Hormones and Signaling Pathways Involved in the Stimulation of Leydig Cell Steroidogenesis

Leydig cells, located in the testis interstitial space, are the primary source of testosterone in males. Testosterone plays critical roles in both reproductive and metabolic functions and therefore is essential for male health. Steroidogenesis must be properly regulated since dysregulated hormone production can lead to infertility and metabolic disorders. Leydig cell steroidogenesis relies on the coordinated interaction of various factors, such as hormones and signaling molecules. While luteinizing hormone (LH) is the main regulator of Leydig cell steroidogenesis, other molecules, including growth hormones (GH), prolactin, growth factors (insulin, IGF, FGF, EGF), and osteocalcin, have also been implicated in the stimulation of steroidogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms and signaling pathways employed by LH and other molecules in the stimulation of Leydig cell steroidogenesis, providing valuable insights into the complex regulation of male reproductive and metabolic health.