Physiologia, Volume 6, Issue 1 (March 2026) – 21 articles

Background: Hydration and electrolyte strategies are critical in mountain ultra-endurance events, yet field-based evidence from trail races remains limited. This study examined the relationship between fluid intake, sodium consumption, and body mass changes in trail runners competing under real environmental conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional field study was conducted during La Misión Brasil 2024. Athletes of both sexes competing in the endurance race (35 km; EG: n = 15; age = 37.0 [29.5–46.0] years; 12 men and 3 women) and the ultra-endurance race (80 km; UEG: n = 13; age = 42.0 [37.0–46.0] years; 11 men and 2 women) were included in the study. Pre- and post-race body mass were assessed, and in-race fluid and food intake were collected using an adapted 24-h dietary recall. Water and sodium intake were expressed as total (L and mg, respectively) and per-hour (mL/h and mg/h, respectively) values. Environmental temperature and humidity were obtained from a local weather station. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and associations were examined with Spearman’s correlation (p < 0.05). Results: EG (n = 15) and UEG (n = 13) showed similar absolute and relative body mass changes (2.6% to −3.0%; p > 0.05). EG runners presented greater weight loss rate (−270 vs. −115 g/h; p = 0.002), while UEG consumed higher total water (7.11 vs. 4.14 L; p = 0.008) and sodium (5789 vs. 2857 mg; p = 0.003). Water intake per hour was higher in EG (626 vs. 427 mL/h; p = 0.017). Body Mass Index was negatively correlated with hourly weight loss (r = −0.605; p < 0.001). Water and sodium intake per hour were positively correlated (r = 0.607; p < 0.001), though neither predicted hourly weight loss. Conclusions: Hydration responses may differ according to environmental stress and pacing demands. Changes in body mass may not necessarily reflect hydration adequacy, suggesting a possible multifactorial nature of hydroelectrolyte balance during mountain endurance events. Full article

Background: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a potent estrogenic mycotoxin that adversely affects the female reproductive system, causing hormonal imbalance, uterine enlargement, structural changes in the reproductive tract, and reduced fertility. This study evaluated the protective effects of melittin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MEL-NPs) against ZEA-induced ovarian toxicity in female rats. Methods: Forty-eight adult female Wistar rats (180–200 g) were divided into four groups: Control, ZEA, ZEA + MEL, and ZEA + MEL-NPs. ZEA (2.7 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally twice weekly for two weeks. MEL and MEL-NPs (40 μg/kg b.w.) were given orally three times weekly for one month. Serum biochemical parameters were measured, and ovarian tissues were examined grossly and histopathologically. qRT-PCR was performed to assess mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), apoptotic marker (Caspase-3), and steroidogenic enzyme (CYP19A1). Results: ZEA exposure induced significant ovarian toxicity, evidenced by increased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, LH, FSH, CA-125, and Caspase-3, along with decreased progesterone, antioxidant capacity, and CYP19A1 expression. Histopathology revealed ovarian atrophy, follicular degeneration, and fibrosis. Treatment with MEL-NPs markedly reversed these alterations, normalizing cytokine and hormonal profiles, restoring CYP19A1 expression, and improving ovarian morphology. MEL-NPs demonstrated superior protective effects compared to free MEL. Conclusions: MEL-NPs effectively ameliorate ZEA-induced ovarian toxicity by restoring hormonal balance, enhancing antioxidant defense, and reducing inflammation and apoptosis. These findings suggest that MEL-NPs could be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing mycotoxin-induced ovarian dysfunction. Full article

