Fishes

27 pages, 1569 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bisphenols: Endocrine Disruptors and Their Impact on Fish: A Review

by Nikola Peskova and Jana Blahova

Fishes 2025, 10(8), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080365 - 29 Jul 2025

Bisphenols (BPs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA) and its structural analogues, are synthetic compounds widely used in plastics and industrial materials. These substances are also recognised as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their ability to interfere with hormonal systems, which has significant implications for [...] Read more.

Bisphenols (BPs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA) and its structural analogues, are synthetic compounds widely used in plastics and industrial materials. These substances are also recognised as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) due to their ability to interfere with hormonal systems, which has significant implications for aquatic organisms. This review summarises the occurrence, environmental distribution, and toxicity of BPs in fish, with a focus on estrogenic, androgenic, thyroid, and glucocorticoid disruptions. Studies consistently show that exposure to BPs leads to altered gene expression, developmental abnormalities, impaired reproduction, and disrupted hormonal signalling in various fish species. Although BPA alternatives like bisphenol S, bisphenol F, or bisphenol AF were introduced as safer options, emerging evidence suggests they may pose equal or greater risks. Regulatory measures are evolving, particularly within the European Union, but legislation remains limited for many bisphenol analogues. This review emphasises the need for comprehensive environmental monitoring, stricter regulatory frameworks, and the development of genuinely safer alternatives to minimise the ecological and health impacts of BPs in aquatic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environment and Climate Change)

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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 4344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

YOLO-DFAM-Based Onboard Intelligent Sorting System for Portunus trituberculatus

by Penglong Li, Shengmao Zhang, Hanfeng Zheng, Xiumei Fan, Yonchuang Shi, Zuli Wu and Heng Zhang

Fishes 2025, 10(8), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080364 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study addresses the challenges of manual measurement bias and low robustness in detecting small, occluded targets in complex marine environments during real-time onboard sorting of Portunus trituberculatus. We propose YOLO-DFAM, an enhanced YOLOv11n-based model that replaces the global average pooling in [...] Read more.

This study addresses the challenges of manual measurement bias and low robustness in detecting small, occluded targets in complex marine environments during real-time onboard sorting of Portunus trituberculatus. We propose YOLO-DFAM, an enhanced YOLOv11n-based model that replaces the global average pooling in the Focal Modulation module with a spatial–channel dual-attention mechanism and incorporates the ASF-YOLO cross-scale fusion strategy to improve feature representation across varying target sizes. These enhancements significantly boost detection, achieving an mAP@50 of 98.0% and precision of 94.6%, outperforming RetinaNet-CSL and Rotated Faster R-CNN by up to 6.3% while maintaining real-time inference at 180.3 FPS with only 7.2 GFLOPs. Unlike prior static-scene approaches, our unified framework integrates attention-guided detection, scale-adaptive tracking, and lightweight weight estimation for dynamic marine conditions. A ByteTrack-based tracking module with dynamic scale calibration, EMA filtering, and optical flow compensation ensures stable multi-frame tracking. Additionally, a region-specific allometric weight estimation model (R² = 0.9856) reduces dimensional errors by 85.7% and maintains prediction errors below 4.7% using only 12 spline-interpolated calibration sets. YOLO-DFAM provides an accurate, efficient solution for intelligent onboard fishery monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies for Improving Fisheries and Aquaculture Production and Management)

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16 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application of Digital Twin Technology in the Development of Intelligent Aquaculture: Status and Opportunities

by Jianlei Chen, Yong Xu, Hao Li, Xinguo Zhao, Yang Su, Chunhao Qi, Keming Qu and Zhengguo Cui

Fishes 2025, 10(8), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080363 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aquaculture is vital for global food security but faces challenges like disease, water quality control, and resource optimization. Digital twin technology, a real-time virtual replica of physical aquaculture systems, emerges as a transformative solution. By integrating sensors and data analytics, it enables monitoring [...] Read more.

