Anatomia

Editorial

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7 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Anatomy and Its History

by Gianfranco Natale and Francesco Fornai

Anatomia 2024, 3(1), 50-56; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia3010005 - 14 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Anatomy is still considered the most ancient and basic discipline in the medical sciences [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

Research

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9 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Does Immersive Virtual Reality with the Use of 3D Holography Improve Learning the Anatomy of the Heart?: Results of a Preliminary Study

by Joanna Czaja, Marcin Skuła, Dariusz Kowalczyk, Wojciech Redelbach, Jacek Hobot, Marta Nowak, Zenon Halaba and Marian Simka

Anatomia 2023, 2(2), 156-164; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2020014 - 21 May 2023

Viewed by 1830

Abstract

Immersive virtual reality with the use of 3D holography is a new method that is being currently introduced for teaching anatomy, yet the actual educational benefits associated with its use remain unclear. Here, we present our preliminary observations and conclusions after the pilot [...] Read more.

Immersive virtual reality with the use of 3D holography is a new method that is being currently introduced for teaching anatomy, yet the actual educational benefits associated with its use remain unclear. Here, we present our preliminary observations and conclusions after the pilot phase of the study on a 3D holographic human heart. The study was conducted on a group of 96 students of medical faculty. Students were randomly divided into two groups: 57 students who were taught anatomy using traditional methods (plastinated human hearts, anatomical models, and atlases) and 39 students who were taught using 3D holographic hearts. Assessment of knowledge retention of the heart anatomy comprised 3 tests, which were performed 1 week and 3 and 6 months after the classes on heart anatomy. We have found that although anatomical classes with the use of immersive virtual reality were attractive for students; still, unsupervised teaching with the use of 3D holograms was not superior to traditional medical education. Differences between the groups in terms of anatomical knowledge retention were not statistically significant. Results of this pilot study suggest that in order to achieve better knowledge retention and understanding of the anatomy of the heart, classes should be precisely planned and strictly supervised by academic teachers. Moreover, students should get familiar with the use of virtual reality goggles before the classes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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18 pages, 7724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Rostral Epidural Rete Mirabile: Functional Significance in Blood Flow Regulatory Mechanisms in Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

by Marna S. van der Walt, Willem Daffue, Jacqueline Goedhals, Sean van der Merwe and Francois Deacon

Anatomia 2023, 2(2), 138-155; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2020013 - 6 May 2023

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Abstract

The distinctive long neck of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) entails functional difficulties brought about by the extended distance between the heart and the head. Blood must be circulated over 2 m from the heart to the brain against gravitational force. The [...] Read more.

The distinctive long neck of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) entails functional difficulties brought about by the extended distance between the heart and the head. Blood must be circulated over 2 m from the heart to the brain against gravitational force. The natural movement of the head to ground level would result in a large volume of blood moving toward the brain with the force of gravity. Large blood volumes also rush to the brain during bulls’ fighting (necking), rendering the giraffe susceptible to possible brain damage. The natural movement of the head from ground level to fully erect would result in blood moving away from the brain with gravitational force. The lack of blood perfusing the brain can cause fainting. The giraffe, however, suffers neither brain damage nor fainting. What adaptations do giraffes have to counteract these challenges? The aim of this study was to investigate the functionality of the rostral epidural rete mirabile situated just beneath the brain and its possible contribution to successful circulation in long-necked giraffes. The unique rostral epidural rete mirabile structure significantly contributes to counteract physiological challenges. Turns and bends characterize this structural arterial meshwork and subsequently an increased artery length through which blood flow must proceed before entrance into the brain, exerting resistance to blood racing to the brain when the head is lowered to the ground. The brain is supplied mainly by the maxillary artery through the carotid rete, with a rudimentary basilar artery not contributing to the brain’s blood supply. The resistance to blood flow due to the structure and position of the rostral epidural rete mirabile when the head is in the upright position is counteracted by the unique carotid-vertebral anastomosis allowing immediate cerebral blood supply. The rostral epidural rete mirabile structure in giraffes is an essential feature balancing physiological difficulties arising due to the extensive heart-to-head distance and might fulfill the same function in other long-necked artiodactyls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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11 pages, 4610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using a Portable Autostereoscopic Screen to Improve Anatomy Teaching and Learning

by Elsa-Marie A. Otoo, Hannah Leibowitz, Oliver Wong and Kawal Rhode

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 88-98; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010008 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2296

Abstract

Conventional anatomical models and cadaveric specimens can be time-consuming and resource intensive for any anatomical institute. In recent years, there has been a push for more flexible and varied approaches to teaching, including problem-based and computer-aided learning, which includes web-based anatomical models or [...] Read more.

Conventional anatomical models and cadaveric specimens can be time-consuming and resource intensive for any anatomical institute. In recent years, there has been a push for more flexible and varied approaches to teaching, including problem-based and computer-aided learning, which includes web-based anatomical models or the use of three-dimensional visualization technology. With advances in hardware, autostereoscopic (AS) 3D screens have become more affordable, portable, and accessible to individuals, not just institutes. At King’s College London (KCL), we developed the Virtual Anatomy and Histology (VAH) platform—an online resource which focuses on perspective volumetric 3D viewing of medical scan data and 3D models to facilitate the online teaching and learning of anatomy. This paper presents the features of VAH and details a study that was conducted in 2022, to evaluate the VAH 3D AS viewer configured with The Looking Glass Portrait (TLG) (Looking Glass, New York, NY, USA) 8-inch AS display. We tested the hypothesis that using an AS display can improve spatial understanding of cardiovascular anatomy. A cardiovascular 3D textured model was used from our gallery to carry out a spatial test. Twenty current healthcare students at King’s participated in the study and completed a structured questionnaire. Results showed that 47.6% and 52.4% of participants agreed and strongly agreed, respectively, that identifying anatomical structures was easier in 3D compared to 2D. Qualitative feedback was positive as most students found King’s VAH and TLG display “useful for people who need help with spatial understanding” and that “it was a good tool to test your anatomical knowledge”. In conclusion, based on the quantitative results and feedback, we are optimistic that King’s VAH and portable AS displays can be beneficial in anatomy education. With the increasing availability of such systems and competitive pricing, this technology is likely to have a significant impact in education in coming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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10 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Wolf and Dog: What Differences Exist?