Quantifying oxidative, glycolytic, and phosphagen energy system contributions during exercise is challenging due to their simultaneous activation and reliance on indirect estimation. This narrative review critically examines the methodological foundations, assumptions, and practical implications of current approaches used to estimate energy system contributions during continuous and intermittent exercise, with the aim of clarifying how these methods shape the interpretation of bioenergetic responses. Oxidative contribution, primarily estimated through oxygen uptake (VO₂) integration, typically exceeds (~75–88%) in continuous efforts longer than 6 min and can reach values above ~87% when exercise duration allows full development of VO₂ kinetics, particularly in trained young adult cohorts. In contrast, supramaximal efforts shorter than 30–90 s involve markedly lower oxidative contribution, commonly below ~50% and as low as ~8–19%. Glycolytic contribution is inferred from net blood lactate concentration accumulation and increases with exercise intensity, ranging from ~3–5% in longer severe-intensity efforts to values up to ~60% during brief maximal tasks lasting 15–30 s. Phosphagen contribution is estimated using the fast component of post-exercise VO₂ recovery or theoretical phosphocreatine breakdown models, and can reach ~39–48% in maximal efforts lasting 10–15 s, while declining to values below ~10% in prolonged exercise. Each method is shaped by exercise duration, intensity, structural format, and physiological assumptions, contributing to methodological heterogeneity and limiting direct comparability between studies. Advances in portable gas analyzers, near-infrared spectroscopy, and biosensing technologies have improved temporal resolution and ecological validity. To enhance the accuracy and practical application of energy system profiling, standardized and integrative frameworks are urgently required. Full article

Background: Prenatal cannabinoid exposure (PCE) causes neurodevelopmental impairments affecting learning and memory; however, the receptor-level interactions underlying these cognitive deficits remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether a moderate dose of prenatal Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure alters the biophysical properties of synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, which are critical mediators of excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received a moderate dose (5 mg/kg) of THC or vehicle control via oral gavage throughout gestation and early postnatal development. Single-channel electrophysiological activity of the AMPA receptors (AMPARs) was recorded using patch-clamp techniques on synaptosomal AMPARs reconstituted into artificial lipid bilayers from adolescent offspring. Western blot analysis of GluA1- and GluA2-containing AMPAR subunits and the postsynaptic scaffold protein postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) was conducted to assess protein levels. Results: Prenatal THC exposure decreased AMPAR open-channel probability, reduced mean open time, increased mean closed time, and altered burst channel activity significantly, without altering GluA1, GluA2, or PSD95 protein levels. Furthermore, the interactive channel-gating activity observed in control synaptosomes was absent in synaptosomes derived from THC-exposed offspring. Conclusions: Prenatal cannabinoid exposure induces early alterations in glutamatergic synaptic function primarily mediated by changes in AMPAR channel kinetics rather than receptor abundance. By identifying AMPAR single-channel dysfunction as a sensitive marker of PCE-induced synaptic disruption, this work provides a mechanistic framework linking prenatal THC exposure to long-term alterations in learning and memory. Full article

