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7 pages, 481 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Working Fluid Selection for Biogas-Powered Organic Rankine Cycle-Vapor Compression Cycle

by Muhammad Talha, Nawaf Mehmood Malik, Muhammad Tauseef Nasir, Waqas Khalid, Muhammad Safdar and Khawaja Fahad Iqbal

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023001 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

The worldwide need for energy as well as environmental challenges have promoted the creation of sustainable power solutions. The combination of different working fluids is used for an organic Rankine cycle-powered vapor compression cycle (ORC-VCC) to deliver cooling applications. The selection of an [...] Read more.

The worldwide need for energy as well as environmental challenges have promoted the creation of sustainable power solutions. The combination of different working fluids is used for an organic Rankine cycle-powered vapor compression cycle (ORC-VCC) to deliver cooling applications. The selection of an appropriate working fluid significantly impacts system performance, efficiency, and environmental impact. The research evaluates possible working fluids to optimize the ORC-VCC system. Firstly, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-derived models are used for exergy destruction ( E d t o t ) and heat exchanger total heat transfer capacity ( U A t o t ). Later on, multi-objective optimization was carried out using the acquired models for E d t o t and U A t o t using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) followed by the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The optimization results showcase Decane ORC-R600a VCC as the best candidate for the ORC-VCC system; the values of E d t o t and U A t o t were found to be 24.50 kW and 6.71 kW/K, respectively. The research data show how viable it is to implement biogas-driven ORC-VCC systems when providing air conditioning capabilities. Full article

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8 pages, 3432 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage via FeCoS/RGO Composites

by Muhammad Tariq and Mohsin Ali Marwat

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023002 - 25 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Supercapacitors are considered a bridge between batteries and capacitors due to their significant energy density, as well as power density. Herein, we prepared two novel electrodes of Fe_0.8Co_0.2S and Fe_0.8Co_0.2S/rGO composites and analyzed their supercapacitor [...] Read more.

Supercapacitors are considered a bridge between batteries and capacitors due to their significant energy density, as well as power density. Herein, we prepared two novel electrodes of Fe_0.8Co_0.2S and Fe_0.8Co_0.2S/rGO composites and analyzed their supercapacitor performance. The results indicated that Fe_0.8Co_0.2S/rGO, prepared through co-precipitation and annealing, exhibited a higher specific capacitance value and improved electrochemical properties in comparison to Fe_0.8Co_0.2S due to the synergistic effect of rGO with Fe_0.8Co_0.2S. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the desired phases of Fe_0.8Co_0.2S, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) verified the microstructures and desired elements. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirmed an enhanced oxidation current from +25 mA to +49 mA at 10 mV/s, while galvanometric charge–discharge (GCD) showed an enhanced discharge time from 78 s to 300 s. As a result, the specific capacitance and energy density were enhanced from 74.3 F/g to 285.7 F/g and 2.84 Wh/kg to 10.9 Wh/kg, respectively. This contributed to a more than 283% increase in specific capacitance, as well as energy density. Overall, Fe_0.8Co_0.2S/rGO shows great potential for small-scale energy storage devices. Full article

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9 pages, 1792 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparative Analysis of the Impact Behavior of Honeycomb Sandwich Composites

by Yasir Zaman, Shahzad Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Khan, Babar Ashfaq and Muhammad Qasim Zafar

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023003 - 29 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The increasing need for materials that are both lightweight and strong in the aerospace and automotive sectors has driven the extensive use of composite sandwich structures. This study examines the impact response of honeycomb sandwich composites fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding [...] Read more.

The increasing need for materials that are both lightweight and strong in the aerospace and automotive sectors has driven the extensive use of composite sandwich structures. This study examines the impact response of honeycomb sandwich composites fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) technique. Two configurations were analyzed, namely carbon–honeycomb–carbon (CHC) and carbon–Kevlar–honeycomb–Kevlar–carbon (CKHKC), to assess the effect of Kevlar reinforcement on impact resistance. Charpy impact testing was conducted to evaluate energy absorption, revealing that CKHKC composites exhibited significantly superior impact resistance compared to CHC composites. The CKHKC composite achieved an average impact strength of 70.501 KJ/m², which is approximately 73.8% higher than the 40.570 KJ/m² recorded for CHC. This improvement is attributed to Kevlar’s superior toughness and energy dissipation capabilities. A comparative assessment of impact energy absorption further highlights the advantages of hybrid Kevlar–carbon fiber composites, making them highly suitable for applications requiring enhanced impact performance. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of high-performance honeycomb sandwich structures for impact-critical environments. Full article

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10 pages, 1309 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Sustainable Approach to Cooking: Design and Evaluation of a Sun-Tracking Concentrated Solar Stove

by Hasan Ali Khan, Malik Hassan Nawaz, Main Omair Gul and Mazhar Javed

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023004 - 29 Jul 2025

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Access to clean cooking remains a major challenge in rural and off-grid areas where traditional fuels are costly, harmful, or scarce. Solar cooking offers a sustainable solution, but many existing systems suffer from fixed positioning and low efficiency. This study presents a low-cost, [...] Read more.