by Alessandra Coli, Davide Prinetto and Elisabetta Giannessi

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 78-87; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010007 - 9 Feb 2023

Viewed by 11592

Abstract

A morphological study of the skeletal specimen of Canis lupus L. from an archeological dig of Agnano (Pisa) (Fauna Laboratory, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy) that is chronologically placed in the Wurm period (last glaciation) was done to perform an [...] Read more.

A morphological study of the skeletal specimen of Canis lupus L. from an archeological dig of Agnano (Pisa) (Fauna Laboratory, Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy) that is chronologically placed in the Wurm period (last glaciation) was done to perform an anatomical comparison between this wild ancestor and osteological specimens of Canis familiaris L. present in the Veterinary Anatomy Museum (University of Pisa). Marked morphological differences in the splanchnocranium (nasal bone, zygomatic arch and orbital angle), neurocranium (sagittal crest) and temporomandibular joint (due to different developments of the masticatory muscles) are highlighted on the wolf specimen compared to those in the domestic dog specimens present in Museum. The appendicular skeletal bones of the wolf show anatomical features similar to those of dog bone specimens, confirming their belonging to the same family (Canidae). This result confirms that domestication has almost exclusively affected the anatomical features of the skull that have changed due to the difference in dietary approach between wolves and dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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15 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surgical and Bioengineering Integration in the Anatomy Course of Medicine and Surgery High Technology: Knowledge and Perception of Anatomy

by Selenia Miglietta, Giuseppe Familiari, Michela Relucenti, Stefania Basili, Fabiano Bini, Gabriele Bove, Claudio Barbaranelli and Pietro Familiari

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 63-77; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010006 - 1 Feb 2023

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Abstract

The Locomotor System Anatomy (LSA) course, placed in the first semester of the first year of the new Master’s degree in Medicine and Surgery High Technology (MSHT) at the Sapienza University of Rome, was integrated with surgical and bioengineering content. This study investigated [...] Read more.

The Locomotor System Anatomy (LSA) course, placed in the first semester of the first year of the new Master’s degree in Medicine and Surgery High Technology (MSHT) at the Sapienza University of Rome, was integrated with surgical and bioengineering content. This study investigated the educational value and the students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of these two types of integration, comparing surgical integration (SI) with engineering integration (EI). Anatomy knowledge and students’ opinions attending the LSA course in MSHT degree (n = 30) were compared with those of students (n = 32) attending another medical and surgery course not comprising EI. Data show that students in the MSHT course like in-depth SI much more than in-depth EI. However, those who like in-depth SI also like in-depth EI. Significant differences were in anatomy knowledge between the two groups in the three sections of the test. There was no significant correlation between the three test scores and the levels of liking, while there was a significant correlation between students liking SI and those liking EI. A statistically significant correlation was also found in students who correctly responded to questions on the head and trunk, with students responding correctly to questions on the upper limbs. This study will be important in optimizing the deepening of SI and EI in the LSA course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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15 pages, 1142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advances in Neuroanatomy through Brain Atlasing

by Wieslaw L. Nowinski

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 28-42; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010004 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4244

Abstract

Human brain atlases are tools to gather, present, use, and discover knowledge about the human brain. The developments in brain atlases parallel the advances in neuroanatomy. The brain atlas evolution has been from hand-drawn cortical maps to print atlases to digital platforms which, [...] Read more.

Human brain atlases are tools to gather, present, use, and discover knowledge about the human brain. The developments in brain atlases parallel the advances in neuroanatomy. The brain atlas evolution has been from hand-drawn cortical maps to print atlases to digital platforms which, thanks to tremendous advancements in acquisition techniques and computing, has enabled progress in neuroanatomy from gross (macro) to meso-, micro-, and nano-neuroanatomy. Advances in neuroanatomy have been feasible because of introducing new modalities, from the initial cadaveric dissections, morphology, light microscopy imaging and neuroelectrophysiology to non-invasive in vivo imaging, connectivity, electron microscopy imaging, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics. Presently, large and long-term brain projects along with big data drive the development in micro- and nano-neuroanatomy. The goal of this work is to address the relationship between neuroanatomy and human brain atlases and, particularly, the impact of these atlases on the understanding, presentation, and advancement of neuroanatomy. To better illustrate this relationship, a brief outline on the evolution of the human brain atlas concept, creation of brain atlases, atlas-based applications, and future brain-related developments is also presented. In conclusion, human brain atlases are excellent means to represent, present, disseminate, and support neuroanatomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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12 pages, 3922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observer Sensitivity for Detection of Pulmonary Nodules in Ultra-Low Dose Computed Tomography Protocols Using a Third-Generation Dual-Source CT with Ultra-High Pitch—A Phantom Study

by Natascha Leitzig, Sonja Janssen, Hany Kayed, Stefan O. Schönberg and Hans Scheffel

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 15-26; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010002 - 13 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2154

Abstract

This study evaluates ultra-low-dose computed tomography (ULDCT) protocols concerning the detectability of pulmonary nodules. The influence of tube current settings, kernels, strength levels of third-generation iterative reconstruction algorithms, and pitch was investigated. A chest phantom with artificial spherical nodules of different densities and [...] Read more.

