

We encourage researchers to submit their original research and review articles that report results in the field of phytochemical antioxidants in food, with effects on different aspects of applied research, and particular attention paid to advancements in the identification of new cultivars or nutraceutical food to improve quantity and quality, creating a gene pool as the basis of future adaptation. Furthermore, studies that indicate the relationship between certain crops’ consumption and the lower incidence of diseases are welcome.

Dr. Sara Jaramillo-Carmona
Guest Editor

Dr. Rafael Guillén Bejarano
Dr. Sergio López
Co-Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Antioxidants
  • Biodiversity
  • Plant food
  • Germoplasm
  • Health

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Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1216 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Moringa oleifera Food Supplements
by Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez, Ana I. Gordo-Moreno, María Luisa Fernández-de Córdova and Antonio Ruiz-Medina
Antioxidants 2023, 12(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010110 - 02 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2205
Abstract
Moringa oleifera has been reported to possess a high number of bioactive compounds; hence, several food supplements are commercially available based on it. This work aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial food supplements. The phenolic composition of methanolic [...] Read more.
Moringa oleifera has been reported to possess a high number of bioactive compounds; hence, several food supplements are commercially available based on it. This work aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of commercial food supplements. The phenolic composition of methanolic extracts was determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn), and the antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS·+ and DPPH assays. Thirty-three compounds were identified, and all the main compounds were quantified, observing that the main contribution to the phenolic profile was due to kaempferol and quercetin glucosides. The antioxidant activity in both assays agreed with the phenolic content: the higher the phenolic levels, the higher the antioxidant activity. The obtained results were compared with those previously published regarding Moringa oleifera leaves to establish the potential benefits of food supplement consumption in the diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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20 pages, 3449 KiB  
Article
Profiling of Redox-Active Lipophilic Constituents in Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) Cultivars Using LC-MS and GC-MS
by Ramesh Kumar Saini, Ji-Woo Yu, Min-Ho Song, Hui-Yeon Ahn, Jung-Hoon Lee, Young-Soo Keum and Ji-Ho Lee
Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122464 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1272
Abstract
Leaf mustard is an important commercial and culinary vegetable. However, only limited information is available on the content and composition of the nutritionally important lipophilic constituents in these leaves. This research presents information on the contents and composition of carotenoids, tocols, phytosterols, and [...] Read more.
Leaf mustard is an important commercial and culinary vegetable. However, only limited information is available on the content and composition of the nutritionally important lipophilic constituents in these leaves. This research presents information on the contents and composition of carotenoids, tocols, phytosterols, and fatty acids in four cultivars of leaf mustard. The carotenoids and tocols were analyzed utilizing liquid chromatography (LC)–mass spectrometry (MS) with single ion monitoring (SIM), while phytosterols and fatty acids were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)–MS and GC-flame ionization detection (FID), respectively. The LC-MS results revealed the dominance of (all-E)-lutein, within the range of 37.12 (cv. Asia Curled)—43.54% (cv. Jeok) of the total carotenoids. The highest amount of all of the individual carotenoids and total carotenoids (143.85 µg/g fresh weight; FW) were recorded in cv. Cheong. Among the studied leaf samples, 67.16 (cv. Asia Curled)—83.42 µg/g FW (cv. Cheong) of α-tocopherol was recorded. Among the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most dominant one among the studied mustard leaves, accounting for 80.42 (cv. Jeok)—83.14% (cv. Red frill) of the total phytosterols. The fatty acid analysis revealed the presence of a significant amount of rare hexadecatrienoic acid (C16:3n3) in the studied mustard leaves, which accounted for 27.17 (cv. Asia Curled)—32.59% (cv. Red frill) of the total fatty acids. Overall, the cv. Cheong represented the highest contents of carotenoids, tocols, and phytosterols. Moreover, cv. Red frill contains the highest amount of n-3 PUFAs and antioxidant compounds. Thus, these cultivars can be promoted in cuisines which can be eaten to obtain the highest health benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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22 pages, 2173 KiB  
Article
Phenolics and Volatile Compounds of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Seeds and Their Sprouts Prevent Oxidative DNA Damage and Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats
by Hassan Barakat, Ibrahim Ali Alkabeer, Thamer Aljutaily, Mona S. Almujaydil, Reham M. Algheshairy, Raghad M. Alhomaid, Abdulkarim S. Almutairi and Ahmed Mohamed
Antioxidants 2022, 11(12), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122318 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2834
Abstract
Researchers recently focused on studying the nutritional and functional qualities of sprouts generated from seeds. The current study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), total flavonols (TFL), antioxidant activity (AOA), specific phenolic acids, and volatile chemicals in fennel seeds (FS) [...] Read more.