Aquaculture is vital for global food security but faces challenges like disease, water quality control, and resource optimization. Digital twin technology, a real-time virtual replica of physical aquaculture systems, emerges as a transformative solution. By integrating sensors and data analytics, it enables monitoring and optimization of water quality, feed efficiency, fish health, and operations. This review explores the current adoption status of digital twins in aquaculture, highlighting applications in real-time monitoring and system optimization. It addresses key implementation challenges, including data integration and scalability, and identifies emerging opportunities for advancing sustainable, intelligent aquaculture practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Aquaculture)

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17 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Reproductive Group Behavior of Schizothorax wangchiachii Based on Acoustic Telemetry

by Bo Li, Fanxu Hu, Wenjing Li, Wei Su, Jiazhi Zhu and Wei Jiang

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070362 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

To investigate the group behavioral characteristics of Schizothorax wangchiachii during the spawning period, we used acoustic telemetry to track 10 mature individuals (4 females, 12 males) in a semi-controlled stream section (28.1 m × 5.8 m) simulating natural spawning microhabitats from 23 to [...] Read more.

To investigate the group behavioral characteristics of Schizothorax wangchiachii during the spawning period, we used acoustic telemetry to track 10 mature individuals (4 females, 12 males) in a semi-controlled stream section (28.1 m × 5.8 m) simulating natural spawning microhabitats from 23 to 26 January 2024. By integrating trajectory similarity analysis and wavelet transform, we examined the aggregation patterns and activity rhythms during natural spawning events. The population formed two relatively stable subgroups, with significantly shorter inter-individual distances during the day (1.69 ± 0.72 m) than at night (2.54 ± 0.85 m, p < 0.01). Aggregation behavior exhibited a dominant ultradian rhythm of 16.5 h, with stable clustering between 09:00 and 16:00 (spawning window: 13:40–14:20) and dispersal from 19:00 to 00:00. Group activity followed a decreasing-then-increasing trend, with higher nighttime activity. Males were more active than females (F = 51.89, p < 0.01); female activity peaked on the spawning day and was influenced by reproductive progression, while male activity was mainly driven by diel rhythms (p < 0.01). A weak positive correlation was found between active time and inter-individual distance in both sexes (r = 0.32, p < 0.05), indicating reduced activity when aggregated. These findings provide insight into the temporal coordination and spatial regulation of reproductive behavior under semi-controlled conditions. However, due to the short monitoring period and experimental setup, caution is warranted when generalizing to the full reproductive season or fully natural habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral Ecology of Fishes)

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19 pages, 1835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Hyperglycemic Hormone and Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 Are Involved in the Thermal Adaptation of Eriocheir sinensis

by Xi Li, Runlin Zhou, Ruiqi Zhang, Zhen He, Mingzhi Zhang, Ran Li, Tong Hao and Jinsheng Sun

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070361 - 21 Jul 2025

Abstract

Temperature is one of the critical factors influencing the survival, growth, and reproduction of organisms. The molting and developmental mechanisms of crustaceans are highly sensitive to temperature, yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying their thermal adaptation remain unclear. In this work, transcriptome sequencing was [...] Read more.

Temperature is one of the critical factors influencing the survival, growth, and reproduction of organisms. The molting and developmental mechanisms of crustaceans are highly sensitive to temperature, yet the regulatory mechanisms underlying their thermal adaptation remain unclear. In this work, transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze the gene expression profiles of Eriocheir sinensis under normal temperature (22 °C) and high-temperature (27 °C and 32 °C) conditions. A total of 377 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 149 up-regulated and 227 down-regulated genes. Through Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these DEGs, 11 significantly temperature-regulated signaling pathways were identified, including the estrogen and androgen receptor signaling pathways, and two neurotransmission signaling pathways. These findings suggest that temperature may influence sex regulation in E. sinensis, while the dopamine receptor and neuropeptide signaling pathways may play a role in its thermal adaptation. Further validation via RT-qPCR of DEGs involved in neurotransmission signaling pathways revealed that crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAA3) genes are likely involved in the thermal adaptation of E. sinensis. In addition, the hemolymph glucose levels associated with the elevated temperatures were detected and consistent variations between glucose levels and CHH expressions were found. This indicates that the eyestalk CHH is strongly correlated with the hemolymph glucose levels and likely mediates the response to temperature changes by regulating blood glucose in E. sinensis. The results of this study not only provide key molecular targets for elucidating the mechanisms by which temperature affects molting and development in E. sinensis, but also establish a theoretical foundation for further research into thermal adaptation strategies in crustaceans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Invertebrates)