Access to clean cooking remains a major challenge in rural and off-grid areas where traditional fuels are costly, harmful, or scarce. Solar cooking offers a sustainable solution, but many existing systems suffer from fixed positioning and low efficiency. This study presents a low-cost, dual-axis solar tracking parabolic dish cooker designed for such regions, featuring adjustable pot holder height and portability for ease of use. The system uses an Arduino UNO, LDR sensors, and a DC gear motor to automate sun tracking, ensuring optimal alignment throughout the day. A 0.61 m parabolic dish with ≥97% reflective silver-coated mirrors concentrates sunlight to temperatures exceeding 300 °C. Performance tests in April, June, and November showed boiling times as low as 3.37 min in high-irradiance conditions (7.66 kWh/m²/day) and 6.63 min under lower-irradiance conditions (3.86 kWh/m²/day). Compared to fixed or single-axis systems, this design achieved higher thermal efficiency and reliability, even under partially cloudy skies. Built with locally available materials, the system offers an affordable, clean, and effective cooking solution that supports energy access, health, and sustainability in underserved communities. Full article

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10 pages, 1457 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Semi-Automated Framework for Standardized Vertebral Measurement with Enhanced Reproducibility in Lumbar Spine MRI Analysis

by Muhammad Hasan Masrur, Rana Talha Khalid, Khair Ul Wara, Abdul Alber, Faizan Ahmad, Zainab Bibi and Jawad Hussain

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023005 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

A semi-automated framework for vertebral measurement has been developed to overcome clinical limitations of subjectivity and poor reproducibility in spinal assessment. The framework integrates watershed segmentation with level-set functions and deterministic cylindrical modeling to convert pixel-based measurements to physical dimensions, achieving 2% reproducibility [...] Read more.

A semi-automated framework for vertebral measurement has been developed to overcome clinical limitations of subjectivity and poor reproducibility in spinal assessment. The framework integrates watershed segmentation with level-set functions and deterministic cylindrical modeling to convert pixel-based measurements to physical dimensions, achieving 2% reproducibility error. Interactive region-of-interest selection enables the effective handling of multi-vertebrae cases while preserving clinical expertise input. Validation using a lumbar spine MRI dataset on 515 patients confirms measurements fall within established anatomical parameters for L3–L5 vertebrae. This methodology provides a transparent, reproducible approach for standardized vertebral assessment that balances automation with clinical reasoning, offering immediate implementation potential without the computational demands and regulatory challenges associated with complex AI systems. Full article

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8 pages, 810 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards Cost Modelling for Rapid Prototyping and Tooling Technology-Based Investment Casting Process for Development of Low-Cost Dies

by Samina Bibi and Muhammad Sajid

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023006 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

In precision manufacturing, selecting the most economically viable process is essential for low-volume, high-complexity applications. This study compares the machining process (MP), conventional investment casting (CIC), and rapid prototyping (RP) through a mathematical cost model based on the activity-based costing (ABC) approach. The [...] Read more.

In precision manufacturing, selecting the most economically viable process is essential for low-volume, high-complexity applications. This study compares the machining process (MP), conventional investment casting (CIC), and rapid prototyping (RP) through a mathematical cost model based on the activity-based costing (ABC) approach. The model captures detailed cost drivers across design, logistics, production, and environmental dimensions. Results show that MP incurs the highest production cost (94.45%) but minimal logistics (3.43%). CIC bears the highest total cost and significant production overhead (93.2%), while RIC achieves the lowest total cost, driven by major savings in production (84.6%) and labor. Although RIC has slightly higher logistics than MP, it demonstrates superior economic efficiency for small-batch, high-accuracy production. This study provides a unified quantitative framework for cost comparison and offers valuable guidance for manufacturers aiming to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and profitability across diverse fabrication strategies. Full article

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12 pages, 953 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Lie Optimal Solutions of Heat Transfer in a Liquid Film over an Unsteady Stretching Surface with Viscous Dissipation and an External Magnetic Field

by Haris Ahmad, Chaudhry Kashif Iqbal, Muhammad Safdar, Bismah Jamil and Safia Taj

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023007 - 30 Jul 2025

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Abstract

A lie point symmetry analysis of flow and heat transfer under the influence of an external magnetic field and viscous dissipation was previously conducted using a couple of lie point symmetries of the model. In this article, we construct a one-dimensional optimal system [...] Read more.