Introduction: cigarette smoking is a major source of systemic oxidative stress and a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are increasingly promoted as reduced-risk alternatives, yet their cellular effects remain incompletely understood. Methods: this study compared the oxidative stress-mediated effects of conventional cigarette smoking and HTP use on human erythrocytes. Erythrocytes from healthy non-smokers, conventional smokers, and HTP users were analyzed using biochemical, functional, and cytological approaches to assess redox status, membrane and cytoskeletal organization, anion exchanger 1 (AE1) function, antioxidant response, and redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Results: conventional smokers exhibited higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thiol depletion, methemoglobin and hemichrome formation, whereas HTP users showed marked lipid peroxidation despite lower ROS availability. Both groups instead displayed altered expression and distribution of key membrane and cytoskeletal proteins, including glycophorin A, AE1, spectrin, ankyrin, and band 4.1, indicating impaired membrane–cytoskeleton interactions. Functional analyses revealed an accelerated AE1-mediated anion exchange in erythrocytes from conventional smokers, whereas cells from HTP users exhibited a reduced sulfate accumulation, indicating altered transport capacity. In both groups, G6PDH activity was significantly increased, and redox-sensitive signaling pathways involving ERK, AKT, and eNOS were activated, accompanied by sex-dependent alterations in estrogen receptor expression and distribution. Conclusions: collectively, these findings identify erythrocytes as sensitive biomarkers of tobacco-related systemic damage and indicate that smoking-induced erythrocyte dysfunction, including that associated with HTP use, may actively contribute to vascular impairment. This evidence challenges the assumption that heated tobacco products confer a substantially reduced cardiovascular risk compared with conventional cigarettes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Despite increasing interest in high-intensity exercise and cerebrovascular function, the effects of maximal sprint exercise on cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a key indicator of vascular health, remain unclear. Methods: This study investigated the acute effects of a 30-s all-out cycling sprint (Wingate Anaerobic Test, WAnT), on CVR to hypocapnia in 24 healthy young adults (12 males). Following familiarisation and a $\dot{\mathrm{V}}$O_2max test, participants completed an experimental session where CVR was assessed at rest and 30 min post-WAnT. CVR was evaluated using a 1-min voluntary hyperventilation protocol (25 breaths·min⁻¹), with middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound and end-tidal CO₂ (P_ETCO₂) recorded breath-by-breath. CVR was calculated as the absolute change in MCAv per 1 mmHg change in P_ETCO₂ from the final 10 s of hyperventilation. Results: Resting MCAv and P_ETCO₂ were significantly reduced post-WAnT (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). Consequently, the reductions in MCAv and P_ETCO₂ during hyperventilation were attenuated after exercise in both males and females (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). Despite these changes, CVR remained unaltered in both sexes following WAnT (males: 1.79 ± 0.35 vs. 1.59 ± 0.26 cm·s⁻¹·mmHg⁻¹, p = 0.09; females: 2.01 ± 0.44 vs. 2.01 ± 0.46 cm·s⁻¹·mmHg⁻¹, p = 0.97). However, post-exercise CVR was significantly lower in males than females, despite no baseline sex differences (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Cerebrovascular reactivity to hypocapnia is preserved 30 min after a single bout of maximal sprint exercise in healthy young adults. Notably, females demonstrated a more favorable maintenance of CVR post-exercise compared to males, suggesting potential sex differences in CVR following maximal sprint exercise. Full article

Background: Anthropometric characteristics are known determinants of rowing performance, particularly during adolescence, when rapid physical growth affects strength, leverage, and movement efficiency. Understanding how body size and proportionality relate to rowing output is essential for contextualizing performance differences during youth rowing development. Objective: This study examined the associations between anthropometric variables and 2000 m ergometer performance in a multinational cohort of adolescent rowers, with separate analyses for males and females. Methods: A total of 126 youth rowers (65 males, 61 females) aged 14–16 years from eight countries participated. Standardized anthropometric measurements including body height, body mass, body fat (F%), relative muscle mass (M%), limb lengths, and body surface area (BSA) were assessed. Performance was assessed via maximal 2000 m ergometer testing, recording mean power output (W). Results: Significant anthropometric differences were observed between sexes. Performance outcomes mirrored these patterns: males produced substantially greater ergometer power (327.10 ± 48.65 W) compared to females (219.63 ± 30.96 W, p = 0.015). Across nations, anthropometric and performance means differed numerically but showed no statistically significant between-country differences (p > 0.05), despite small-to-moderate effect sizes. Correlation analyses revealed strong positive associations between ergometer power and body height (males: r = 0.70; females: r = 0.71), body mass (males: r = 0.75; females: r = 0.70), relative muscle mass (males: r = 0.62; females: r = 0.64) and body surface area (males: r = 0.78; females: r = 0.73). Relative fat mass showed a moderate-to-strong negative association with performance (males: r = −0.67; females: r = −0.64; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Anthropometric variables—particularly height, body mass, muscle mass, and body surface area—are strongly associated with rowing ergometer performance in adolescent athletes. These findings underscore the relevance of morphological profiling in youth rowing and provide descriptive insight into anthropometric–performance relationships during early junior rowing. Full article