This study evaluates ultra-low-dose computed tomography (ULDCT) protocols concerning the detectability of pulmonary nodules. The influence of tube current settings, kernels, strength levels of third-generation iterative reconstruction algorithms, and pitch was investigated. A chest phantom with artificial spherical nodules of different densities and diameters was examined with a third-generation dual-source CT. Scanning and post-processing protocols, tube current levels, and ultra-high and non-high pitch modes were applied. Images were reconstructed with filtered back-projection (FBP) or advanced model-based iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE) algorithms. Sharp (Bl57) or medium-soft (Br36) convolution kernels were applied. The reading was performed by an experienced and an inexperienced reader. The highest observer sensitivity was found using a non-high pitch protocol at tube currents of 120 mAs and 90 mAs with the sharp kernel and iterative reconstruction level of 5. Non-high pitch protocols showed better detectability of solid nodules. Combinations with the medium-soft kernel achieved slightly higher observer sensitivity than with the sharp kernel. False positives (FP) occurred more often for subsolid nodules, at a tube current level of 120 mAs, and with the sharp kernel. A tube current level of 90 mAs combined with the highest iterative reconstruction level achieved the highest accuracy in lung nodule detection regardless of size, density, and reader experience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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14 pages, 7201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flaminio Rota, 16th Century Anatomist at the University of Bologna: A Biography on the Walls

by Emanuele Armocida, Francesco Fornai and Gianfranco Natale

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010001 - 6 Jan 2023

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Abstract

Flaminio Rota was a 16th century anatomist and medical figure at the University of Bologna. He was highly praised, despite his poor scientific production. As a matter of fact, Rota competed with scientific activities in different anatomical arguments, but he did not publish [...] Read more.

Flaminio Rota was a 16th century anatomist and medical figure at the University of Bologna. He was highly praised, despite his poor scientific production. As a matter of fact, Rota competed with scientific activities in different anatomical arguments, but he did not publish any important research. Nevertheless, we know the principal results of his scientific activity because indirect information can be found in other publications, where some of his studies were emphasized by his contemporary colleagues. Henning Witte even mentioned Rota as a very famous Italian medical figure, together with Galilei and Santorio. On the other hand, Rota was a highly esteemed teacher. The best evidence of his recognition is well-documented in the Palace of Archiginnasio in Bologna, where Rota’s teaching activity was praised with six memorial epigraphs. In the south-eastern outskirts of Bologna, there is an 18th century villa, including a more ancient annex, that belonged to Rota. At this location, the upper parts of the walls and the ceiling are decorated with a pictorial cycle illustrating medical scenes. In this paper, we theorize regarding his scientific thinking by analyzing the pictorial cycle he commissioned. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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9 pages, 2687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Anatomical Differences of the Volar Rim of the Distal Radius Affect Implant Design? A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Its Anatomy and Need for Personalized Medicine

by Hidemasa Yoneda, Katsuyuki Iwatsuki, Masaomi Saeki, Michiro Yamamoto and Masahiro Tatebe

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 177-185; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020018 - 10 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2677

Abstract

The distal radius, one of the frequent sites of upper extremity fractures, includes unique anatomy referred to as the volar rim. Few studies have addressed its interindividual differences. Additionally, implants for osteosynthesis must match the anatomical structures to prevent soft tissue invasion, but [...] Read more.

The distal radius, one of the frequent sites of upper extremity fractures, includes unique anatomy referred to as the volar rim. Few studies have addressed its interindividual differences. Additionally, implants for osteosynthesis must match the anatomical structures to prevent soft tissue invasion, but no implants have focused on that so far. In this study, three-dimensional surface models were created from CT images of 101 cases. Analysis of the distal radius, including the volar rim anatomy, was performed to design plates to minimize the discrepancy between the bone anatomy and the implant. The results showed that there were considerable interindividual differences in the morphology of the distal radius, particularly in the degree of palmar protrusion of the volar rim. A moderate correlation between the width of the distal radius and the shape of the volar rim was demonstrated. Considering that variations in plate width are available for treatment of normal distal radius fractures and that the shape of the volar rim changes in correlation with the width of the bone, we infer that simply adding volar rim shape information to the current variations should suffice in preventing complications. We conclude that individualized design according to the shape of the volar rim is unnecessary in fracture surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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11 pages, 4165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detailed Morphology of the Incisive or Nasopalatine Canal

by Andrei Valentin Iamandoiu, Alexandru Nicolae Mureşan and Mugurel Constantin Rusu

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 75-85; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010008 - 4 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5262