Researchers recently focused on studying the nutritional and functional qualities of sprouts generated from seeds. The current study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), total flavonols (TFL), antioxidant activity (AOA), specific phenolic acids, and volatile chemicals in fennel seeds (FS) and fennel seed sprouts (FSS). The oxidative DNA damage prevention activity of selected FS and FSS extracts against DNA was examined. Consequently, the antioxidative stress potential of FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kg−1 on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats weas investigated. The liver’s functions and oxidative stress biomarkers in rat blood were examined. FSS exhibited rich phytochemical content such as TPC, TF, TFL, and AOA with altered phenolics and volatiles. HPLC identified nineteen compounds of phenolic acids and their derivatives in FS. Thirteen phenolics and six flavonoids were predominantly identified as Vanillic acid and Kaempferol, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified fifty and fifty-one components in FS and FSS, respectively. The predominant component was Benzene, [1-(2-propenyloxy)-3-butenyl] (trans-Anethole) (38.41%), followed by trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)) (23.65%), Fenchone (11.18%), and 1,7-Octadiene, 2-methyl-6-methylene- Cyclohexene (7.17%). Interestingly, α-Pinene, Fenchone, trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)), 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde (4-Anisaldehyde), Benzeneacetic acid, α-hydroxy-4-methoxy, and Nonacosane contents were increased. While Dillapiole, 7-Octadecenoic acid, and methyl ester were newly identified and quantified in FSS. The oxidative DNA damage prevention capability of FSS and FS extracts indicated remarkable DNA protection. Administrating FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kg−1 ameliorated AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as GSH, CAT, MDA, and SOD, in a dose-dependent manner. The most efficient treatment of FS or FSS was using a dose of 600 mg Kg−1, which recorded an improvement rate of 20.77 and 24.17, 20.36 and 24.92, and 37.49 and 37.90% for ALT, AST, and ALP, respectively. While an improvement rate of 40.08 and 37.87%, 37.17 and 46.52%, 114.56 and 154.13%, and 66.05 and 69.69% for GSH, DMA, CAT, and SOD compared to the CCl4-group, respectively. The observed protection is associated with increased phenolics and volatiles in F. vulgare. Therefore, FS and FSS are recommended as functional foods with bioactive functionality, health-promoting properties, and desired prevention capabilities that may help prevent oxidative stress-related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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24 pages, 6203 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant, Anti-α-Glucosidase, Antityrosinase, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bioactive Components from Morus alba
by Jui-Hung Hsu, Chang-Syun Yang and Jih-Jung Chen
Antioxidants 2022, 11(11), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112222 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2280
Abstract
The root bark of Morus alba L. (Mori Cortex) is used to treat diuresis and diabetes in Chinese traditional medicine. We evaluated different solvent extracts and bioactive components from the root bark of Morus alba L. for their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.
The root bark of Morus alba L. (Mori Cortex) is used to treat diuresis and diabetes in Chinese traditional medicine. We evaluated different solvent extracts and bioactive components from the root bark of Morus alba L. for their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Acetone extract showed potent antioxidant activity, with SC50 values of 242.33 ± 15.78 and 129.28 ± 10.53 µg/mL in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively. Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the strongest anti-α-glucosidase activity, with IC50 values of 3.87 ± 1.95 and 5.80 ± 2.29 μg/mL, respectively. In the antityrosinase assay, the acetone extract showed excellent activity, with an IC50 value of 7.95 ± 1.54 μg/mL. In the anti-inflammatory test, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts showed significant anti-nitric oxide (NO) activity, with IC50 values of 10.81 ± 1.41 and 12.00 ± 1.32 μg/mL, respectively. The content of the active compounds in the solvent extracts was examined and compared by HPLC analysis. Six active compounds were isolated and evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory properties. Morin (1) and oxyresveratrol (3) exhibited effective antioxidant activities in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Additionally, oxyresveratrol (3) and kuwanon H (6) showed the highest antityrosinase and anti-α-glucosidase activities among all isolates. Morusin (2) demonstrated more significant anti-NO and anti-iNOS activities than the positive control, quercetin. Our study suggests that the active extracts and components from root bark of Morus alba should be further investigated as promising candidates for the treatment or prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases, hyperglycemia, and pigmentation disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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15 pages, 1295 KiB  
Article
Household Processing Methods and Their Impact on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Sweetpotato Genotypes of Varying Storage Root Flesh Colours
by Flora C. Amagloh, Archileo N. Kaaya, Gaston A. Tumuhimbise, Arnold Katungisa, Francis K. Amagloh and Benard Yada
Antioxidants 2022, 11(10), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101867 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1469
Abstract
Sweetpotato storage roots, peeled and unpeeled, of varying flesh colours (white, cream, yellow, pale orange, deep orange, and purple) were spectrophotometrically evaluated for their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. Roots were boiled, steamed, baked, fried, or microwaved. The unpeeled roots had relatively higher [...] Read more.