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14 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Early Temperature and Live Feeds on the Development of White Muscle in Greater Amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

by Rafael Angelakopoulos, Andreas Tsipourlianos, Alexia E. Fytsili, Nikolaos Mitrizakis, Themistoklis Giannoulis, Nikos Papandroulakis and Katerina A. Moutou

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070360 - 20 Jul 2025

Abstract

Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) shows potential for Mediterranean aquaculture due to its swift growth, consumer appeal, and commercial value. However, challenges in juvenile production, such as growth dispersion and unsynchronized development, impede further expansion. This study explores the impact of rearing [...] Read more.

Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) shows potential for Mediterranean aquaculture due to its swift growth, consumer appeal, and commercial value. However, challenges in juvenile production, such as growth dispersion and unsynchronized development, impede further expansion. This study explores the impact of rearing temperature and live feed types on early white muscle development in greater amberjack larvae. Findings reveal substantial effects of temperature and diet on larval development, highlighting that the combination of 24 °C and a copepod + rotifer co-feeding scheme resulted in the highest axial growth rate, whereas rotifer-fed larvae at 20 °C exhibited a slower pace. Incorporating both histological and gene expression analyses, the study underscores temperature’s significant influence on white muscle development. Among larvae reared at 24 °C, the two live feed types led to phenotypic variations at metamorphosis, with rotifers supporting longer larvae featuring a smaller total cross-sectional area compared to copepods. Gene expression analysis indicates heightened mylpfb and myog expression at 24 °C during early larval stages, suggesting increased hyperplasia and myoblast differentiation. This study highlights the necessity of considering both temperature and feed type in larval rearing practices for optimal muscle development, and further research exploring combined diets during rearing could offer insights to enhance amberjack aquaculture sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Metabolism, and Flesh Quality in Aquaculture Nutrition)

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17 pages, 1154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation and Path Analysis of Morphological Traits and Body Mass in Perca schrenkii

by Qing Ji, Zhengwei Wang, Huale Lu, Huimin Hao, Syeda Maira Hamid, Qing Xiao, Wentao Zhu, Tao Ai, Zhaohua Huang, Jie Wei and Zhulan Nie

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070359 - 20 Jul 2025

Abstract

Perca schrenkii populations are experiencing significant declines, yet comprehensive morphological studies are still lacking. Understanding the relationship between morphological traits and body weight is crucial for conservation and breeding programs. We analyzed 13 morphological traits in 100 P. schrenkii specimens from Hamsigou Reservoir [...] Read more.

Perca schrenkii populations are experiencing significant declines, yet comprehensive morphological studies are still lacking. Understanding the relationship between morphological traits and body weight is crucial for conservation and breeding programs. We analyzed 13 morphological traits in 100 P. schrenkii specimens from Hamsigou Reservoir using correlation analysis, path analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). Body weight exhibited the highest variability (CV = 39.76%). Strong correlations were observed between body weight and body length (R = 0.942), total length, and body width. A four-variable regression model explained 94.1% of body weight variation, with body length showing the strongest direct effect (path coefficient = 0.623). The first three principal components accounted for 76.687% of the total variance. Our findings demonstrate that BL, BW, BD, and ES can effectively predict body weight, providing valuable insights for the conservation and selective breeding of P. schrenkii. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vantage Points in the Morphology of Aquatic Organisms)

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23 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Long-Term Overview of Elasmobranch Fisheries in an Oceanic Archipelago: A Case Study of the Madeira Archipelago

by Mafalda Freitas, Filipa Pinho-Duarte, Madalena Gaspar, Pedro Ideia, João Delgado, Sara C. Cerqueira and Ricardo Sousa

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070358 - 19 Jul 2025

Abstract

Elasmobranch species are considered a global conservation priority due to their susceptibility to fishing pressure. In the Madeira Archipelago, Northeastern Atlantic, most elasmobranch species are caught as bycatch in artisanal drifting longline fishery targeting scabbardfishes. All commercial elasmobranch landings carried out in this [...] Read more.