Abstract

(1) Background: The nasopalatine canal (NPC), or the incisive canal (IC) of maxilla, unites the anterior nasal floor with the anterior palatine region. Different morphological variables of the NPC were investigated, indicating it is either anatomically variable or constant. It was therefore decided [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The nasopalatine canal (NPC), or the incisive canal (IC) of maxilla, unites the anterior nasal floor with the anterior palatine region. Different morphological variables of the NPC were investigated, indicating it is either anatomically variable or constant. It was therefore decided to perform an additional study of the NPC. (2) Methods: A retrospective cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was performed on 89 patient files: 38 males and 51 females. The study documented the presence or absence of a well-defined NPC, the number of openings, and the anatomic variables of the canal (number, course, and secondary canaliculi). (3) Results: the NPC/IC in the coronal plane was classified into five types: (I) NPC present with two superior, nasopalatine foramina (NPFs) (66.29%); (II) NPC absent with two NPFs (2.25%); (III) NPC present and single NPF (17.98%); (IV) NPC present with three NPFs (3.37%); (V) both absent NPC and NPF (10.11%). (4) Conclusions: The anatomical possibilities of the NPC are numerous and diverse; they include the absence of the canal. Therefore, a standardized description of this canal could not be assumed and a radiological assessment is recommended before surgical treatment in the premaxilla area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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13 pages, 3225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hippocampal Dentation in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from Birth to 18 Years Old

by Julia F. Beattie, Roy C. Martin, Edwin W. Cook III, Matthew D. Thompson, Rajesh K. Kana, Ruth Q. Jacobs, Tanya A. Correya, Anandh K. Ramaniharan and Lawrence W. Ver Hoef

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 41-53; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010005 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3092

Abstract

The degree of hippocampal dentation, a morphologic feature of the inferior surface of the human hippocampus, has been positively associated with episodic memory performance in healthy adults. This study examined hippocampal dentation in healthy children and adolescents. The Cincinnati MR Imaging of NeuroDevelopment [...] Read more.

The degree of hippocampal dentation, a morphologic feature of the inferior surface of the human hippocampus, has been positively associated with episodic memory performance in healthy adults. This study examined hippocampal dentation in healthy children and adolescents. The Cincinnati MR Imaging of NeuroDevelopment (C-MIND) dataset was used to examine the relationship between age and hippocampal dentation in 90 healthy children, age < 1 to 18 years old, using T1-weighted MPRAGE scans. Hippocampal dentation was assessed by counting the number of dentes for the left and right hippocampi. Participants had slightly more left than right hippocampal dentes, on average. Dentation did not differ significantly between males and females. Correlational analyses revealed that the numbers of left, right, and total dentes were positively associated with age in this sample. Interestingly, these data highlight the wide variability of dentation in older age groups. While younger children tended to have absent or few dentes, a range of dentation was present in older children and adolescents (ranging from absent to numerous, bilaterally). This is consistent with previous research in a healthy adult cohort, where a range of dentation was also observed. This study is the first to examine hippocampal dentation in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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19 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Quantitative Computed Tomography Parameters of Adrenal Glands in Patients from Internistled ICU with Sepsis and Septic Shock

by Moritz Milberg, Alida Kindt, Lisa Luft, Ursula Hoffmann, Michael Behnes, Stefan O. Schoenberg and Sonja Janssen

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 14-32; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010003 - 9 Mar 2022

Viewed by 3764

Abstract

The aim was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of different quantitative analysis methods assessing adrenal gland parameters on contrast-enhanced CT scans in patients with septic conditions. Seventy–six patients (49 men, 27 women) received CT scans for focus search. Adrenal glands [...] Read more.

The aim was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of different quantitative analysis methods assessing adrenal gland parameters on contrast-enhanced CT scans in patients with septic conditions. Seventy–six patients (49 men, 27 women) received CT scans for focus search. Adrenal glands were analyzed by means of three different methods: subjective region of interest (ROI) measurement, organ segmentation and histogram analysis using semi-automated software. Univariate analyses with multiple testing thresholds and receiver operating characteristic curves were performed. Clinical endpoints were 8-days, 28-days and 6-months mortality. Forty-four CT scans were analyzed (ground truth: patients with no sepsis: n = 6; patients with sepsis: n = 15; patients in septic shock: n = 21). Left adrenal gland (LAG) values were analyzed and compared, as data variation was lower than in the right adrenal glands. In patients with septic conditions, the combination of high LAG and Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) density values was highly specific for septic shock with all three methods. Only segmentation values were significantly different between the sepsis and septic shock groups after confounder correction (p = 0.048). Total adrenal gland volume was 20% higher in the septic shock patients while a relatively small LAG volume within the septic shock subgroup was associated with higher mortality at day 8 (AUC = 0.8; p = 0.006) and at 6 months (AUC = 0.7; p = 0.035). However, time-consuming density analysis methods assessing adrenal glands do not provide additional diagnostic value in patients with septic conditions. The combination of high LAG and IVC attenuation values seems to be highly specific for septic shock, regardless of the analysis type. Adrenal gland volume reveals short- and long-term prognostic capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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Review

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22 pages, 4855 KiB

Open AccessReview

Juan Valverde de Amusco: Pioneering the Transfer of Post-Vesalian Anatomy

by Luis-Alfonso Arráez-Aybar, Concepción Reblet and José Luis Bueno-López

Anatomia 2023, 2(4), 450-471; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040033 - 11 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1883

Abstract

This article delves into the life and accomplishments of Juan Valverde de Amusco (c. 1525–c. 1587), a Spanish anatomist. Specifically, it focuses on his book titled HISTORIA de la composición del cuerpo humano. The book was the first anatomy opus published after [...] Read more.