Background/Objectives: Competitive karting places high physiological and cognitive demands on drivers. This field study investigated the acute effects of racing on heart rate variability (HRV), perceived fatigue and neuromuscular function, and cognitive-motor performance during an official event held under persistent rain. Methods: Longitudinal, repeated-measures design across two conditions: control (race video viewing) and competition (qualifying and race). Four drivers (Junior, X30 Senior, X30 Super Shifter) were assessed pre/post-control and post-qualifying/race on Day 1 (Saturday) and pre/post-race only on Day 2 (Sunday). Measures included continuous heart rate, pre/post HRV (HRV4Training; rMSSD, SDNN), perceived fatigue (ROF), bilateral handgrip strength, and visuomotor performance (reaction times and accuracy). Results: On Day 1, SDNN and rMSSD decreased significantly after qualifying versus pre- and post-control (p < 0.05), remaining globally lower post-race; no changes emerged in frequency-domain indexes. Perceived fatigue, handgrip strength, and mean/max reaction times did not change significantly; an improvement in minimum reaction time was observed post-race versus post-control (p = 0.033). rMSSD consistently decreased after racing on both days (p < 0.05) with no day × time interaction observed, and accuracy improved on Sunday, reflected by more correct attempts (hits) and fewer failed attempts (errors) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Racing was associated with lower time-domain HRV indices (rMSSD/SDNN), consistent with heightened autonomic activation without measurable decrements in handgrip-based neuromuscular function or cognitive-motor performance. The improved accuracy on Day 2 may be related to an increased level of physiological activation and readiness associated with race day. Routine HRV monitoring across race weekends is recommended to guide recovery decisions when subjective scales show limited immediate sensitivity. These findings are preliminary due to the small and heterogeneous sample and should be interpreted cautiously. Full article

Background/Objectives: The correlation between in vivo morphological and functional changes in the degenerating retina in a large animal model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has not been characterized longitudinally. Herein, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to monitor the dynamic morphological changes in the Pro23His rhodopsin transgenic (TgP23H) pig model of RP and was correlated with electroretinography (ERG) in the rapid, early phase of photoreceptor degeneration. Methods: TgP23H and wild-type (WT) hybrid pig littermates at the ages of postnatal days 30 (P30), P60, and P90 were studied. The thickness of different retinal layers was quantified using SD-OCT and compared with histology. Retinal function was evaluated with ERG at corresponding time points. Results: In the WT pigs, retinal morphology on SD-OCT was consistent throughout the observation period. In the TgP23H pigs, the retinal thickness decreased significantly from P30 to P90. Moreover, the relative intensity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) progressively decreased, while the intensity of the interdigitation zone–retinal pigment epithelium (IZ-RPE) progressively increased during this period. Morphological changes in SD-OCT corresponded with histology, as well as the progressively decreased amplitude of the ERG photopic a- and b-waves in the TgP23H pigs. Conclusions: Retinal degeneration can be quantified using SD-OCT by measuring retinal thickness and the intensity of the EZ and IZ-RPE bands in the TgP23H pig. The SD-OCT results correspond with the histologic and ERG assessments of retinal degeneration. These data provide a foundation for future preclinical studies investigating potential new therapeutic strategies in a large animal model of retinitis pigmentosa. Full article

Background/Objectives: Cognitive impairment and sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly during middle age, and negatively affect functional independence and quality of life. Although physical exercise has demonstrated cognitive and sleep-related benefits in MS, tolerance to high-intensity training is often limited. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training, which combines low-load resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion, has emerged as a feasible alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week BFR training program on performance in specific cognitive domains and sleep quality in middle-aged adults with MS. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 65 adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) aged 40–65 years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale score below 7. Participants were randomly assigned to a BFR training group or a usual-care control group. The intervention consisted of supervised low-load resistance training with BFR performed twice weekly for 12 weeks. Outcomes assessed before and after the intervention included processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), executive function (Trail Making Test A and B), verbal fluency (Isaacs Set Test), and self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Results: Compared with controls, participants in the BFR group showed significant improvements in specific cognitive domains, including processing speed, executive function, and verbal fluency. Significant reductions were also observed in self-reported global sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction. No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: A 12-week BFR training program improved performance in key cognitive domains and self-reported sleep quality in middle-aged adults with MS, supporting its feasibility and potential clinical relevance as an exercise-based intervention. Full article