A lie point symmetry analysis of flow and heat transfer under the influence of an external magnetic field and viscous dissipation was previously conducted using a couple of lie point symmetries of the model. In this article, we construct a one-dimensional optimal system for the flow model to extend the previous analysis. This optimal system reveals all the solvable classes of the flow model by deducing similarity transformations, reducing flow equations, and solving the obtained equations analytically. A general class of solutions that encompasses all the previously known lie similarity solutions is provided here. Full article

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11 pages, 3090 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigating Mesh Sensitivity in Linear and Non-Linear Buckling Analysis of Composite Cylindrical Shells

by Shahmeer Khalid Chatha, Muhammad Sher Ali, Muhammad Noman Butt and Muhammad Usman

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023008 - 31 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates mesh sensitivity in the buckling analysis of composite cylindrical shells using the finite element methods. Two Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) models with distinct layups were subjected to linear (Eigenvalue) and non-linear (Riks) analyses under axial compression. Mesh sizes ranging from [...] Read more.

This study investigates mesh sensitivity in the buckling analysis of composite cylindrical shells using the finite element methods. Two Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) models with distinct layups were subjected to linear (Eigenvalue) and non-linear (Riks) analyses under axial compression. Mesh sizes ranging from 50 mm to 2.5 mm were tested using Abaqus. The results revealed that the non-linear analysis is more mesh-sensitive and computationally demanding. Model-1 showed better convergence in non-linear analysis, with <1% error, while Model-2 favored linear analysis, with <0.5% error at finer meshes. The comparison of models results with the experimental data highlights the importance of an empirical correction factor. These findings provide practical guidelines for mesh selection in composite shell analysis. Full article

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11 pages, 1887 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Evaluation of Coefficient of Friction for Fretting Regimes

by Shumaila Fatima, Shahid Mehmood, Muhammad Awais Hamza, Atta Ur Rahman, Hafiz Samama Sumair, Soban Ullah, Muhammad Ammar Nasir, Muhammad Ehtisham and Husnain Zulfiqar Ali

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023009 - 31 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study investigates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear behavior in fretting regimes—stick, stick–slip, and gross sliding—under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Fretting tests were conducted by increasing oscillation amplitude from a few micrometers to 48 µm. In dry conditions, displacement amplitude initially [...] Read more.

This study investigates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear behavior in fretting regimes—stick, stick–slip, and gross sliding—under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Fretting tests were conducted by increasing oscillation amplitude from a few micrometers to 48 µm. In dry conditions, displacement amplitude initially rose rapidly, stabilizing after about 5 million load cycles, indicating steady-state behavior. The friction ratio (FR) surged early, peaking between 0.7 and 1.0, before declining to stable values, suggesting a shift from adhesive to stable frictional interaction. The minimal slip amplitude confirmed the predominance of the stick regime. Conversely, in oil-lubricated conditions, displacement amplitude stabilized after an initial increase, achieving higher amplitudes than in dry tests. The FR started below 0.2, gradually increasing to a peak around 10,000 load cycles for higher oscillation amplitudes (e.g., 15 µm), reflecting the lubricant’s role in reducing metal-to-metal contact. COF curves in lubricated tests showed smoother transitions and lower peak values compared to dry tests. These findings highlight the lubricant’s effectiveness in minimizing adhesion and enhancing sliding efficiency, offering insights for optimizing material performance in engineering applications. Full article

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8 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Designing a Sustainable Organic Rankine Cycle for Remote Geothermal Heat Sources in Pakistan

by Muhammad Shoaib Ijaz, Marig Shabbir Ansari, Aftab Sabghatullah, Intesar Alam and Muhammad Qasim Zafar

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023010 - 31 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This paper discusses a thorough analysis, as well as the design, of an environmentally friendly, single-stage Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, particularly optimized for untapped geothermal applications in Pakistan that are secluded and off-grid, to tackle the severe energy crises choking this country [...] Read more.