This article delves into the life and accomplishments of Juan Valverde de Amusco (c. 1525–c. 1587), a Spanish anatomist. Specifically, it focuses on his book titled HISTORIA de la composición del cuerpo humano. The book was the first anatomy opus published after Andreas Vesalius’ De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, written in a Romance language, the Castilian Spanish language, making it the most renowned post-Vesalian anatomy book in Europe and beyond during the 16th and 17th centuries. Compiling complete editions and reproductions of figures, it had 19 editions and several translations. One of its principal contributions was the initial graphical representation of the stapes ossicle. It provided the first accurate description of the pulmonary circulation, vomer bone, and four extraocular rectus muscles. Throughout the book, Valverde corrected numerous of Vesalius’ anatomical observations. HISTORIA de la composición del cuerpo humano was the first anatomy book to use chalcographic illustrations, which are of superior anatomical quality than those printed from engraved wood in Andreas Vesalius’ book. Next, many anatomy textbooks of that time incorporated Valverde’s book illustrations. Valverde’s book was practical, timely, and well referenced, making it a valuable resource for scholars and non-scholars. The conclusion is that Juan Valverde de Amusco merits a place as a pioneer in scientific knowledge transfer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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68 pages, 40066 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pheromone Sensing in Mammals: A Review of the Vomeronasal System

by Mateo V. Torres, Irene Ortiz-Leal and Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro

Anatomia 2023, 2(4), 346-413; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040031 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5611

Abstract

This review addresses the role of chemical communication in mammals, giving special attention to the vomeronasal system in pheromone-mediated interactions. The vomeronasal system influences many social and sexual behaviors, from reproduction to species recognition. Interestingly, this system shows greater evolutionary variability compared to [...] Read more.

This review addresses the role of chemical communication in mammals, giving special attention to the vomeronasal system in pheromone-mediated interactions. The vomeronasal system influences many social and sexual behaviors, from reproduction to species recognition. Interestingly, this system shows greater evolutionary variability compared to the olfactory system, emphasizing its complex nature and the need for thorough research. The discussion starts with foundational concepts of chemocommunication, progressing to a detailed exploration of olfactory systems. The neuroanatomy of the vomeronasal system stands in contrast with that of the olfactory system. Further, the sensory part of the vomeronasal system, known as the vomeronasal organ, and the integration center of this information, called the accessory olfactory bulb, receive comprehensive coverage. Secondary projections of both the olfactory and vomeronasal systems receive attention, especially in relation to the dual olfactory hypothesis. The review concludes by examining the organization of the vomeronasal system in four distinct mammalian groups: rodents, marsupials, herpestids, and bovids. The aim is to highlight the unique morphofunctional differences resulting from the adaptive changes each group experienced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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10 pages, 2682 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anatomist and Co-Founder of Polish Veterinary Education—Ludwik Henryk Bojanus (1776–1827)

by Jarosław Sobolewski and Maciej Zdun

Anatomia 2023, 2(3), 261-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2030024 - 4 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1368

Abstract

Ludwig Henry Bojanus was born on 16 July 1776 in Buchsweiler, Alsace. After studying in Jena and Vienna, L. H. Bojanus enrolled at the University of Jena for his doctoral studies. Bojanus’s scientific activities are closely associated with Vilnius, where he was a [...] Read more.

Ludwig Henry Bojanus was born on 16 July 1776 in Buchsweiler, Alsace. After studying in Jena and Vienna, L. H. Bojanus enrolled at the University of Jena for his doctoral studies. Bojanus’s scientific activities are closely associated with Vilnius, where he was a professor of veterinary medicine from 1806 (he was elected to this position in 1804). In 1815, he became a professor of comparative anatomy. These were the times of the greatest flourishing of Vilnius University, where the foundations of modern Polish science were being laid. At Vilnius University, he established a technical and anatomical-pathological office for the zoo, a veterinary clinic and a model forge for shoeing horses in 1823. Bojanus founded a veterinary school in Vilnius and drew up a plan for a veterinary institute, which was not opened until 1832, simultaneously with the opening of the medico-surgical academy. He became known as one of Europe’s most prominent anatomists and zoologists. A lasting memorial to the scientist is the monograph “Anatomy of the Tortoise”, which many scholars still point to today as a model of accurate and precise anatomical research. He was the first to identify the anatomical differences between the European bison (Bos bonasus) and the aurochs (Bos primigenius). In his lectures on comparative anatomy, Bojanus presented the principle of uninterrupted development. He can be described as one of the most decisive and consistent evolutionists before Darwin. He died in 1827. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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16 pages, 1489 KiB

Open AccessReview

Jean Cruveilhier (1791–1874), a Predecessor of Evidence-Based Medicine

by Luis-Alfonso Arráez-Aybar, Talía Fuentes-Redondo, José-Luis Bueno-López and Rafael Romero-Reverón

Anatomia 2023, 2(3), 206-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2030019 - 7 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1867

Abstract

This article focuses on Jean Cruveilhier and particularly on his book Anatomie descriptive, which was a great success during the author’s lifetime. (Notwithstanding this, it is pertinent to point out that the five editions of Anatomie descriptive were surpassed in number by [...] Read more.

This article focuses on Jean Cruveilhier and particularly on his book Anatomie descriptive, which was a great success during the author’s lifetime. (Notwithstanding this, it is pertinent to point out that the five editions of Anatomie descriptive were surpassed in number by others of the Cruveilhier’s creations, such as Anatomie pathologique and Traité d’Anatomie pathologique.) Unlike other texts of the time and later, Anatomie descriptive presents the anatomy of the human body in a way that can be applied both by students and medical professionals. The objectives of Anatomie descriptive were to make understand how the functions of an organ can be inferred from its structure, and to encourage students and professionals to investigate the anatomical origin of health and disease phenomena. Depending on which sections of the book, the parts of the body were described with morphological, topographic or functional criteria. Many of Cruveilhier’s contributions influenced anatomical eponymy and keep today’s Terminologia Anatomica alive. All of this has made consider Jean Cruveilhier the most outstanding anatomist in France of the first half of the nineteenth century. Due to the scientific rigor Cruveilhier always applied and asked to be applied in the investigation of the anatomic changes linked to pathological processes, he could certainly be considered a predecessor of the objectivity sought by evidence-based medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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11 pages, 7436 KiB

Open AccessReview

René-Édouard Claparède (1832–1871), Pioneer Protozoologist and Comparative Anatomist

by Penelope A. Kollarou and Lazaros C. Triarhou

Anatomia 2023, 2(2), 165-175; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2020015 - 6 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

The pioneer Swiss naturalist René-Édouard Claparède (1832–1871), professor at the University of Geneva, left important contributions to diverse areas of natural science, biology, and comparative anatomy, including the structure of infusoria, annelids, and earthworms, the evolution of arthropods, and the embryology of spiders. [...] Read more.