Sweetpotato storage roots, peeled and unpeeled, of varying flesh colours (white, cream, yellow, pale orange, deep orange, and purple) were spectrophotometrically evaluated for their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities. Roots were boiled, steamed, baked, fried, or microwaved. The unpeeled roots had relatively higher (p < 0.001) bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities than the peeled ones. All cooking methods increased phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in all genotypes. Significant losses of total carotenoids occurred with all cooking methods (ranging from 24.18 to 172.76 µg/g in raw sweetpotatoes vs. 10.06 to 118.17 µg/g in cooked ones; p < 0.001), except the deep-orange-fleshed genotype, in which frying slightly increased carotenoids from 269.81 to 304.74 µg/g. Microwaving retained 69% vitamin C in the cream-fleshed one, the highest among the cooking methods. Anthocyanins decreased with baking and frying in the purple-fleshed one but increased with other methods; microwaving being highest at 13.9% (17.43 mg/g). While the 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid antioxidant activity decreased with all cooking techniques in some genotypes, ferricyanide-reducing antioxidant potential increased. The retention of bioactive compounds in sweetpotato storage roots depends on the processing method. Thus, to obtain the most health benefits, consumers should use different cooking methods but retain the peels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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16 pages, 2658 KiB  
Article
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Effects on Water-Level Deficits on Tomato Polyphenol Composition, Nutritional Quality and Antioxidant Capacity
by Ning Jin, Li Jin, Shuya Wang, Xin Meng, Xianglan Ma, Xianxia He, Guobing Zhang, Shilei Luo, Jian Lyu and Jihua Yu
Antioxidants 2022, 11(8), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081585 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Tomatoes have high nutritional value and abundant bioactive compounds. Moderate water deficit irrigation alters metabolic levels of fruits, improving composition and quality. We investigated the effects of water deficit (T1, T2, T3, and T4) treatments and adequate irrigation (CK) on tomato polyphenol composition, [...] Read more.
Tomatoes have high nutritional value and abundant bioactive compounds. Moderate water deficit irrigation alters metabolic levels of fruits, improving composition and quality. We investigated the effects of water deficit (T1, T2, T3, and T4) treatments and adequate irrigation (CK) on tomato polyphenol composition, antioxidant capacity, and nutritional quality. Compared with CK, the total flavonoid content increased by 33.66% and 44.73% in T1 and T2, and total phenols increased by 57.64%, 72.22%, and 55.78% in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The T2 treatment significantly enhanced antioxidant’ capacities (ABTS, HSRA, FRAP, and DPPH). There were multiple groups of significant or extremely significant positive correlations between polyphenol components and antioxidant activity. For polyphenols and antioxidant capacity, the classification models divided the treatments: CK and T4 and T1–T3. The contents of soluble solids, soluble protein, vitamin C, and soluble sugar of the treatment groups were higher than those of CK. The soluble sugar positively correlated with sugar–acid ratios. In the PCA-based model, T3 in the first quadrant indicated the best treatment in terms of nutritional quality. Overall, comprehensive rankings using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed T2 > T1 > T3 > T4 > CK. Therefore, the T2 treatment is a suitable for improving quality and antioxidant capacity. This study provides novel insights into improving water-use efficiency and quality in the context of water scarcity worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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14 pages, 905 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Phytochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra L.) Fruits from Turkey
by Sona Skrovankova, Sezai Ercisli, Gursel Ozkan, Gulce Ilhan, Halil Ibrahim Sagbas, Neva Karatas, Tunde Jurikova and Jiri Mlcek
Antioxidants 2022, 11(7), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071339 - 08 Jul 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits are known due to their delicious, sweet and slightly acid flavor and high anthocyanin content. In the present study, the diversity of phytochemical, sensory, and antioxidant characteristics of the fruits of 20 black mulberry genotypes, from [...] Read more.