This paper discusses a thorough analysis, as well as the design, of an environmentally friendly, single-stage Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system, particularly optimized for untapped geothermal applications in Pakistan that are secluded and off-grid, to tackle the severe energy crises choking this country and its resources. Keeping in mind its Global Warming Potential (GWP), as well as its performance in the ORC, r600a was chosen as the operating fluid. This study focuses on varying the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of not only the geothermal reservoir but that of the operating fluid in the ORC as well. The impacts of adjusting these parameters on the net power output, cycle efficiency, and component-wise exergy destruction, as well as the total exergy destruction, are examined extensively. Analyses of the component-wise exergy destruction found that the maximum exergy destruction occurred in the evaporator, whereas it was discovered that decreasing the condenser pressure below 350 kPa led to negative exergy destruction values, although the total exergy destruction remained positive. Full article

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9 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Modelling of Void Closure Diffusion Model

by Muhammad Akif, Massab Junaid, Tauheed Shehbaz and Fahd Nawaz Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023011 - 5 Aug 2025

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Abstract

A void closure analytic model for the diffusion bonding of titanium TC4 alloy is developed in this study, in which an FEA-based deformation mechanism is coupled with a numerical analysis for diffusion. The focus was to evaluate the effect of pressure and the [...] Read more.

A void closure analytic model for the diffusion bonding of titanium TC4 alloy is developed in this study, in which an FEA-based deformation mechanism is coupled with a numerical analysis for diffusion. The focus was to evaluate the effect of pressure and the temperature on the bonded ratio. As the value of bonding pressure or the bonding temperature increased, the bonding time decreased. The dependence of bonded ratio and time was modeled as an exponential curve. The geometrical model for the mechanism was utilized so that it can incorporate the void division aspect in the process of diffusion bonding. Full article

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8 pages, 1557 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Sensor Indoor Air Quality Monitoring with Real-Time Logging and Air Purifier Integration

by Muhammad Afrial, Muneeza Rauf, Muhammad Nouman, Muhammad Talal Khan, Muhammad Arslan Rizwan and Naqash Ahmad

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023012 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 698

Abstract

Most people utilize their time indoors, either at home or in the workplace. However, certain human interventions badly affect the indoor atmosphere, causing potential health problems for occupants. This study aims to propose an air monitoring device integrated with an air purifier that [...] Read more.

Most people utilize their time indoors, either at home or in the workplace. However, certain human interventions badly affect the indoor atmosphere, causing potential health problems for occupants. This study aims to propose an air monitoring device integrated with an air purifier that monitors the pollutants affecting the indoor environment and automatically turns on/off the air purifier based on the pollution level. In the system, MQ7, MQ2, DHT11, and GP2Y1010AU0F sensors are integrated with ESP32 to detect indoor air pollutants, e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH₄), temperature, humidity, and PM2.5. Data were collected for 30 days by mounting a proposed device in different indoor locations, including a poorly ventilated average living room, an indoor kitchen, and a crowded office space. The emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH₄) was at 29.4 ppm and 10.9 ppm, PM2.5 was detected as 3 µg/m³, and the temperature and humidity were at 23 °C and 28%, respectively. Utilizing the Wi-Fi ability of ESP32, the data were transferred to the ThingSpeak IoT platform for the live tracking and analysis of the indoor atmosphere. Observing the measured data, the proposed system’s accuracy was calculated by comparing the results against a known standard device, which was estimated to be 95%. To protect the designed system, a protective case was also designed. Full article

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13 pages, 4100 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Microfluidic Device Used for Cell Focusing and Sorting Based on an Inertial Microfluidics Technique

by Muhammad Zulfiqar, Fizzah Asif, Emad Uddin, Muhammad Irfan, Ch Abdullah, Sibghat Ullah, Danish Manshad and Hamza Mohsin

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023013 - 6 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Cell separation is a major process in biomedicine and diagnostics and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, a channel design is proposed for cell separation based on a passive cell sorting technique and sheath less flow. Initially, erythrocytes and monocytes [...] Read more.

Cell separation is a major process in biomedicine and diagnostics and in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, a channel design is proposed for cell separation based on a passive cell sorting technique and sheath less flow. Initially, erythrocytes and monocytes are injected into the designed channel, and the behavior of the particles is observed. The erythrocyte and monocyte are 8 μm and 20 μm in size, respectively. The final design is tested for different cross-sectional areas and particle sizes; 20 μm is the largest particle size that can be sorted with this design. Particles are separated due to inertial migration because the forces that focus the particles in the channels, in the form of different streams, deepen the lift force on the inertia of the moving particles. The lift force pushes the particles toward the wall, while the Dean force causes them to rotate near to the wall, stabilizing their positions. The lift and Dean forces depend on the inertia of the particles and topology of the channel, respectively. In this research, cell sorting is quantified by the distance between the two separated particles, and the trend of Δ x x versus Q is discussed. The channel throughput is also quantified in terms of the minimum and maximum allowable flow rates. Particles are best sorted by critical flow rate and Dean number. This hook-shaped design is created using polymethyl siloxane (PDMS), which is ideally suited for use in lab-on-chip (LOC) devices for continuous filtration and particle separation. The design is also experimentally tested and validated with the simulation results. Full article

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8 pages, 3709 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Assessment of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO Hybrid Composite as Potential Material for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

by Anusha Arif, Hasnain Murtaza, Mohsin Ali Marwat, Muhammad Ramzan Abdul Karim and Shariq Ijaz

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023014 - 8 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Transition metal sulfides have found a popular spot in research for super capacitive materials due to their enhanced power density and conductivity. This study reports the preparation of a hybrid iron copper sulfide, Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO, composite via the co-precipitation method. [...] Read more.