This meta-analysis investigates the acute (immediate) pre–post changes in the modulation of physiological tremor in healthy adults following physical exercise, including resistance-based protocols. Physiological tremor is characterized by low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations during posture or movement and reflects transient changes in neuromuscular control. Background/Objectives: Quantify the pooled effect of physical exercise on physiological tremor amplitude in healthy adults using magnitude-based metrics (RMS, peak power). A secondary objective was to synthesize evidence from acute resistance-based protocols separately. Methods: This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines and followed the methodological framework outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Thirteen experimental studies met the inclusion criteria, with eleven included in the general exercise analysis and eight in the acute resistance-based subset. Results: Random-effects models revealed a moderate reduction in tremor amplitude following acute exercise (Hedges’ g = −0.42, p < 0.001). The resistance-based synthesis was restricted to acute single-session protocols only and indicated a directionally consistent reduction in tremor amplitude. Conclusions: These findings suggest that physical exertion is associated with transient suppression of physiological tremor amplitude. Acute single-session resistance-based exercise protocols showed a consistent direction of effect, although pooled estimates should be interpreted cautiously due to heterogeneity. Overall, physiological tremor may serve as a sensitive, non-invasive outcome measure reflecting short-term neuromuscular state. Full article

Background/Objectives: Teaching is a profession characterized by a high burden of stress. This study examined sex differences in autonomic regulation by analysing heart rate variability (HRV) and body fat percentage (BF%) in teachers, explicitly hypothesizing that the association between adiposity and autonomic modulation (HRV) would be more consistent in men. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 253 teachers from compulsory and university education during the 2022–2023 academic year. HRV was obtained from heart rate recordings, and body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Analyses were stratified by sex and, in addition to comparisons based on the sex-specific median of fat mass (kg), ANCOVA models were performed and adjusted for age, teaching experience, and educational level. Results: Teachers with higher BF% were older (43.46 vs. 40.65 years; p = 0.007) and reported higher perceived stress (7.60 vs. 6.83; p = 0.034). In men, HRV was lower in the ≥p50 adiposity group, with reductions in RMSSD and pNN50 (p = 0.015–0.016). In women, RMSSD and pNN50 were not significant (p > 0.20; small effect sizes). In adjusted analyses (ANCOVA), no significant differences were found in men for any index; in women, HRmax and the LF/HF ratio were significant (small effects), whereas the remaining indices were not. Conclusions: Greater adiposity was associated with higher stress and lower HRV, particularly in men. In women, the pattern was more heterogeneous, and significance after adjustment was limited to HRmax and the LF/HF ratio, suggesting the need for sex-specific approaches to the assessment and promotion of psychophysiological well-being in teachers. Full article

Background: This study examines how contextual factors influence the match load experienced by U14 athletes. Methods: Ninety-six male players from eight Portuguese regional selection teams were monitored during three official matches each, using WIMU Pro™ inertial devices with ultra-wideband (UWB) tracking systems. Fifteen internal and external load variables were analyzed, including player load/min, high-speed running (HSR), maximum heart rate (HRmax), and high impacts/min. Mixed linear models revealed significant inter-individual variability in all variables, showing sensitivity to match context. Results: Losing teams exhibited higher player load/min. Balanced matches provoked greater cardiovascular and locomotor demands, particularly in HRmax and HSR metrics. Cluster analysis identified three match typologies based on score margin. Team level was strongly associated with final outcomes and quarter performance, reinforcing the predictive value of intra-match consistency. In contrast, match type (score margin) showed limited correlation with team quality or load distribution. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the multifactorial nature of match load in youth basketball, supporting the implementation of individualized, context-aware training and recovery strategies while guiding long-term athlete development. Full article