Black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) fruits are known due to their delicious, sweet and slightly acid flavor and high anthocyanin content. In the present study, the diversity of phytochemical, sensory, and antioxidant characteristics of the fruits of 20 black mulberry genotypes, from the Artvin region of Turkey, were evaluated. As important phytochemical assessments in fruits, we chromatographically (HPLC/DAD) determined glucose (7.22 to 11.10 g/100 g fresh weight (fw)) and fructose content (6.32 and 9.94 g/100 g fw), as well as predominant organic acid in black mulberry genotypes fruits—malic acid (6.02–11.44 g/100 g fw), followed by citric acid. Titrative determination was used for ascorbic acid, finding contents of 17.41–28.33 mg/100 g fw. There was found a great diversity of sensory (taste, juiciness, and aroma) characteristics, indicating a richness of the fruit germplasm. Antioxidant parameters, such as total phenolic (TP) and anthocyanin (TA) content, were assessed spectrometrically; antioxidant activity (AA) was assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays; individual flavonoids and phenolic acids were determined chromatographically (HPLC/DAD). Antioxidant characteristics of the fruits, defined by TP and TA content, ranged from 1951 to 2733 μg GAE/g fw and 508–712 μg C3GE/g fw, respectively. The most abundant compounds of flavonoids and phenolic acids groups were determined to be rutin (47.10–97.20 mg/100 g fw) and chlorogenic acid (51.3–90.8 mg/100 g fw). AA results, measured by the DPPH method as EC50 value, ranged between 16.10 and 25.45 μg/mL; a FRAP assay revealed values of AA between 9.80 and 13.22 μmol TE/g fw. Significant differences in phytochemical and antioxidant qualities were observed among the analyzed M. nigra genotypes. Regarding the best values of phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics, three genotypes of M. nigra were selected to be recommended for fruit production. The results thus highlight the potential for the exploitation of local black mulberry genotypes through crop selection and breeding program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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19 pages, 1274 KiB  
Article
Colorant Pigments, Nutrients, Bioactive Components, and Antiradical Potential of Danta Leaves (Amaranthus lividus)
by Umakanta Sarker, Md. Asif Iqbal, Md. Nazmul Hossain, Shinya Oba, Sezai Ercisli, Crina Carmen Muresan and Romina Alina Marc
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061206 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3337
Abstract
In the Indian subcontinent, danta (stems) of underutilized amaranth are used as vegetables in different culinary dishes. At the edible stage of the danta, leaves are discarded as waste in the dustbin because they are overaged. For the first time, we assessed the [...] Read more.
In the Indian subcontinent, danta (stems) of underutilized amaranth are used as vegetables in different culinary dishes. At the edible stage of the danta, leaves are discarded as waste in the dustbin because they are overaged. For the first time, we assessed the colorant pigments, bioactive components, nutrients, and antiradical potential (AP) of the leaves of danta to valorize the by-product (leaf) for antioxidant, nutritional, and pharmacological uses. Leaves of danta were analyzed for proximate and element compositions, colorant pigments, bioactive constituents, AP (DPPH), and AP (ABTS+). Danta leaves had satisfactory moisture, protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber. The chosen danta leaves contained satisfactory magnesium, iron, calcium, potassium, manganese, copper, and zinc; adequate bioactive pigments, such as betacyanins, carotenoids, betalains, β-carotene, chlorophylls, and betaxanthins; and copious bioactive ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, and AP. The correlation coefficient indicated that bioactive phytochemicals and colorant pigments of the selected danta leaves had good AP as assessed via ABTS+ and DPPH assays. The selected danta leaves had good ROS-scavenging potential that could indicate massive possibilities for promoting the health of the nutraceutical- and antioxidant-deficit public. The findings showed that danta leaves are a beautiful by-product for contributing as an alternate origin of antioxidants, nutrients, and bioactive compounds with pharmacological use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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20 pages, 3312 KiB  
Article
Variability of Anthocyanin Concentrations, Total Metabolite Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Adzuki Bean Cultivars
by Kebede Taye Desta, Hyemyeong Yoon, Myoung-Jae Shin, Sukyeung Lee, Xiao-Han Wang, Yu-Mi Choi and Jung-Yoon Yi
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061134 - 09 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1820
Abstract
In this study, adzuki bean cultivars including Arari, Chilbopat, Geomguseul, and Hongeon were recently cultivated, and the concentrations of seven individual anthocyanins were determined in their seed coats for the first time. Moreover, the variations of total saponin content (TSC), total phenolic content [...] Read more.
In this study, adzuki bean cultivars including Arari, Chilbopat, Geomguseul, and Hongeon were recently cultivated, and the concentrations of seven individual anthocyanins were determined in their seed coats for the first time. Moreover, the variations of total saponin content (TSC), total phenolic content (TPC), 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) between defatted and undefatted extracts of whole seeds, seed coats, and dehulled seeds of each were analyzed. The anthocyanins were detected only in the black seed-coated cultivars and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside was dominant in both Geomguseul (12.46 mg/g) and Chilbopat (10.88 mg/g) followed by delphinidin-3-O-galactoside. TSC and TPC were in the ranges of 16.20–944.78 mg DE/g and 0.80–57.35 mg GAE/g, respectively, and each decreased in the order of seed coats > whole seeds > dehulled seeds regardless of extract type. The antioxidant activities also showed similar patterns of variation. Geomguseul seed coats outweighed the remaining cultivars in terms of TPC and FRAP activity (p < 0.05). Generally, significant variations of metabolite contents and antioxidant activities were observed between cultivars and across their seed parts (p < 0.05). Thence, black seed-coated adzuki beans could be excellent sources of anthocyanins and antioxidants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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15 pages, 331 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Phytochemicals, Nutrients, and Antiradical Potential in Slim Amaranth
by Umakanta Sarker, Shinya Oba, Walaa F. Alsanie and Ahmed Gaber
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061089 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2132
Abstract
Slim amaranth (A. hybridus) having a C4 photosynthetic pathway with diverse variability is a climate-resilient crop that tolerates abiotic stresses. Owing to the high productivity of the C4 pathway, we have been searching for suitable accessions as preferable high-yielding antioxidant-enriched cultivars [...] Read more.