Transition metal sulfides have found a popular spot in research for super capacitive materials due to their enhanced power density and conductivity. This study reports the preparation of a hybrid iron copper sulfide, Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S/rGO, composite via the co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the successful integration of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S with rGO. The composite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 416.91 F/g at 1 A/g, 330.65% higher than 96.81 F/g of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S and outstanding cyclic stability. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of Fe_0.5Cu_0.5S and rGO, facilitating efficient charge transfer kinetics, ion diffusion, and structural stability, making it a promising candidate for high-performing supercapacitor applications. Full article

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2048 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Polysaccharide-Based Composite Material for Improved Food Packaging

by Khushbakht Ali Khan, Khudija Khan, Muhammad Hassan Lakhesar, Muhammad Waqas, Tauseef Ahmed, Ali Turab Jafry, Asim Yaqub, Huma Ajab and Shahid Ali Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023015 - 8 Jun 2025

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Abstract

A gradual surge in the population on Earth has increased the demand for food. Various synthetic materials have been used for food packaging for a long time. These materials are contaminating our environment and disrupting human life and that of other species. This [...] Read more.

A gradual surge in the population on Earth has increased the demand for food. Various synthetic materials have been used for food packaging for a long time. These materials are contaminating our environment and disrupting human life and that of other species. This study was conducted to minimize the impact of the pollution caused by using plastics for conventional packaging. A green approach to synthesizing packaging material that prevents food contamination with improved mechanical properties was adopted. Firstly, extracts were obtained from grapes and tomatoes and dissolved into four different solvents, i.e., de-ionized water, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Three different extract solutions were made in de-ionized water, varying the fraction of the extract and de-ionized water. The extracts were then tested for the presence of various phytochemicals. The solutions were then combined with cyclodextrin, starch, alginate, and polyvinyl alcohol, all of which are biodegradable, non-cytotoxic, and pocket-friendly. Calcium chloride was also added because it acts as a firming agent and a desiccant. This resulted in the formation of a total of six membranes with four different solvents. These membranes had varying degrees of biodegradability and antibacterial properties. Various phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, tannins, phenols, and steroids, were found in the fruit extracts. These phytochemicals act as anti-microbial and anti-fungal agents. Out of the six different membranes that were synthesized, the membrane with a 7:3 composition of crude extract to de-ionized water showed the best results for use as a packaging material, as it showed the best antibacterial properties and good reported biodegradability. The FTIR results for this membrane showed bands at around 3500 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of -OH and -NH functionality since these bands overlap and cannot be distinguished at this position. The shoulder band indicates the presence of carboxylic acid -OH. Integrating biopolymers with fruit extracts enhances the nutritional value of food and provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to packaging material synthesis. The synthesized membranes are cost-effective as they contain fruit extracts from grapes and tomatoes; starch; and cyclodextrin. The extracts obtained from the fruits were inexpensive, as 300 mL of extract cost around 300 Rs. The synthesized membranes had functional advantages such as biodegradability and providing an enhanced shelf life to food products. Hence, they reduce the losses caused by food spoilage. Another driver of their cost effectiveness is that they can reduce waste disposal costs on the one hand and environmental pollution on the other hand. Full article

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2877 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Rolling Elements Fault Diagnosis Using Autoregressive Feature Extraction and Fuzzy C-Means Classification

by Rafey Mehmood Alam, Emad Uddin and Wajid Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023016 - 8 Jul 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

This research aims to develop an unsupervised machine learning technique for ball bearing fault detection and fault diagnosis. It evaluates vibration signals through Autoregression (AR) models and Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering for experimental data from bearings under degradation and fault conditions. FCM clustering [...] Read more.