Understanding how contextual variables shape differences in match demands in youth football is essential for optimising performance and player development. Objective: This study aimed to compare physical and competitive performance according to playing position, match location, match result, and opponent quality in the physical and competitive performance of U21 football players from a professional Chilean club. Methods: Twenty male U21 players (19.2 ± 1.2 years) were monitored during 11 official matches using 10 Hz GPS devices (WIMU Pro™) and post-match Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Variables included total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR > 20 km/h), metres per minute (MM), accelerations/decelerations (N°AC/N°DC > 3 m·s⁻²), player load (PL), and peak velocity (PV). Contextual variables were classified by playing position, home/away, win/loss, and opponent quality (higher vs. lower rank). Results: Significant between-group differences were found across all contextual factors (p < 0.05). Midfielders (MFs) covered greater TD and reported higher RPE, while full-backs (FBs) and wingers (WGs) reached higher HSR and PV. Away and lost matches showed greater RPE, PL, and N°AC/N°DC, alongside more goals conceded. Facing higher-ranked opponents increased RPE and HSR but reduced explosive actions. Conclusions: Physical performance in U21 football is strongly modulated by contextual factors. Coaches should adjust training load and tactical strategies according to match conditions and positional roles to optimise adaptation and competitive readiness in developmental categories. Full article

Background: Irisin, a muscle-derived hormone, enhances the energy metabolism by activating the brown adipose tissue and acts as a bone-forming agent across the entire life span. No consistent clinical data in humans have been published so far to highlight if blood irisin as glucose/bone biomarker should be refined based on the vitamin D status (deficient or sufficient). Therefore, we aimed to objectively assess the level of irisin in female adults with abnormal and normal vitamin D status, as reflected by the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin (25OHD) in relationship with glucose and bone metabolic parameters. Methods: This pilot, prospective, exploratory study included eighty-nine menopausal women aged over 50. We excluded subjects with malignancies, bone and metabolic disorders, insulin treatment, and active endocrine disorders. Fasting profile included glycaemia, insulin, and glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Then, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) included glycaemia and insulin assay after 60 and 120 min. Bone status involved bone turnover markers and central dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry providing bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular bone score. Results: Eighty-nine subjects were included in the following two groups depending on 25OHD: vitamin D-deficient (VDD) group (N = 48; 25OHD < 30 ng/mL) and vitamin D-sufficient (VDS) group (N = 41; 25OHD ≥ 30 ng/mL). The two groups had similar age and menopausal period (62.29 ± 10.19 vs. 63.56 ± 8.16 years, respectively; 15.82 ± 9.55 vs. 16.11 ± 9.00 years, p > 0.5 for each). A statistically significant higher body mass index (BMI) was found in VDD vs. VDS group (32.25 ± 5.9 vs. 28.93 ± 4.97 kg/m², p = 0.006). Circulating irisin was similar between the groups as follows: median (IQR) of 91.85 (44.76–121.76) vs. 71.17 (38.76–97.43) ng/mL, p = 0.506. Fasting profile and OGTT assays showed no between-group difference. Median HOMA-IR in VDD group pointed out insulin resistance of 2.67 (1.31–3.29). Lowest mean/median T-scores at DXA for both groups were consistent with osteopenia category, but they were confirmed at different central sites as follows: femoral neck in both groups [VDD versus VDS group: −1.1 (−1.20–−0.90) vs. −1.1 (−1.49–−0.91), p = 0.526, respectively], only at lumbar spine for VDS group (T-score of −1.18 ± 1.13). The correlations between irisin and the mentioned parameters displayed a different profile when the analysis was performed in the groups with different 25OHD levels. In VDD group, irisin levels statistically significantly correlated with serum phosphorus (r = −0.32, p = 0.022), osteocalcin (r = −0.293, p = 0.038), P1NP (r = −0.297, p = 0.04), HbA1c (r = 0.342, p = 0.014), and BMI (r = 0.408, p = 0.003). Conclusions: This pilot study brings awareness in the analysis of irisin in relationship with glucose and bone-related biomarkers correlates, showing a distinct type of association depending on 25OHD level, which might represent an important crossroad in the multitude of irisin-activated signal transduction pathways. Full article