Elasmobranch species are considered a global conservation priority due to their susceptibility to fishing pressure. In the Madeira Archipelago, Northeastern Atlantic, most elasmobranch species are caught as bycatch in artisanal drifting longline fishery targeting scabbardfishes. All commercial elasmobranch landings carried out in this archipelago over three decades (1990–2020) were analysed, aiming to provide a reliable overview of Madeira’s elasmobranch fisheries and their evolution. A total of 2316 tonnes of elasmobranchs were landed during the study period, corresponding to approximately EUR 2.1 million in first-sale value. The most representative period occurred from 2003 to 2013, corresponding to 75.21% of the total elasmobranch landings. A general pattern of supply and demand was evident, with mean price values typically showing an inverse trend to landed tonnage. At the species level, Centrophorus squamosus appears as the dominant species, representing about 89% of the total elasmobranch species landed, followed by Prionace glauca, with approximately 3%. The high dominance of C. squamosus in the scabbardfish fishery raises significant ecological and management concerns, as this deep-water shark species is known for its vulnerability to overexploitation. Management measures currently in place need to be updated and ought to be based on studies on the type and size of hooks for each fishery, to ultimately infer about species-specific survival rates, as well as the fishing gears’ soak time. Moreover, studies on the enhancement of food supply through fisheries discards are still missing, even though it is highly likely that this input may alter the dynamics of marine food webs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Conservation of Elasmobranchs)

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20 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Temporal Dynamics of the Impact of Overfishing on the Resilience of the Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppel, 1858) Fish Species’ Population in the West African Lake Toho

by Clovis Ayodédji Idossou Hountcheme, Simon Ahouansou Montcho, Hyppolite Agadjihouede and Doru Bănăduc

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070357 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

This research investigated the temporal dynamics of the anthropogenic impact of fishing pressure on the resilience of the fish species Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppel, 1858) in the African Lake Toho, located in southwest Benin. The sampling and analysis of monthly length frequency data were [...] Read more.

This research investigated the temporal dynamics of the anthropogenic impact of fishing pressure on the resilience of the fish species Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppel, 1858) in the African Lake Toho, located in southwest Benin. The sampling and analysis of monthly length frequency data were conducted from April 2002 to March 2003 and from April 2022 to March 2023 using the FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tool (FiSAT II software program (version 1.2.2.). The analysis of the S. melanotheron population in Lake Toho revealed a significantly diminishing resilience potential, reflected mainly in general reductions in both the average size and weight of individuals. There was a notable reduction in the size of Sarotherodon melanotheron individuals caught between 2002–2003 and 2022–2023, reflecting the increased pressure on juvenile size classes. Catches are now concentrated mainly on immature fish, revealing increasing exploitation before sexual maturity is reached. An analysis of maturity stages showed a decrease in the percentage of mature individuals in the catches (69.27% in 2002–2003 compared to 55.07% in 2022–2023) and a reduction in the number of mega-spawners (4.53% in 2002–2003 compared to 1.56% in 2022–2023). Growth parameters revealed a decrease in asymptotic length (from 32.2 cm to 23.8 cm) and longevity (from 9.37 years to 7.89 years), while the growth coefficient slightly increased. The mean size at first capture and optimal size significantly declined, indicating increased juvenile exploitation. The total and natural mortalities increased, whereas the fishing mortality remained stable. The exploitation rate remained high, despite a slight decrease from 0.69 to 0.65. Finally, the declines in the yield per recruit, maximum sustainable yield, and biomass confirm the increasing fishing pressure, leading to growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, reproductive overfishing, and, last but not least, a decreasing resilience potential. These findings highlight the growing overexploitation of S. melanotheron in Lake Toho, compromising stock renewal, fish population resilience, sustainability, and production while jeopardizing local food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)

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19 pages, 4510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fishery Resource Conservation Subsidies and Penalties in China: An Evolutionary Game Approach

by Yujuan Li, Brendan Moyle and Shamim Shakur

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070356 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

In response to the ongoing depletion of fishery resources, many countries now prioritize sustainable fish stock use and ecosystem protection, balancing ecological, economic, and social goals. Fishery subsidies are key in this shift, with their impact depending on design and implementation. In 2020, [...] Read more.