Slim amaranth (A. hybridus) having a C4 photosynthetic pathway with diverse variability is a climate-resilient crop that tolerates abiotic stresses. Owing to the high productivity of the C4 pathway, we have been searching for suitable accessions as preferable high-yielding antioxidant-enriched cultivars with ample bioactive compounds, or for future breeding programs to improve bioactive compounds as a source of natural antioxidants. Twelve slim amaranth accessions were tested for nutraceuticals, phytopigments, radical scavenging capacity (two different assays), vitamins, total flavonoids, and total polyphenols content. Slim amaranth leaves contained ample dietary fiber, protein, moisture, and carbohydrates. The current investigation demonstrated that there was remarkable K, Ca, Mg (8.86, 26.12, and 29.31), Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, (1192.22, 275.42, 26.13, and 1069.93), TP, TF (201.36 and 135.70), pigments, such as chlorophyll a, ab, and b, (26.28, 38.02, and 11.72), betalains, betaxanthins, betacyanins (78.90, 39.36, 39.53,), vitamin C (1293.65), β-carotene, total carotenoids, (1242.25, 1641.07), and TA (DPPH, ABTS+) (27.58, 50.55) in slim amaranth leaves. The widespread variations were observed across the studied accessions. The slim amaranth accessions, AH11, AH10, and AH12, exhibited high profiles of antioxidants including high potentiality to quench radicals and can be selected as preferable high-yielding antioxidant-enriched cultivars with ample bioactive compounds. Phytopigments, flavonoids, vitamins, and phenolics of slim amaranth leaves showed intense activity of antioxidants. Slim amaranth could be a potential source of proximate phenolics, minerals, phytopigments, vitamins, and flavonoids for gaining adequate nutraceuticals, bioactive components, and potent antioxidants. Moderate yielding accessions having moderate phytochemicals can be used to develop new high-yielding antioxidant-enriched cultivars for future breeding programs to improve bioactive compounds as a source of natural antioxidants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
15 pages, 2895 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Azorean Camellia sinensis Processing Conditions to Maximize the Theaflavin 3,3′-di-O-Gallate Content as a Potential Antiviral Compound
by Lisete Paiva, Elisabete Lima, Madalena Motta, Massimo Marcone and José Baptista
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061066 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1506
Abstract
The molecular constituents of Camellia sinensis, in particular epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and, more remarkably, the galloylated theaflavins, mainly theaflavin-3,3′-di-O-gallate (TF-3,3′-DG), have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme required for the cleavage of its [...] Read more.
The molecular constituents of Camellia sinensis, in particular epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and, more remarkably, the galloylated theaflavins, mainly theaflavin-3,3′-di-O-gallate (TF-3,3′-DG), have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), an enzyme required for the cleavage of its polyproteins, to produce vital individual functional proteins for viral cell replication. Our results for total catechin content revealed the values of 174.72, 200.90, and 211.75 mg/g dry weight (DW) in spring, and the values of 183.59, 191.36, and 215.09 mg/g DW in summer, for tea plantation zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For the TF-3,3′-DG content, the values of 2.68, 1.13, and 3.72 mg/g DW were observed in spring, and the values of 3.78, 2.06, and 8.91 mg/g DW in summer for zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In the same zone, different contents of TF-3,3′-DG were observed across plucking months of April, June, and August, with values of 1.13, 2.77, and 4.18 mg/g DW, respectively, showing higher values in summer. Different values of TF-3,3′-DG contents were also observed in the same tea plantation zone but from different plant parts, revealing higher values in the bud and the first and second leaves (3.62 mg/g DW) and lower values in the third and fourth leaves (1.14 mg/g DW). The TF-3,3′-DG content increased from 3.31 to 4.98 mg/g DW with increased fermentation time from 1 to 3 h, respectively, and increased for lower temperature and longer fermentation time. The aim of this study was to investigate the processing conditions that lead to maximum TF-3,3′-DG content and, given its potential impact as an inhibitor of the 3CLpro enzyme, to create a novel antiviral Azorean black tea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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17 pages, 528 KiB  
Article
Assessment of a Diterpene-Rich Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract as a Natural Antioxidant for Salmon Pâté Formulated with Linseed
by Cristina Cedeño-Pinos, Magdalena Martínez-Tomé, Dario Mercatante, María Teresa Rodríguez-Estrada and Sancho Bañón
Antioxidants 2022, 11(6), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061057 - 26 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2411
Abstract
The use of natural plant extracts with standardised antioxidant properties is a growing strategy to stabilise food products. The use of a rosemary lipophilic extract (RLE), obtained from the by-product of high-yield selected plants and rich in polyphenols (334 mg/g, with diterpenes such [...] Read more.
