The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure
Abstract
1. Brief Introduction to the History and Terminology Related to the Term “Microbiota” and about Its Definition in Scientific Literature
2. Microscopic Anatomy of Human Airways and Bowel: Similarities and Differences
3. The “Ghost” Layer
4. Extracellular Vesicles: Physiology and Pathophysiology
5. Airway Composition
6. Bowel Mucus Composition
7. Bowel Microbiota Composition
Anatomy | Density | Kingdoms | Phylum | Genus | (%) | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
URT (upper respiratory tract) | Nasal cavity | 103 | Bacteria | Actinomycetota | Corynebacterium spp. | 20–25% | [16,73,74,76,77,78,107,132,133,134] |
Bacillota | Staphylococcus spp. | 7–12% | |||||
Streptococcus spp. | 8.5–13% | ||||||
Pseudomonadota | Haemophilus spp. | 2–7% | |||||
Moraxella spp. | 13–18% | ||||||
Nasopharynx | 103 | Actinomycetota | Corynebacterium spp. | 6–11% | |||
Bacillota | Staphylococcus spp. | 12–17% | |||||
Streptococcus spp. | 10.5–15% | ||||||
Pseudomonadota | Moraxella spp. | 14–19% | |||||
Oropharynx | 106 | Actinomycetota | Rothia spp. | 5.5–10% | |||
Bacteroidota | Prevotella spp. | 12–17% | |||||
Bacillota | Streptococcus spp. | 23–28,5% | |||||
Lactobacillus spp. | 1–5% | ||||||
Veillonella spp. | 4–9% | ||||||
Fusobacteriota | Leptotrichia spp. | 4–9% | |||||
LRT (lower respiratory tract | Lungs | 102 | Bacteria | Bacteroidota | Prevotella spp. | 75–80% | |
Bacillota | Lactobacillus spp. | 78–83% | |||||
Streptococcus spp. | |||||||
Veillonella spp. | |||||||
Pseudomonadota | Halomonas spp. | 41–46% |
Domain | Kingdoms | Phylum | Genus | (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Procaryota | Bacteria | Bacteroidota | Bacteroides | 73.13 ± 22.16% | [136,137,138,139] |
Prevotella | |||||
Bacillota | Clostridium | 22.2 ± 18.66% | |||
Lactobacillus | |||||
Actinomycetota | Bifidobacterium | 1.67 ± 2.94 | |||
Fusobacteriota | Fusobacterium | 19 ± 21.4% | |||
Pseudomonadota | Escherichia | 2.15 ± 10.39% | |||
Shigella | |||||
Verrucomicrobiota | Akkermansia | 1 ± 2% | |||
Spirochaetota | Brachyspira | 5 ± 7.8% | |||
Archea | Euryarchaeota | Halobacterium | 0.1 ± 21.3% | [140,141] | |
Domain | Kingdoms | Phylum | Family | (%) | References |
Eukaryota | Fungi | Ascomycota | Aspergillaceae | 47.8 ± 99.5% | |
Debaryomycetaceae | [142,143,144] | ||||
Dipodascaceae | |||||
Saccharomycetaceae | |||||
Basidiomycota | Tremellaceae | 47.8 ± 99.5% | |||
Malasseziaceae | |||||
Virii | Bacteriophage | Uroviricota | Demerecviridae | 80 ± 84% | [139,145,146,147] |
Ackermannviridae | |||||
Autographiviridae |
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fucarino, A.; Burgio, S.; Paladino, L.; Caruso Bavisotto, C.; Pitruzzella, A.; Bucchieri, F.; Cappello, F. The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure. Anatomia 2022, 1, 186-203. https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020019
Fucarino A, Burgio S, Paladino L, Caruso Bavisotto C, Pitruzzella A, Bucchieri F, Cappello F. The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure. Anatomia. 2022; 1(2):186-203. https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleFucarino, Alberto, Stefano Burgio, Letizia Paladino, Celeste Caruso Bavisotto, Alessandro Pitruzzella, Fabio Bucchieri, and Francesco Cappello. 2022. "The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure" Anatomia 1, no. 2: 186-203. https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020019
APA StyleFucarino, A., Burgio, S., Paladino, L., Caruso Bavisotto, C., Pitruzzella, A., Bucchieri, F., & Cappello, F. (2022). The Microbiota Is Not an Organ: Introducing the Muco-Microbiotic Layer as a Novel Morphofunctional Structure. Anatomia, 1(2), 186-203. https://doi.org/10.3390/anatomia1020019