Background: To investigate baseline MNV characteristics in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) and its impact on therapeutic needs and visual acuity after 5 years in initially therapy-naïve eyes. Methods: A retrospective study of 43 therapy-naïve eyes with neovascular AMD (nAMD). OCTA was performed at baseline and all eyes were observed for 5 years. MNV architecture was characterized by area, total vessel length, flow density and fractal dimension. These variables were tested for correlation with the number of administered intravitreal injections (IVIs) and best-corrected visual outcome (BCVA) after 5 years of treatment. Results: Mean follow-up time was 4.97 ± 0.21 years. Area and total vessel length of MNVs were significantly associated with a higher number of administered IVIs after 5 years (p < 0.05), flow density significantly correlated with fewer IVIs (p < 0.05). Fractal dimension showed a tendency to more IVIs (p = 0.056) after 5 years. Flow density at baseline correlated with a better BCVA (p < 0.05). In contrast, MNV area size, total vessel length and fractal dimension did not show any correlation to BCVA after 5 years (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Specific features of MNV architecture such as area, total vessel length and flow density can predict long-term treatment requirement and visual outcome. Further studies using deep learning algorithms are necessary to explore the usage of these findings in daily practice. Full article

Resistance training (RT) influences endocrine pathways that control skeletal muscle (SM) growth. This review summarizes 25 years of evidence (January 2000–December 2025) from PubMed, Medline, and ScienceDirect, focusing on three aspects: (1) exercise types such as RT, speed, power, high-intensity interval training, and aerobic training at various intensities; (2) dietary factors, including caloric restriction, total protein, protein sources, amino acids, and carbohydrates; and (3) aging-related physiological factors that may impair the insulin/IGF-1 axis in SM, such as insulin resistance, fat infiltration, physical inactivity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. The data from Grade A evidence in systematic reviews and RCTs are prioritized to develop practical recommendations and future research directions for young, middle-aged, older, and very old individuals. Evidence regarding the effects of anabolic amino acids in women, middle-aged, and very old individuals, as well as locally mediated IGF-1 effects of any type of exercise, is limited. Full article

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a frequent pregnancy pathology with poor maternal and fetal outcomes and risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. Despite known risk factors, such as obesity, age, and familial history, new data suggest that environmental exposure to agents, such as pesticides, can play a role in the etiogenesis of GDM. Objective: The epidemiologic, experimental, and mechanistic evidence between pesticide exposure and GDM risk is summarized here, and we concentrate on recent research (2000–2025). Methods: We conducted a literature search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published from January 2000 to December 2025 using combinations of the terms “fertilizers”, “herbicides”, and “pesticides” with “diabetes mellitus” and “gestational diabetes”. After deduplication, 12 unique studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis (GDM endpoint or pregnancy glycemia with pesticide exposure). Results: Occupational and agricultural exposure to pesticides during first pregnancy was determined to be associated with a significantly increased risk of GDM through various epidemiologic studies. New studies have implicated new classes of pesticides, including pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, with higher GDM risk with first-trimester exposure. Experimental studies suggest that pesticides provide potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can induce insulin resistance through disruption of hormonal signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, β-cell toxicity, and epigenetic modifications. However, significant limitations exist. Most of the evidence is observational, measurement of exposure is often indirect, and confounding factors are difficult to exclude. Notably, low dietary and residential exposure is not well studied, and dose–response relationships are undefined. Conclusions: New data indicate that pesticide exposure during early pregnancy and occupational exposure may increase the risk of GDM. Prospective cohort studies using biomonitoring, chemical mixture exposure, and geographic variation in pesticide exposure should be the focus of future research. Due to potential public health implications, preventive strategies to ensure the quality of nutrition and to reduce maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy are rational. Full article