The use of natural plant extracts with standardised antioxidant properties is a growing strategy to stabilise food products. The use of a rosemary lipophilic extract (RLE), obtained from the by-product of high-yield selected plants and rich in polyphenols (334 mg/g, with diterpenes such as carnosic acid and carnosol as main compounds), is here proposed. Four RLE doses (0, 0.21, 0.42 and 0.63 g/kg) were tested in a salmon pâté formulated with sunflower oil and linseed, which was pasteurised (70 °C for 30 min) and subjected to storage at 4 °C and 600 lux for 42 days. Rosemary diterpenes resisted pasteurisation without degrading and showed antioxidant activities during the shelf-life of pasteurised pâté. RLE addition led to increased peroxide value (from 3.9 to 5.4 meq O2/kg), but inhibited formation of secondary oxidised lipids such as malondialdehyde (from 1.55 to 0.89 mg/g) and cholesterol oxidation products (from 286 to 102 µg/100 g) and avoided discolouration (slight brownness) in the refrigerated pâté. However, this did not entail relevant changes in fatty acid content or in the abundance of volatile organic compounds from oxidised lipids. Increasing the RLE dose only improved its antioxidant efficacy for some oxidation indexes. Thus, the oxidative deterioration of these types of fish emulsion can be naturally controlled with rosemary extracts rich in diterpenes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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21 pages, 1846 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Amino Acids, Phenolic Compounds Profiling from Nine Rice Varieties and Their Antioxidant Potential
by Akanksha Tyagi, Min-Jin Lim, Nam-Hyeon Kim, Kaliyan Barathikannan, Selvakumar Vijayalakshmi, Fazle Elahi, Hun-Ju Ham and Deog-Hwan Oh
Antioxidants 2022, 11(5), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050839 - 25 Apr 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2447
Abstract
In recent years, the health benefits of the pigmented rice varieties have been reported due to the richness of their bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study evaluated the antioxidant, total flavonoid, total phenolic, anthocyanin content, amino acid and individual phenolic compound quantification of nine [...] Read more.
In recent years, the health benefits of the pigmented rice varieties have been reported due to the richness of their bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study evaluated the antioxidant, total flavonoid, total phenolic, anthocyanin content, amino acid and individual phenolic compound quantification of nine Korean-grown rice varieties using spectrophotometric, HPLC-FLD-MS/MS and UHPLC Q-TOF-MS/MS methods. Our research found that the free fractions of DM29 (red rice) had the highest free radical scavenging ability of ABTS and DPPH. In contrast, the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power was observed in the 01708 brown rice variety. The majority of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid and genistein were found in the DM29 sample. The phenolic content of rice varies depending on its color, with DM29 red rice having the highest TPC, TFC and TAC levels. At the same time, the presence of the majority of amino acids was quantified in the 01708 and GR (Gangwon) brown rice varieties. According to this study, colored rice varieties are high in amino acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidants. This research would be beneficial in furthering our understanding of the nutritional value of different colors of rice and their high potential as a natural antioxidant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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20 pages, 2629 KiB  
Article
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Juice Precipitate Pigmentation Is Mainly Polymeric Colors and Has Limited Impact on Soluble Anthocyanin Loss
by Matthew R. Dorris and Bradley W. Bolling
Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1788; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111788 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2209
Abstract
Anthocyanins degrade in fruit juice during storage, reducing juice color quality and depleting the health-promoting components of juice. Common water-soluble products of anthocyanins’ chemical degradation are known, but little is known about the contribution of the insoluble phase to loss processes. Cranberry juice [...] Read more.