In response to the ongoing depletion of fishery resources, many countries now prioritize sustainable fish stock use and ecosystem protection, balancing ecological, economic, and social goals. Fishery subsidies are key in this shift, with their impact depending on design and implementation. In 2020, China introduced marine fishery resource conservation subsidies and simultaneously phased out a 15-year policy of harmful fuel subsidies. This study uses evolutionary game theory to analyze the strategic interactions between government authorities and fishermen across four institutional scenarios, each combining different forms of subsidies and penalties. The findings suggest that a dynamic approach, incorporating both subsidies and penalties, is most effective in promoting legal fishing practices and protecting marine resources. Additionally, the study emphasizes that the effectiveness of subsidies and penalties does not necessarily increase with their scale; instead, both must be carefully calibrated to sustainable and reasonable limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fishery Economics, Policy, and Management)

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13 pages, 5862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Mechanisms of Low-Temperature Stress Response in the Muscle of Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola aureovittata)

by Yushun Tian, Ruonan Zhang, Bingxin Wu, Mingxin Ji, Xinyang Li, Xinyu Cao and Chen Jiang

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070355 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

The yellowtail kingfish (Seriola aureovittata), a commercially important marine species, encounters significant survival challenges under low-temperature conditions during winter aquaculture. To elucidate its molecular adaptation mechanisms, this study employed RNA-Seq to analyze transcriptional responses in juvenile muscle tissues under acute cold [...] Read more.

The yellowtail kingfish (Seriola aureovittata), a commercially important marine species, encounters significant survival challenges under low-temperature conditions during winter aquaculture. To elucidate its molecular adaptation mechanisms, this study employed RNA-Seq to analyze transcriptional responses in juvenile muscle tissues under acute cold stress (10 °C) at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. Differential gene expression analysis revealed time-dependent patterns, with 269, 863, and 984 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified at 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Key pathways were identified, including lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and stress response. Sestrin3 upregulation implicated AMPK-mediated energy homeostasis in cold adaptation. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular strategies underlying cold adaptation in yellowtail kingfish, offering potential targets for breeding cold-resistant strains and improving aquaculture resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Physiology of Aquatic Animals)

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19 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Biogeographic Patterns of Two Typical Mesopelagic Fishes in the Cosmonaut Sea Through a Combination of Environmental DNA and a Trawl Survey

by Yehui Wang, Chunlin Liu, Mi Duan, Peilong Ju, Wenchao Zhang, Shuyang Ma, Jianchao Li, Jianfeng He, Wei Shi and Yongjun Tian

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070354 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Investigating biodiversity in remote and harsh environments, particularly in the Southern Ocean, remains costly and challenging through traditional sampling methods such as trawling. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, which refers to sampling genetic material shed by organisms from environmental samples (e.g., water), provides a [...] Read more.

Investigating biodiversity in remote and harsh environments, particularly in the Southern Ocean, remains costly and challenging through traditional sampling methods such as trawling. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, which refers to sampling genetic material shed by organisms from environmental samples (e.g., water), provides a more cost-effective and sustainable alternative to traditional sampling approaches. To study the biogeographic patterns of two typical mesopelagic fishes, Antarctic lanternfish (Electrona antarctica) and Antarctic deep-sea smelt (Bathylagus antarcticus), in the Cosmonaut Sea in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean, we conducted both eDNA and trawling sampling at a total of 86 stations in the Cosmonaut Sea during two cruises in 2021–2022. Two sets of species-specific primers and probes were developed for a quantitative eDNA analysis of two fish species. Both the eDNA and trawl results indicated that the two fish species are widely distributed in the Cosmonaut Sea, with no significant difference in eDNA concentration, biomass, or abundance between stations. Spatially, E. antarctica tended to be distributed in shallow waters, while B. antarcticus tended to be distributed in deep waters. Vertically, E. antarctica was more abundant above 500 m, while B. antarcticus had a wider range of habitat depths. The distribution patterns of both species were affected by nutrients, with E. antarctica additionally affected by chlorophyll, indicating that their distribution is primarily influenced by food resources. Our study provides broader insight into the biogeographic patterns of the two mesopelagic fishes in the remote Cosmonaut Sea, demonstrates the potential of combining eDNA with traditional methods to study biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the Southern Ocean and even at high latitudes, and contributes to future ecosystem research and biodiversity conservation in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)

