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New Insights into Autophagy and Retinal Degeneration

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 837

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Guest Editor
Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Interests: neuroanatomy; neuroscience; neurodegeneration; methamphetamine; autophagy; movement disorders; substances of abuse; morphology; ultrastructure
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The integrity of the retina is constantly challenged by a high amount of oxidative stress, which depends on a high rate of oxygen consumption and handling of oxidative electromagnetic waves. This explains the high rate of oxidized lipids, altered mitochondria, misfolded proteins and abnormal glycation by-products produced by the retina. These altered chemical species attack subcellular organs and ultimately lead to loss of retinal integrity and retinal inflammation. The presence of a solid metabolic machinery devoted to the clearance of altered organelles and molecules is seminal to maintain retinal integrity. The autophagy pathway is highly active in specific cell types of the retina and provides a solid defense to counteract a number of degenerative conditions ranging from primary retinal alterations such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa to secondary retinal damage in the course of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. The relevance of autophagy extends to maintain optimal synaptic activity within retinal networks and reduce abnormal inflammatory processes. The proliferation and differentiation of retinal stem cells are also influenced by autophagy. The enhancement of autophagy by drugs, nutraceuticals, specific wavelengths, and life-style is promising to prevent or cure retinal degeneration. All these aspects will be covered by the present Special Issue, which aims to collect the growing evidence and opinions on the role of autophagy in maintaining retinal integrity.

Prof. Dr. Francesco Fornai
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • autophagy
  • retinal degeneration
  • retinal inflammation
  • oxidative stress
  • retinal alterations
  • age-related macular degeneration
  • retinal damage
  • inflammatory processes

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

38 pages, 3242 KiB  
Review
Retinal Autophagy for Sustaining Retinal Integrity as a Proof of Concept for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
by Roberto Pinelli, Gloria Lazzeri, Caterina Berti, Francesca Biagioni, Elena Scaffidi, Michela Ferrucci, Violet Vakunseh Bumah and Francesco Fornai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125773 - 16 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Current evidence indicates that most types of autophagy represent a pivot in promoting retinal integrity. In healthy conditions, autophagy acts on multiple pathways, which are fundamental for the biochemistry and the fine structure of the retina. Autophagy is essential in granting visual processes. [...] Read more.
Current evidence indicates that most types of autophagy represent a pivot in promoting retinal integrity. In healthy conditions, autophagy acts on multiple pathways, which are fundamental for the biochemistry and the fine structure of the retina. Autophagy is essential in granting visual processes. On the other hand, autophagy dysfunction characterizes several retinal disorders. This is mostly evident in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which represents the most common degenerative disease leading to blindness. The involvement of autophagy in AMD is documented in vitro and in vivo experiments, and it is strongly suggested by clinical findings in humans. The present manuscript provides an overview of the specific types of autophagy, which prevail in the retina and their alterations in retinal degeneration with an emphasis on AMD. The dysfunction of specific autophagy steps was analyzed in relation to hallmarks of AMD pathology and symptoms. An extended session of the manuscript analyzes the connection between altered autophagy and cell pathology within retinal pigment epithelium, as well as the site and structure of extracellular aggregates named drusen. The significance of the drusen in relation to visual function is discussed in the light of the role of autophagy in regulating key steps of phototransduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Autophagy and Retinal Degeneration)
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