Anthocyanins degrade in fruit juice during storage, reducing juice color quality and depleting the health-promoting components of juice. Common water-soluble products of anthocyanins’ chemical degradation are known, but little is known about the contribution of the insoluble phase to loss processes. Cranberry juice and isolated anthocyanins were incubated at 50 °C for up to 10 days to determine polyphenol profiles and degradation rates. Anthocyanin-proanthocyanidin heteropolymers were analyzed via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)- Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS). Formation of soluble protocatechuic acid accounted for 260 ± 10% and insoluble materials for 80 ± 20% of lost soluble cyanidin-glycosides in juice, over-representations plausibly due to quercetin and (epi)catechin in cranberry juice and not observed in the values of 70 ± 20% and 16 ± 6% in the purified anthocyanin system. Loss processes of soluble peonidin-glycosides were better accounted for, where 31 ± 2% were attributable to soluble vanillic acid formation and 3 ± 1% to insoluble materials in cranberry juice and 35 ± 5% to vanillic acid formation and 1.6 ± 0.8% to insoluble materials in the purified anthocyanin system. Free anthocyanins were below quantifiable levels in precipitate, implying most anthocyanins in precipitate were polymeric colors (PCs). PCs in the precipitate included cyanidin- and peonidin-hexosides and -pentosides covalently bonded to procyanidins. Therefore, formation of cranberry juice precipitate does not deplete a large portion of soluble anthocyanins; rather, the precipitate’s pigmentation results from PCs that are also present in the soluble phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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16 pages, 2428 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in the Extracts from Different Lily Bulbs and Their Antioxidant Ability
by Yu-Chao Tang, Yi-Jie Liu, Guo-Ren He, Yu-Wei Cao, Meng-Meng Bi, Meng Song, Pan-Pan Yang, Lei-Feng Xu and Jun Ming
Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101634 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 5435
Abstract
The genus Lilium contains more than 100 wild species and numerous hybrid varieties. Some species of them have been used as medicine and food since ancient times. However, the research on the active components and the medical properties of lilies has only focused [...] Read more.
The genus Lilium contains more than 100 wild species and numerous hybrid varieties. Some species of them have been used as medicine and food since ancient times. However, the research on the active components and the medical properties of lilies has only focused on a few species. In this study, the total phenolic acid content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity of 22 representative lilies were systematically investigated. The results showed that the TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity were highly variable among different lilies, but they were significantly positively correlated. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that L. henryi and L. regale were arranged in one group characterized by the highest TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity, followed by Oriental hybrids and Trumpet and Oriental hybrids. The traditional edible and medicinal lilies were clustered in low TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity group. A total of 577 secondary metabolites, including 201 flavonoids, 153 phenolic acids, were identified in the five species with great differences in antioxidant capacity by extensive targeted metabonomics. Differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) analysis reviewed that the DAMs were mainly enriched in secondary metabolic pathways such as isoflavonoid, folate, flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, phenylpropanoid, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and so on. Correlation analysis identified that 64 metabolites were significantly positively correlated with antioxidant capacity (r ≥ 0.9 and p < 0.0001). These results suggested that the genus Lilium has great biodiversity in bioactive components. The data obtained greatly expand our knowledge of the bioactive constituents of Lilium spp. Additionally, it also highlights the potential application of Lilium plants as antioxidants, functional ingredients, cosmetic products and nutraceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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18 pages, 2070 KiB  
Article
Effect of Germination on Alfalfa and Buckwheat: Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, Bioactive Compounds, and In-Vitro Studies of Their Diabetes and Obesity-Related Functions
by Simon-Okomo Aloo, Fred-Kwame Ofosu and Deog-Hwan Oh
Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101613 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3280
Abstract
Germination can be used to enhance nutritional value and health functions of edible seeds. Sprouts are considered healthier than raw seeds because they are richer in the basic nutritional components (carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals) and also contain more bioactive components responsible for [...] Read more.
Germination can be used to enhance nutritional value and health functions of edible seeds. Sprouts are considered healthier than raw seeds because they are richer in the basic nutritional components (carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, and minerals) and also contain more bioactive components responsible for various biological activities. The effect of sprouting on the antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity activities, and metabolite profiles of alfalfa and buckwheat seeds was investigated in this study. DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in buckwheat sprouts followed by alfalfa sprout, buckwheat seed, and alfalfa seed, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging potential showed a similar trend as DPPH with buckwheat sprouts exerting the best scavenging capacity. Alfalfa sprout and buckwheat seed exhibited the highest percentage inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase (96.6 and 96.5%, respectively). Alfalfa sprouts demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase (57.12%) while alfalfa seed showed the highest advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory potential (28.7%). Moreover, thirty-three (33) metabolites were characterized in the seed and sprout samples. Sprouts demonstrated a higher level of metabolites compared to raw seeds. Hence, depending on the type of seed and the target activity, sprouting is a good technique to alter the secondary metabolites and functional properties of edible seeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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21 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
Effects of Black Garlic Extract and Nanoemulsion on the Deoxy Corticosterone Acetate-Salt Induced Hypertension and Its Associated Mild Cognitive Impairment in Rats
by Chun-Yu Chen, Tsung-Yu Tsai and Bing-Huei Chen
Antioxidants 2021, 10(10), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101611 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3033
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids in raw and black garlic were determined, and followed by preparation of black garlic nanoemulsion for studying their effects on deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension and associated mild cognitive impairment in rats. Three organosulfur compounds, including diallyl sulfide (87.8 [...] Read more.