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15 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multifunctional Applications of Biofloc Technology (BFT) in Sustainable Aquaculture: A Review

by Changwei Li and Limin Dai

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070353 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Biofloc technology (BFT), traditionally centered on feed supplementation and water purification in aquaculture, harbors untapped multifunctional potential as a sustainable resource management platform. This review systematically explores beyond conventional applications. BFT leverages microbial consortia to drive resource recovery, yielding bioactive compounds with antibacterial/antioxidant [...] Read more.

Biofloc technology (BFT), traditionally centered on feed supplementation and water purification in aquaculture, harbors untapped multifunctional potential as a sustainable resource management platform. This review systematically explores beyond conventional applications. BFT leverages microbial consortia to drive resource recovery, yielding bioactive compounds with antibacterial/antioxidant properties, microbial proteins for efficient feed production, and algae biomass for nutrient recycling and bioenergy. In environmental remediation, its porous microbial aggregates remove microplastics and heavy metals through integrated physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms, addressing critical aquatic pollution challenges. Agri-aquatic integration systems create symbiotic loops where nutrient-rich aquaculture effluents fertilize plant cultures, while plants act as natural filters to stabilize water quality, reducing freshwater dependence and enhancing resource efficiency. Emerging applications, including pigment extraction for ornamental fish and the anaerobic fermentation of biofloc waste into organic amendments, further demonstrate its alignment with circular economy principles. While technical advancements highlight its capacity to balance productivity and ecological stewardship, challenges in large-scale optimization, long-term system stability, and economic viability necessitate interdisciplinary research. By shifting focus to its underexplored functionalities, this review positions BFT as a transformative technology capable of addressing interconnected global challenges in food security, pollution mitigation, and sustainable resource use, offering a scalable framework for the future of aquaculture and beyond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Aquaculture)

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18 pages, 3571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Metabolic Adaptations to Increasing Temperature: Insights from the In Vitro Model of Maraena Whitefish

by Katrin Tönißen, Julia Brenmoehl, Heike Wanka and Bianka Grunow

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070352 - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Physiological changes in animals induced by environmental shifts in aquatic ecosystems can be studied using fish cell lines derived from vulnerable species. Therefore, we investigated how environmental shifts—specifically, an increase of 5 °C in temperature—impact the physiology of the cell line CMAfin1 derived [...] Read more.

Physiological changes in animals induced by environmental shifts in aquatic ecosystems can be studied using fish cell lines derived from vulnerable species. Therefore, we investigated how environmental shifts—specifically, an increase of 5 °C in temperature—impact the physiology of the cell line CMAfin1 derived from maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena). Cellular growth, morphology, and metabolic responses were examined under two growth conditions: a control temperature of 20 °C and an elevated temperature of 25 °C. Using trypan blue staining, automated cell counting, phase contrast microscopy, and actin staining, we observed morphological changes in the cells. Metabolic functions were assessed using a Seahorse XFe96 Flux Analyzer, focusing on the bioenergetic capacities of mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity. Hyperthermia resulted in faster growth rates but reduced cell size in the CMAfin1 cell line. The cells’ metabolic activity (mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic activity) was inhibited, leading to a quiescent energy state. Our findings indicate reduced motility and altered intercellular communication at higher temperatures. The results highlight the potential of in vitro models to study environmental stress on fish physiology and emphasize the value of fish cell lines for understanding metabolic responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Biochemistry)

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9 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Record of Lyconus brachycolus (Gadiformes: Lyconidae) in Spanish Waters: An Update on Taxonomic Knowledge

by Rafael Bañón, Alejandro de Carlos and Juan Carlos Arronte

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070351 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study reports the first record of Lyconus brachycolus in Spanish waters. A single specimen measuring 216 mm in total length was captured on 13 October 2024 in the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain, 43.8467 N, −6.2109 W) by bottom trawl at a [...] Read more.