The pioneer Swiss naturalist René-Édouard Claparède (1832–1871), professor at the University of Geneva, left important contributions to diverse areas of natural science, biology, and comparative anatomy, including the structure of infusoria, annelids, and earthworms, the evolution of arthropods, and the embryology of spiders. He also published observations on marine invertebrates. This essay presents a brief overview of his academic life and work and makes the distinction from his nephew with the same name, the neurologist and educational psychologist Édouard Claparède (1873–1840). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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18 pages, 1155 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure

by Alberto Fucarino, Stefano Burgio, Letizia Paladino, Celeste Caruso Bavisotto, Alessandro Pitruzzella, Fabio Bucchieri and Francesco Cappello

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 186-203; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020019 - 14 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4232

Abstract

In this paper, we want to refute the notion that the microbiota should be considered an organ, given that an organ comprises tissue of similar or different embryological origin, while the microbiota is a pool of different microbial species originating individually from single [...] Read more.

In this paper, we want to refute the notion that the microbiota should be considered an organ, given that an organ comprises tissue of similar or different embryological origin, while the microbiota is a pool of different microbial species originating individually from single replications and not from a common ancestral cellular element. Hence, we would like to propose a new morphological interpretation of its nature, based on the comprehensive context in which these microbes live: a muco-microbiotic layer of hollow organs, such as the airways and the bowel. The above concept should represent not only a new terminological annotation but also a more accurate portrayal of the physiology and pathophysiology of these organs. Indeed, a better understanding of the biological nature of this part of the human body can help scientists develop more specific experimental protocols, potentially leading to the establishment of better therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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18 pages, 2049 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anatomy of Cerebral Arteries with Clinical Aspects in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

by Francesco Barbato, Roberto Allocca, Giorgio Bosso and Fabio Giuliano Numis

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 152-169; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020016 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9663

Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) angiography is the main method for the initial evaluation of cerebral circulation in acute stroke. A comprehensive CT examination that includes a review of the three-dimensional and maximum-intensity projection images of the main intra and extracranial arteries allows the identification [...] Read more.

Computed tomography (CT) angiography is the main method for the initial evaluation of cerebral circulation in acute stroke. A comprehensive CT examination that includes a review of the three-dimensional and maximum-intensity projection images of the main intra and extracranial arteries allows the identification of most abnormalities and normal variants. Anatomical knowledge of the presence of any normal variants, such as fenestration, duplications, and persistent fetal arteries, plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of acute stroke. However, the opposite is also true. In fact, sometimes it is the clinical picture that allows weighing how relevant or not the alteration found is. Therefore, in this review, a concise representation of the clinical picture attributable to a given arterial vessel will be included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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16 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Common Anatomical Variations of Neurovascular Canals and Foramina Relevant to Oral Surgeons: A Review

by Laura Sferlazza, Fabrizio Zaccheo, Maria Elisabetta Campogrande, Giulia Petroni and Andrea Cicconetti

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 91-106; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010010 - 8 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6933

Abstract

(1) Background: The anatomical variations of neurovascular canals that are encountered in oral surgery are often overlooked by anatomy textbooks or provided with insufficient information. The aim of this study is to analyze the most common variations, describing their morphology, prevalence and clinical [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The anatomical variations of neurovascular canals that are encountered in oral surgery are often overlooked by anatomy textbooks or provided with insufficient information. The aim of this study is to analyze the most common variations, describing their morphology, prevalence and clinical implications. (2) Methods: A review of published literature from the 20th century onwards was performed using the PubMed electronic database as well as anatomical textbooks. The variations being investigated were: retromolar canal (RMC) and foramen (RMF), accessory mental foramen (AMF), midline (MLF) and lateral (MLF) lingual foramina and canalis sinuosus (CS). (3) Results: Anatomical variants of neurovascular canals and foramina have a significant incidence and important clinical implications in the most common oral surgery procedures such as third molar extraction, bone harvesting and implantology. (4) Conclusions: Knowledge of these variables is highly important both for students to have a more accurate anatomical awareness and for professional surgeons to be able to provide better diagnoses and prevent complications during oral surgery techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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8 pages, 16635 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Rare Bilateral Variation in the Branches of the Internal Thoracic Artery: A Case Report

by Jihad S. Hawi, Rosalyn A. Jurjus, Hisham S. Daouk, Maya N. Ghazi, Charbel A. Basset, Francesco Cappello, Inaya Hajj Hussein, Angelo Leone and Abdo R. Jurjus

Anatomia 2023, 2(4), 320-327; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2040028 - 12 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2134

Abstract

Background: Anatomical variations and, in particular, arterial variations constitute an important chapter in the learning of Clinical Anatomy. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe a rare bilateral anatomical variation in the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in a 60-year-old corpse and [...] Read more.