This research aims to develop an unsupervised machine learning technique for ball bearing fault detection and fault diagnosis. It evaluates vibration signals through Autoregression (AR) models and Fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering for experimental data from bearings under degradation and fault conditions. FCM clustering attained almost 97.7% accuracy in fault classification, with robustness validated across the sensor orientations (vertical/horizontal accelerometers) and with rotational speeds of 40 and 50 Hz. The major outcomes indicate the significance of the training data size on order evaluation and the stability of anomaly detection using three-sigma thresholds. Comparative analyses are made that showcase effective performance of the AR+FCM approach over conventional methods (e.g., K-means with statistical features) in clustering metrics (Silhouette Score and Dunn Index). Some of the challenges observed include reduced accuracy under speed variations and transient loads. The system’s unsupervised nature and generalization capability make it appropriate for real-time industrial applications, offering a credible setting for early-stage fault diagnosis and health monitoring. Full article

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17 pages, 3452 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Performance Optimization of Battery Pack with AI-Driven Thermal Runaway Prediction

by Jalal Khan, Sher Jan, Sami Ifitkhar, Ajmal Yaqoob, Ubaid Ur Rehman, Taqi Ahmad Cheema, Shahid Alam and Usman Habib

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023017 - 8 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Battery thermal management is a critical factor in ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. This study investigates the effectiveness of a forced air convection cooling system, optimized cell spacing and suitable configuration in maintaining optimal battery cell [...] Read more.

Battery thermal management is a critical factor in ensuring the performance, safety, and longevity of electric vehicle (EV) battery packs. This study investigates the effectiveness of a forced air convection cooling system, optimized cell spacing and suitable configuration in maintaining optimal battery cell temperatures. A 3D computational model was developed to analyze the temperature distribution of a battery pack under varying airflow velocities, cell spacings and configurations. The numerical simulations were validated through experimental testing, demonstrating a strong correlation between simulated and measured results. The findings reveal that with a 2 m/s velocity of the fan, the battery’s maximum temperature is reduced by 7% compared to the case of natural convection, while the fan consumed only 4% of the battery pack available capacity. An AI algorithm was trained on the experimental data obtained to perform data-driven predictions of failures. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing air cooling systems in EV applications. Future work will explore the effect of non-uniform air flow distribution in reducing the risk of thermal runaway and avoiding hot spots in the battery pack for optimal performance. Full article

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7 pages, 1219 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Thermo-Powered IoT Fire Detector: A Self-Sustained Smart Safety System

by Rizwan Zahid, Muhammad Adden, Naqash Ahmad, Muhammad Faham Shafique, Muhammad Abdullah and Mubashir Shah

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023018 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Fire detection systems play a critical role in ensuring safety, yet their reliance on external power sources limits their deployment in remote or energy-constrained environments. This study presents a novel system that transforms waste heat into electrical energy for fire detection. Using the [...] Read more.

Fire detection systems play a critical role in ensuring safety, yet their reliance on external power sources limits their deployment in remote or energy-constrained environments. This study presents a novel system that transforms waste heat into electrical energy for fire detection. Using the See beck effect, the system harvests heat from power plant chimneys, vehicle exhausts, and direct fire sources to power a microcontroller, heat sensors, an OLED display, and an IoT module. The sensors monitor temperature fluctuations, identifying potential fire hazards. Data is displayed locally and sent to the cloud for remote monitoring and timely alerts. By repurposing waste heat, the system minimizes environmental impact, reduces energy waste, and eliminates dependence on external power sources. This approach combines energy recovery with smart safety features, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for fire detection while addressing global energy challenges. Full article

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11 pages, 2560 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Double-Layered Authentication Door-Lock System Utilizing Hybrid RFID-PIN Technology for Enhanced Security

by Aneeqa Ramzan, Warda Farhan, Itba Malahat and Namra Afzal

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023019 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 527

Abstract

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is popular and attaining momentum in manifold sectors, including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals, retail, defense, transport, healthcare and currently security. Utilizing RFID solely as a solution does not result in effective security. Conventional systems have integrated only one [...] Read more.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is popular and attaining momentum in manifold sectors, including, but not limited to, pharmaceuticals, retail, defense, transport, healthcare and currently security. Utilizing RFID solely as a solution does not result in effective security. Conventional systems have integrated only one solution, such as GSM, cryptography, wireless sensors, biometrics or a One-Time Password (OTP); however, the security provided is limited since each incorporated technology has its disadvantages. Our paper proposes improving the conventional methods in the field by proposing an intelligent door-lock system prototype implementing two-step authentication, providing double-layered security provisions in, for instance, highly sensitive zones. The suggested technique, firstly based on RFID technology and then a password (PIN) during the authentication process, results in a hybrid system that is more accurate and efficient compared to a traditional, single-method system. The Arduino micro-controller is interfaced with RFID, with a keypad that receives the input to the micro-controller, a Liquid Crystal Display to output the authentication status and finally a motor connected to the door for automation within a limited time-frame. Adding biometric verification, such as fingerprints and face recognition, can enhance the proposed design further by providing an additional layer of security from external intruders. Full article

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7 pages, 1280 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Performance Analysis of a Novel Solar-Assisted Desiccant Wheel-Based Heating and Humidification System

by Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Usman, Owais Ahmad, Awais Mansoor, Farhan Ali, Abdul Moiz and Muzaffar Ali

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023020 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 212

Abstract

The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of global primary energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems contributing significantly to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Conventional HVAC systems face challenges in addressing humidity control and efficiency, particularly in cold [...] Read more.