This study reports the first record of Lyconus brachycolus in Spanish waters. A single specimen measuring 216 mm in total length was captured on 13 October 2024 in the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain, 43.8467 N, −6.2109 W) by bottom trawl at a depth of 412 m. A detailed morphological description, updated characteristics, and illustrations are provided. For comparative purposes, an update of the species’ morphological characteristics was carried out. In an integrative taxonomic approach, the DNA barcode was obtained, which confirmed the morphological identification of the specimen as Lyconus brachycolus. A molecular taxonomic analysis using this marker showed the existence of two clades separated by 5.1%, corresponding to Lyconus brachycolus and Lyconus pinnatus, the two currently valid species of the genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Taxonomy, Evolution, and Biogeography)

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24 pages, 1937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asparagopsis taxiformis Feed Supplementation as a Tool to Improve the Resilience of Farmed Diplodus sargus to Marine Heatwave Events—A Metabolomics Approach

by Marta Dias, Isa Marmelo, Carla António, Ana M. Rodrigues, António Marques, Mário S. Diniz and Ana Luísa Maulvault

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070350 - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

The need to maximize aquaculture production while addressing environmental and food security challenges posed by climate change has driven research towards the development of functional aquafeeds that enhance performance and immunity in farmed species. However, exposure to dietary and environmental stressors affects marine [...] Read more.

The need to maximize aquaculture production while addressing environmental and food security challenges posed by climate change has driven research towards the development of functional aquafeeds that enhance performance and immunity in farmed species. However, exposure to dietary and environmental stressors affects marine organisms, altering key metabolic pathways best understood through high-throughput “omics” tools. This study assessed the effects of Asparagopsis taxiformis supplementation on central metabolic pathways by analyzing changes in primary metabolite levels in the liver of farmed Diplodus sargus under optimal and suboptimal temperature conditions. Results showed that seaweed supplementation had a beneficial effect on the fish’s primary metabolome; however, inclusion levels and rearing conditions played a crucial role in determining outcomes. While 1.5% supplementation maintained a balanced primary metabolome under optimal temperature conditions, 3.0% supplementation most effectively mitigated the adverse effects of acute thermal stress during a marine heatwave. These findings highlight the nutritive and functional potential of A. taxiformis supplementation in aquafeeds for marine omnivorous fish species and emphasize the importance of evaluating functional aquafeeds under suboptimal rearing conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate the value of metabolomics in elucidating the molecular basis underlying biological pathways in farmed marine fish and optimizing production through climate-smart dietary strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquaculture Feed Additives)

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13 pages, 1242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Investigation of the Effect of Feeds with Probiotic Additives on Growth and Functional State of Juvenile Steelhead Salmo (Salmo gairdneri)

by Elena N. Ponomareva, Marina N. Sorokina, Vadim A. Grigoriev, Mariya S. Mazanko, Vladimir A. Chistyakov and Dmitry V. Rudoy

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070349 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The research on the effect of feed with probiotic additives on the growth and functional state of young steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri) is presented in this study. For the first time, target strains selected not only by antagonism to pathogens but [...] Read more.

The research on the effect of feed with probiotic additives on the growth and functional state of young steelhead salmon (Salmo gairdneri) is presented in this study. For the first time, target strains selected not only by antagonism to pathogens but also by their ability to produce lytic enzymes or secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity were used to create probiotic preparations for aquaculture. This study presents findings showing that groups of fish fed probiotic feeds showed an improved growth performance and higher survival rate compared to the control. It was noted that the weights of fish in the first variant and the second variant of the experiment were higher by 8.8% and 6.8%, respectively. This research showed that juvenile steelhead salmon reared with probiotic-supplemented feeds had an improved ability to survive in high salinity and sublethal temperatures. This indicates that probiotics may play a significant role in enhancing the adaptive system of fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Feeding)

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21 pages, 5889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mobile-YOLO: A Lightweight Object Detection Algorithm for Four Categories of Aquatic Organisms

by Hanyu Jiang, Jing Zhao, Fuyu Ma, Yan Yang and Ruiwen Yi

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070348 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate and rapid aquatic organism recognition is a core technology for fisheries automation and aquatic organism statistical research. However, due to absorption and scattering effects, images of aquatic organisms often suffer from poor contrast and color distortion. Additionally, the clustering behavior of aquatic [...] Read more.