Background: Anatomical variations and, in particular, arterial variations constitute an important chapter in the learning of Clinical Anatomy. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to describe a rare bilateral anatomical variation in the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in a 60-year-old corpse and to depict its extreme clinical importance in coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods: The rare bilateral aberrant branches of the internal thoracic artery and their course in the thorax were incidentally discovered during routine anatomy dissection of the thorax at the Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences of the University of Balamand. The findings were thoroughly documented using digital photography, and the dissection followed the instructions from the “16th Edition of Grant’s Dissector”. Results: In the observed case, the left aberrant branch of ITA descends laterally and gives medial and lateral anterior intercostal branches at the first six intercostal spaces. Conversely, the right aberrant artery, which branches from the ITA, descends laterally and gives medial and lateral branches to every intercostal space in the first five intercostal spaces. Conclusion: This report emphasizes that any unexpected variations in the lateral aberrant branches of the internal thoracic artery may complicate the surgical procedure. Bilateral aberrant lateral branches of the internal thoracic artery constitute rare anatomical variations of the internal thoracic artery and have been rarely reported in the literature. Such a course for aberrant lateral branches in the thorax poses possible lethal complications during several procedures involving the thorax, including basic coronary artery bypass graft, thoracocentesis and intercostal paracentesis and breast reconstruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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7 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Duplicated Inferior Vena Cava in a 69-Year-Old White Female Donor

by Joanna Klansek, Keiko Meshida, Elizabeth Maynes, Maria Ximena Leighton, Gary Wind and Guinevere Granite

Anatomia 2023, 2(2), 117-123; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2020011 - 10 Apr 2023

Viewed by 8088

Abstract

While relatively uncommon, a duplication of the inferior vena cava is moderately well-discussed in the literature. This anatomical variation was noted in a 69-year-old white female donor. This variation is typically asymptomatic; however, it can be associated with complications, such as confusion with [...] Read more.

While relatively uncommon, a duplication of the inferior vena cava is moderately well-discussed in the literature. This anatomical variation was noted in a 69-year-old white female donor. This variation is typically asymptomatic; however, it can be associated with complications, such as confusion with a mediastinal mass, increased risk for thromboembolism, and hemorrhage during surgery. It is also associated with a handful of comorbidities, including, but not limited to, congenital renal anomalies such as horseshoe kidney or fused crossed kidney. Research supports that the variation of a duplicated IVC (DIVC) can be due to a failure of the left supracardinal vein to regress during embryonic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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8 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Presumed Presence of Extensor Indicis et Digiti Medii Communis Muscle in a 70-Year-Old White Male Donor

by Isabella Penkwitz, Gary Wind, Elizabeth Maynes, Maria Ximena Leighton and Guinevere Granite

Anatomia 2023, 2(1), 109-116; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia2010010 - 16 Mar 2023

Viewed by 2502

Abstract

Forearm extensor muscle variations can be diverse and, in some instances, rare. During a routine anatomical dissection of human cadaveric donors during the 2021 first-year medical gross anatomy course and 2021 graduate nursing advanced anatomy course at the Uniformed Services University of the [...] Read more.

Forearm extensor muscle variations can be diverse and, in some instances, rare. During a routine anatomical dissection of human cadaveric donors during the 2021 first-year medical gross anatomy course and 2021 graduate nursing advanced anatomy course at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, bilateral agenesis of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle was noted in one 70-year-old white male donor. This variation is described as extremely rare in the literature. The presence of an extensor indicis et digiti medii tendon, a variant of the extensor indicis tendon, appeared to be evident in post-dissection photographs on the left hand. The presence of a duplicated extensor indicis proprious tendon appears to be evident on the right hand. However, further inspection of this region was impeded as the body was sent for cremation prior to the variation being identified. The presence of various juncturae tendinum was also noted bilaterally. Reported prevalence of extensor indicis muscle variants ranges from 0.75% to 13%, depending on the specific type or grouping of variations observed. Knowledge of variations in the extensor compartment of the forearm and wrist is crucial for orthopedic surgeons and specialists. Alteration of surgical approaches may be necessary if such a variation is present. Such variations can be options for grafts, resulting in minimal functional change to the grafted area due to the continued existence of other muscles performing similar functions. Knowledge of such variations, and alternative, synonymous names for them, is also important for anatomy instructors, who may need to assist students in identifying these rare variations during anatomical dissection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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5 pages, 2541 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Clinicopathologic Features of Neuroblastoma-like Schwannoma: A Case Report of Unusual Morphologic Variant

by Samira Mortazavi, Kambiz Kamyab Hesari, Atieh Khorsand and Maryam Ardalan

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 217-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020022 - 9 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1953

Abstract

Neuroblastoma-like schwannoma is known as a rare unusual variant of schwannoma with difficulties of differential diagnosis with neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor and other cutaneous small round cell tumors. Herein, we describe a neuroblastoma-like schwannoma that was presented as a painless lesion on [...] Read more.

Neuroblastoma-like schwannoma is known as a rare unusual variant of schwannoma with difficulties of differential diagnosis with neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor and other cutaneous small round cell tumors. Herein, we describe a neuroblastoma-like schwannoma that was presented as a painless lesion on the dorsal side of the left hand in a 39-year-old woman. Composed collagen fibers in the central core of rosettes and diffuse expression of S100 protein in the tumor cells found in the biopsy specimens confirmed the Schwann cell origin of the tumor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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6 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Rare Configuration origin of the Superior Thyroid, Lingual and Facial Arteries in a Pentafurcated Common Carotid Artery

by Fabrizio Zaccheo, Francesco Mariotti, Alessandro Guttadauro, Alfredo Passaretti, Maria Elisabetta Campogrande, Giulia Petroni and Andrea Cicconetti

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 204-209; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020020 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3559

Abstract

Detailed knowledge about the normal anatomy and its variations is a necessity in good clinical and surgical practice. The case we are reporting here shows a rare configuration origin of the superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries arising directly from a pentafurcated common [...] Read more.