The building sector accounts for nearly 40% of global primary energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems contributing significantly to energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Conventional HVAC systems face challenges in addressing humidity control and efficiency, particularly in cold and dry climates. This research demonstrates the development and transient simulation of a novel solar-assisted desiccant wheel-based system for heating and humidification (SDHH) in Taxila, Pakistan. The proposed system includes a desiccant wheel, heat wheel, water-to-air heat exchanger, and a direct evaporative cooler. An array of flat plate collectors supply hot water to the heat exchanger. TRNSYS simulations investigated the performance of SDHH by evaluating heating capacity, humidification, and indoor temperature and humidity values in winter. Results show that the SDHH system maintained the required temperature in the zone and improved the zone humidity level. The desiccant wheel increased the absolute humidity of product air by 0.003 kg/kg. The average indoor temperature was 21 °C, and the average absolute humidity was around 0.008 kg/kg. These results justify using the proposed system in dry and cold climate conditions. Full article

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5 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Fluid Absorption Time Delays Through Glycerol Concentration Variations in Microfluidic Paper-Based Systems

by Nauman Naeem, Irtaza Ahmed Khan, Hammas Ullah, Moazzam Ali, Huma Ajab and Ali Turab Jafry

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023021 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Paper-based microfluidics provides an economical and flexible approach to fluid handling for simple and complex assays. Many applications still require ease of flow control with the added advantage of low-cost fabrication for commercial applications. In this study, we develop a fluid control strategy [...] Read more.

Paper-based microfluidics provides an economical and flexible approach to fluid handling for simple and complex assays. Many applications still require ease of flow control with the added advantage of low-cost fabrication for commercial applications. In this study, we develop a fluid control strategy using glycerol as a barrier within paper channels. Glycerol reduces porosity and increases resistance, causing delayed flow times. As glycerol is hydrophilic in nature and can establish hydrogen bonds with water molecules, it is an efficient substrate for creating these delay zones in paper strips. The Lucas–Washburn model describes the physics for flow of liquid water through the porous substrate. From our findings, we observed that the water flow time was delayed from 5 to 20 min and penetration reduced from 43 mm to 24 mm by increasing glycerol concentration from 0% to 30%. Using oleic acid (fatty acid) as the working fluid instead of water extended the delay further, causing it to take up to 1 day to transport 35 mm with 30% glycerol investigation into the effects of glycerol concentration on flow behavior highlights the importance of understanding absorption time delays and the physics of wet-out flow in porous media., and we hope that, ultimately, our findings will be applicable for a variety of paper-based microfluidic devices for commercial applications Full article

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9 pages, 3798 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

FeNiS/PANI Hybrid Composite for Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Performance

by Areeba Sajid, Yumna Sohail and Mohsin Ali Marwat

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023022 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

This study focuses on developing FeNiS/PANI composites for supercapacitor applications, leveraging the individual benefits of iron–nickel sulfide (FeNiS) and polyaniline (PANI). FeNiS offers high electrical conductivity and energy density, while PANI contributes enhanced flexibility and pseudocapacitive behavior. The goal is to create a [...] Read more.

This study focuses on developing FeNiS/PANI composites for supercapacitor applications, leveraging the individual benefits of iron–nickel sulfide (FeNiS) and polyaniline (PANI). FeNiS offers high electrical conductivity and energy density, while PANI contributes enhanced flexibility and pseudocapacitive behavior. The goal is to create a composite with superior electrochemical performance. Synthesis involved chemical oxidative polymerization for PANI and an in situ method for FeNiS, followed by integration. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, and EDS confirmed the successful formation and homogeneous elemental dispersion of the composite, showing that PANI formed an interconnected network that improved charge transport. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated significant improvements. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests revealed that the FeNiS/PANI composite exhibited a doubled discharge time (159 s vs. 72 s for FeNiS) and a higher specific capacitance (113.5 F/g vs. 51.42 F/g). These results highlight the promise of FeNiS/PANI as an advanced material for efficient and sustainable energy storage. Full article

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9 pages, 1522 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a Biocompatible Artificial Human Heart

by Muhammad Awais, Ali Almas, Danial Kamran, Muhammad Ashraf Ahmed and Ali Turab Jafry

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023023 - 18 Aug 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

This study proposes a design and initial validation of a biocompatible artificial human heart that mimics beating behavior. Advanced geometrical modelling in SolidWorks software (student version) and finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS 2024 (student version) has been made, including Neo-Hookean hyper elastic [...] Read more.