Accurate and rapid aquatic organism recognition is a core technology for fisheries automation and aquatic organism statistical research. However, due to absorption and scattering effects, images of aquatic organisms often suffer from poor contrast and color distortion. Additionally, the clustering behavior of aquatic organisms often leads to occlusion, further complicating the identification task. This study proposes a lightweight object detection model, Mobile-YOLO, for the recognition of four representative aquatic organisms, namely holothurian, echinus, scallop, and starfish. Our model first utilizes the Mobile-Nano backbone network we proposed, which enhances feature perception while maintaining a lightweight design. Then, we propose a lightweight detection head, LDtect, which achieves a balance between lightweight structure and high accuracy. Additionally, we introduce Dysample (dynamic sampling) and HWD (Haar wavelet downsampling) modules, aiming to optimize the feature fusion structure and achieve lightweight goals by improving the processes of upsampling and downsampling. These modules also help compensate for the accuracy loss caused by the lightweight design of LDtect. Compared to the baseline model, our model reduces Params (parameters) by 32.2%, FLOPs (floating point operations) by 28.4%, and weights (model storage size) by 30.8%, while improving FPS (frames per second) by 95.2%. The improvement in mAP (mean average precision) can also lead to better accuracy in practical applications, such as marine species monitoring, conservation efforts, and biodiversity assessment. Furthermore, the model’s accuracy is enhanced, with the mAP increased by 1.6%, demonstrating the advanced nature of our approach. Compared with YOLO (You Only Look Once) series (YOLOv5-12), SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector), EfficientDet (Efficient Detection), RetinaNet, and RT-DETR (Real-Time Detection Transformer), our model achieves leading comprehensive performance in terms of both accuracy and lightweight design. The results indicate that our research provides technological support for precise and rapid aquatic organism recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology for Fish and Fishery Monitoring)

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15 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study on Some Blood Parameters of White Snook (Centropomus viridis) Broodstock Reared in Aquaculture Recirculating System (RAS)

by Iris Adriana Hernández-López, Virginia Patricia Domínguez-Jiménez, Rosa María Medina-Guerrero, Rodolfo Lozano-Olvera, Oscar Basilio Del Rio-Zaragoza, Leonardo Ibarra-Castro, Juan Manuel Martínez-Brown and Emyr Saúl Peña-Marín

Fishes 2025, 10(7), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10070347 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The white snook (Centropomus viridis) is an emerging aquaculture species with high market acceptance, exhibiting catadromous and protandric hermaphroditic characteristics in adulthood. This study aimed to preliminarily characterize certain hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as blood cell morphology, for identifying [...] Read more.

The white snook (Centropomus viridis) is an emerging aquaculture species with high market acceptance, exhibiting catadromous and protandric hermaphroditic characteristics in adulthood. This study aimed to preliminarily characterize certain hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as blood cell morphology, for identifying possible variations between sexes maintained under aquaculture recirculating system (RAS) conditions. The white snook broodstock was anesthetized with clove oil, and biometric values, as well as sex classification, were measured. Then, blood samples were collected from 14 females (7132 ± 1610 g) and 20 males (2200 ± 0.963 g) via caudal vessel puncture to analyze selected hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, and cellular morphology. Fulton’s condition factor (K) showed no differences between sexes, indicating a healthy fish status. Females showed significantly higher serum cholesterol, glucose, and triglyceride levels than males. Also, hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were elevated in females. No sex-related differences were observed in red or white cell counts or in blood cell dimensions. Morphological characterization identified erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and three types of leukocytes: lymphocytes (small and large lymphocytes), neutrophils, and monocytes, with no eosinophils or basophils detected in either sex. These findings provide fundamental reference values for the hematological and biochemical profiles of C. viridis broodstock in captivity and highlight sex-specific differences relevant for reproductive and health monitoring. However, it should be considered that the sample size used to establish reference ranges for the species is small, so it is recommended to implement a monitoring plan for this and other broodstocks of this emerging species. Full article

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