Background/Objectives: Arterial stiffness is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, and arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) and arterial pressure–volume index (API) are practical oscillometric markers. Shigin, a traditional Japanese vocal recitation practice characterised by abdominal breathing, has limited physiological evidence. This cross-sectional exploratory study examined the association between long-term shigin practice and arterial stiffness in older adults. Methods: Community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years were classified into shigin practitioners (≥10 years), physically active non-practitioners, and inactive non-practitioners. AVI and API were measured using an upper-arm oscillometric device. Blood pressure, heart rate, salivary α-amylase (morning, standardised conditions), and peak expiratory flow were assessed. Results: Both shigin practitioners and active non-practitioners showed lower AVI and API, lower blood pressure, higher peak expiratory flow, and lower salivary α-amylase than inactive non-practitioners (p < 0.01). These associations remained significant after adjustment for blood pressure, heart rate, and sex. Conclusions: Long-term shigin practice was associated with arterial stiffness indices comparable to those of physically active older adults, without implying causality. Full article

Background: Regular exercise was previously shown to reduce glucocorticoid and cardiac-autonomic responses to psychosocial stressors. Specifically, laboratory-based stress induction procedures are recognized as valid experimental manipulations of the physiological stress response. Nevertheless, comparative research between different types of stressors is limited. This study was designed to examine the multi-system psychophysiological response to two stress-induction procedures—psychosocial (Trier Social Stress Test; TSST) and psychophysical (Maastricht Acute Stress Test; MAST)—in male and female athletes. Methods: In a crossover pilot study, 12 athletes (6 female) underwent a TSST and a MAST, one month apart. Saliva hormones and cardiac-autonomic response (heart rate and HRV) were analyzed, besides an untargeted proteomics analysis. Results: The MAST revealed a lower elevation of heart rate (SMD = −1.47 [−2.51, −0.43]) and reduction in RMSSD (SMD = 0.98 [0.01, 1.95]) compared to the TSST. No statistically significant differences were found for hormones or subjective stress (all p < 0.05). Sex comparisons of the area under the curve exposed overall lower responses in women for aldosterone (SMD = −1.50, [−2.45, −0.51]), cortisol (SMD = −1.35, [−2.28, −0.39]), cortisone (SMD = −1.43, [−2.38, −0.46]), overall glucocorticoids (SMD = −1.44, [−2.38, −0.46]), and stronger reduction in testosterone-to-cortisone (SMD = 1.41, [0.44, 2.35]). Interestingly, sex differences were more evident in response to the TSST. Conclusions: Found sex differences underscore the importance of sex sensitive research in stress and exercise science. Our data support the presented methodological approach and encourage properly powered research on stressor comparison in relation to sports and physical fitness. Full article

Background: Urinary incontinence (UI) is common in women and negatively affects quality of life. Although pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is effective, most studies have focused on isolated muscle contractions. Less is known about multimodal programs integrating posture, breathing, and intra-abdominal pressure management. This study examined how urinary loss (UL) and moderate physical activity (MPA), measured objectively, relate to perceived pelvic floor disorders after a five-week multimodal intervention. Methods: Twenty women (40–70 years) with UI participated in three weekly 60 min sessions for five weeks. Outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention: UL using the pad test, physical activity with a wrist-worn accelerometer, and pelvic floor disorders with the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI-20). Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon tests and regression models were used to analyze changes and associations between variables. Results: UL significantly decreased after treatment (p < 0.001) as did total PFDI-20 (p = 0.007). Before treatment, PFDI-20 was mainly predicted by MPA (β = −0.537, p = 0.013). After treatment, UL became the strongest predictor of PFDI-20 (β = 0.587, p = 0.008) while Δ analyses confirmed that changes in both UL (β = 0.444, p = 0.026) and MPA (β = −0.461, p = 0.021) predicted improvements in perceived pelvic floor disorders. Conclusions: A five-week multimodal program reduced UL and improved perceived pelvic floor disorders. After treatment, symptoms were more strongly related to UL than to MPA. This study suggests that a multimodal exercise approach may represent a feasible and potentially effective option for improving both objectively measured urinary loss and perceived pelvic floor symptoms. Full article