Detailed knowledge about the normal anatomy and its variations is a necessity in good clinical and surgical practice. The case we are reporting here shows a rare configuration origin of the superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries arising directly from a pentafurcated common carotid artery. A fresh frozen latex-infiltrated cadaver was dissected. The superior thyroid artery, the lingual artery and the facial artery were found to be directly detached from the common carotid artery as terminations of the five terminal rami variations. The current classifications of anatomical variants are discussed in detail in relation to this case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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7 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Orofacial Anatomy Discrepancies and Human Identification—An Education Forensic Approach

by Ana Corte-Real

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 170-176; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020017 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to identify and correlate orofacial anatomy discrepancies as biometric data and the impact of its rehabilitation as an educational, forensic approach to human identification. An observational and retrospective cohort study was performed on cephalography and photographic exams [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to identify and correlate orofacial anatomy discrepancies as biometric data and the impact of its rehabilitation as an educational, forensic approach to human identification. An observational and retrospective cohort study was performed on cephalography and photographic exams of a clinical database. The clinical reports were randomly selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, reviewed, and interpreted according to the anatomical features. The anatomic features analyzed for human identification compare pre- and post-medical intervention data. The challenging anatomical area was the lower one-third of the face. In an extreme forensic condition, identification should consider the medical history for a positive and accurate conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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4 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Introduction of a New Classification of the Cleidooccipital Muscle

by Sandeep Silawal, Shikshya Pandey and Gundula Schulze-Tanzil

Anatomia 2022, 1(2), 148-151; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020015 - 1 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2066

Abstract

The “cleidooccipital branches” are integral muscular branches of the sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM), as well as the trapezius muscles, which construct the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck, respectively. The term “cleidooccipital muscle”, in the literature, generally describes the [...] Read more.

The “cleidooccipital branches” are integral muscular branches of the sternocleidomastoid muscles (SCM), as well as the trapezius muscles, which construct the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck, respectively. The term “cleidooccipital muscle”, in the literature, generally describes the accessory muscle, which is proximally attached to the middle portion of the clavicle, separate from the clavicular attachment of the SCM or trapezius muscle, and crosses the posterior triangle of the neck obliquely. With proximity to either the trapezius or the SCM, the accessory cleidooccipital muscles can be divided into posterior and anterior accessory cleidooccipital muscles, respectively. At present, most of the descriptions in the literature associated with the accessory cleidooccipital muscles concern the posterior accessory cleidooccipital muscles. The anterior accessory cleidooccipital muscles are mostly recognized as a proximal clavicular-head-sided supernumerary variation of the SCM. We propose a new classification of these muscles, with nomenclatures to help researchers to differentiate the cleidooccipital branches or muscles from one another. Introducing this classification, we hope that more clarity can be achieved when addressing the so-called “cleidooccipital muscle” in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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7 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Anastomosis between Median and Musculocutaneous Nerve: Presentation of a Very Rare Anatomical Variation in Comparison to Classical Divisions

by Rosario Barone, Agata Grazia D’Amico, Noemi Di Lorenzo, Grazia Laura Di Grado, Egle Matranga, Giulio Spinoso, Leonardo Luca Bavuso, Antonella Marino Gammazza, Francesca Rappa, Fabio Bucchieri, Francesco Cappello, Weronika Piotrowska, Jan Henryk Spodnik, Edyta Spodnik and Sławomir Wójcik

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 68-74; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010007 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

The musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) is the terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and emerges at the inferior border of pectoralis minor muscle. The nerve can interact with the median nerve (MN), adhering to the nerve and sharing fibers with [...] Read more.

The musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) is the terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and emerges at the inferior border of pectoralis minor muscle. The nerve can interact with the median nerve (MN), adhering to the nerve and sharing fibers with it. During anatomical dissection of twelve cadavers, we have detected a rare variation of the anastomosis between MCN and MN. The knowledge of this anatomical variation could be of great relevance during surgical and clinical practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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8 pages, 3375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCase Report

Distribution and Appearance of Arrector Pili Muscle in the Skin of the Rhesus Monkey Face

by Inga May, Kerstin Mätz-Rensing and Christian-Albrecht May

Anatomia 2022, 1(1), 33-40; https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1010004 - 8 Apr 2022

Viewed by 6492

Abstract

Although the presence of an arrector pili smooth muscle is documented in many monkey species, its regional peculiarities are hitherto not well documented. We aimed to study this aspect in the face of rhesus monkeys with different areas of hair coat. Eight different [...] Read more.

Although the presence of an arrector pili smooth muscle is documented in many monkey species, its regional peculiarities are hitherto not well documented. We aimed to study this aspect in the face of rhesus monkeys with different areas of hair coat. Eight different regions of six monkeys (male and female) were studied using light microscopy and immunohistochemistry (antibody against smooth muscle alpha actin). We identified two regions (lips and eyelids) with vellus hairs that did not show an arrector pili muscle. In the eyelids, the hairs are rather small and short; in the lips, the vellus hairs were surrounded by striated muscle fibers from the orbicularis oris muscle. In all other regions (frontal region, forehead, cheek, chin), the vellus hairs contained an arrector pili muscle with comparable morphology. Only in the chin region, where additional striated muscles from the face muscles were present, the arrector pili muscles were thinner. All vibrissae showed a close relation to striated muscle fiber bundles of the facial muscles. They never developed smooth muscle bundles assigned as arrector pili equivalent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Anatomy and Its History)

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