Organosulfur compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids in raw and black garlic were determined, and followed by preparation of black garlic nanoemulsion for studying their effects on deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertension and associated mild cognitive impairment in rats. Three organosulfur compounds, including diallyl sulfide (87.8 μg/g), diallyl disulfide (203.9 μg/g) and diallyl trisulfide (282.6 μg/g) were detected in black garlic by GC-MS, while gallic acid (19.19 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (27.03 μg/g) and quercetin (22.77 μg/g) were detected by UPLC-MS/MS. High doses of both black garlic extract and nanoemulsion prepared using Tween-80, glycerol, grapeseed oil and water could decrease systolic blood pressure through the elevation of bradykinin and nitric oxide levels as well as diminish aldosterone and angiotensin II levels in rats. In Morris water maze test, they could significantly decrease escape latency and swimming distance and increase the time spent in the target quadrant, accompanied by a decline of acetylcholinesterase activity and malondialdehyde level in the hippocampus as well as a rise in glutathione level and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. In addition, the levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β were reduced. Effects of lowering blood pressure and improving learning/memory ability in rats followed the order: lisinopril > black garlic nanoemulsion > black garlic extract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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19 pages, 2375 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Optimization of Proanthocyanidins from Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) Leaves and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity
by Ji-Min Lv, Mostafa Gouda, Yan-Yun Zhu, Xing-Qian Ye and Jian-Chu Chen
Antioxidants 2021, 10(8), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081317 - 21 Aug 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3714
Abstract
Using ultrasound (US) in proanthocyanidin (PA) extraction has become one of the important emerging technologies. It could be the next generation for studying the US mechnophore impact on the bioactive compound’s functionality. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential of [...] Read more.
Using ultrasound (US) in proanthocyanidin (PA) extraction has become one of the important emerging technologies. It could be the next generation for studying the US mechnophore impact on the bioactive compound’s functionality. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the potential of US treatment on PAs extracted from kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) leaves, and to provide a comprehensive chemical composition and bioactivity relationship of the purified kiwifruit leaves PAs (PKLPs). Several methods like single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) for the four affected factors on US extraction efficiency were constructed. HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, cytotoxicity analysis, and antioxidant activity were also demonstrated. In the results, the modeling of PA affected factors showed that 40% US-amplitude, 30 mL/g dry weight (DW) solvent to solid ration (S/S), and 70 °C for 15 min were the optimum conditions for the extraction of PAs. Furthermore, PKLPs exhibited significant radical scavenging and cellular antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study’s novelty comes from the broad prospects of using US in PKLP green extraction that could play an important role in maximizing this phytochemical functionality in drug discovery and food science fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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19 pages, 5071 KiB  
Article
Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Lavandula pubescens
by Chang Ha Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Ye Eun Park, Ye Jin Kim, Chanung Park, Jae Kwang Kim and Sang Un Park
Antioxidants 2021, 10(7), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071027 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2586
Abstract
Lavandula pubescens, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a newly discovered strongly aromatic species of lavender that is potentially beneficial for human health. Given the economic importance of lavender species, we sought in this study to characterize the terpenoid biosynthesis of L. pubescens [...] Read more.
Lavandula pubescens, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a newly discovered strongly aromatic species of lavender that is potentially beneficial for human health. Given the economic importance of lavender species, we sought in this study to characterize the terpenoid biosynthesis of L. pubescens by obtaining transcriptomic and metabolic datasets. Transcriptome analysis of L. pubescens grown aseptically in tissue culture medium yielded 124,233 unigenes with an average length of 470 bp and N50 value of 522 bp from 9,476,122,928 raw reads. In order to provide relevant biological information, the unigenes were annotated using the following public databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide (NT) and non-redundant protein (NR), Brassica (BRAD), Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). NR annotation results revealed that L. pubescens is genetically closely related to Sesamum indicum. On the basis of the transcriptome data, a total of 14 cDNA clones encoding the terpene biosynthetic genes LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, LpHDR, LpIDI, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpHMGR, LpMVK, LpPMK, LpMVD, LpGPPS, LpSQS, and LpGGPPS were identified in L. pubescens. These were quantified in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. pubescens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which revealed that the gene expression levels were higher in the leaves and stems than in the roots, which was found to be consistent with the levels of ursolic and oleanolic acids in the different organs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were identified and quantified in the organs using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of L. pubescens leaves was examined using different methods to determine the potential therapeutic properties. A reducing power assay revealed that the absorbance values increased in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay indicated the strong activity (60.4 ± 0.9%) of the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, which also showed strong hydrogen peroxide (57.4 ± 2.7%), superoxide radical (62.1 ± 0.7%), and hydroxyl radical (58.6 ± 0.4%) scavenging activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food)
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