This study proposes a design and initial validation of a biocompatible artificial human heart that mimics beating behavior. Advanced geometrical modelling in SolidWorks software (student version) and finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS 2024 (student version) has been made, including Neo-Hookean hyper elastic material i.e., medical-grade silicone for cardiac tissue replication. The design consists of four-chambers, where the chambers’ dimensions were optimized to maintain uniform pressurization. We observed controlled wall displacement and low stress under simulated physiological conditions with our model. These results provide the basis of the design to be used as an effective teaching platform for medical students and a platform to future progress toward an implantable circulatory assistance device. These findings provide deeper insights into cardiac biomechanics and represent a novel approach to managing a growing need for cardiac alternatives to transplantation. Additionally, the report details the application of pressure and records displacement and stress outcomes from FEA. Through integration of hyper elastic material behavior into the design framework, the research provided critical insights into the performance of silicone-based models, informing future experimental studies and clinical translation. Full article

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9 pages, 2851 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe_0.5Co_0.5S/Ag-Citrate for Energy Storage Applications

by Zuhair Ehsan, Moeed Iftikhar, Mohsin Ali Marwat and Shariq Ijaz

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023024 - 1 Sep 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Supercapacitors are widely recognized for their high power and energy densities. This study explores Fe_0.5Co_0.5S and its Ag-citrate composite for supercapacitors. Synthesized via coprecipitation, the composite was characterized using SEM and XRD, confirming its formation. Electrochemical tests revealed enhanced [...] Read more.

Supercapacitors are widely recognized for their high power and energy densities. This study explores Fe_0.5Co_0.5S and its Ag-citrate composite for supercapacitors. Synthesized via coprecipitation, the composite was characterized using SEM and XRD, confirming its formation. Electrochemical tests revealed enhanced performance: CV oxidation current rose from 16.5 mA to 33.89 mA, GCD discharge time increased from 44.8 s to 129 s, and specific capacitance jumped from 37.3 F/g to 107.5 F/g—nearly threefold. EIS results also improved. The Ag-citrate addition boosted conductivity and capacitance, making the composite a promising supercapacitor material. Full article

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6 pages, 821 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Evaluation of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator Based on Pressure Swing Adsorption

by Muhammad Bin Ajmal, Muhammad Usama, Zafar Bangash, Humayun Aziz, Osama Bin Nadeem and Ahmed Bin Masud

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023025 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Portable oxygen concentrators (POCs) can help reduce the load on hospitals and offer emergency care to patients in need of oxygen therapy. In this study, a POC was developed and tested at different pressures and cycling times. The device was made using low-cost [...] Read more.

Portable oxygen concentrators (POCs) can help reduce the load on hospitals and offer emergency care to patients in need of oxygen therapy. In this study, a POC was developed and tested at different pressures and cycling times. The device was made using low-cost materials to reduce the manufacturing cost. It was found that high air pressures resulted in an overall increase in oxygen concentration in the product air. Oxygen concentration was also found to increase as cycling time was extended. Pressurizing the air at 0.8 MPa for 15 s per cycle delivered 93% pure oxygen, which fulfills the medical need of intensive care unit (ICU) oxygen therapy. Full article

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8 pages, 792 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Resource-Constrained Scheduling in Materials Manufacturing Using an Improved Genetic Algorithm

by Kashifa Arif, Wasim Ahmad and Saif Ullah

Mater. Proc. 2025, 23(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025023026 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 223

Abstract

Efficient scheduling in materials manufacturing environment plays a crucial role in minimizing idle time, increasing throughput, and making better use of limited resources. This paper introduces a Genetic Algorithm enhanced with Guided Mutation (GA-GM) to address resource-constrained scheduling challenges in fabrication workflows such [...] Read more.

Efficient scheduling in materials manufacturing environment plays a crucial role in minimizing idle time, increasing throughput, and making better use of limited resources. This paper introduces a Genetic Algorithm enhanced with Guided Mutation (GA-GM) to address resource-constrained scheduling challenges in fabrication workflows such as composite forming, thermal processing, and experimental materials analysis. The algorithm refines operation sequences by resolving conflicts arising from shared machinery and limited material availability. Experimental comparisons with traditional heuristics confirm that GA-GM delivers reduced processing durations and improved resource efficiency. Full article

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