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Ceramics, Volume 6, Issue 1 (March 2023) – 45 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This paper investigates new approaches for the blending and plastification of fused deposition of ceramic (FDC) feedstock. The fabrication of highly filled ceramic filaments was accomplished using the granulation-by-agitation technique, followed by twin-screw extruder homogenization and single-screw extruder filament extrusion. The feedstocks are based on alumina (Al2O3) powders, which were prepared with an industrial binder through three different routes: wet granulation, melt granulation, and melt granulation with a suspension. The properties of the resulting green-body and sintered parts printed on a commercial filament 3D printer were investigated. Mixing the binder with the alumina powder and surfactant in a suspension produces the lowest viscosity and the best elongation at break. View this paper
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64 pages, 9074 KiB  
Systematic Review
Laboratory, Clinical-Related Processing and Time-Related Factors’ Effect on Properties of High Translucent Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics Intended for Monolithic Restorations a Systematic Review
by Camilla Johansson, Sebastian Franco Tabares, Christel Larsson and Evaggelia Papia
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 734-797; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010045 - 16 Mar 2023
Viewed by 3103
Abstract
Because new zirconia materials are constantly being developed, the aim was to identify and qualitatively synthesize research on how processing and time-related factors affect the properties of high translucent (HT) zirconia intended for monolithic restorations. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and [...] Read more.
Because new zirconia materials are constantly being developed, the aim was to identify and qualitatively synthesize research on how processing and time-related factors affect the properties of high translucent (HT) zirconia intended for monolithic restorations. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and reference lists were searched for in vitro and clinical studies. Eligibility and risk of bias were assessed. A synthesis of 142 publications was performed. HT 3Y-TZP was the most common, followed by 5YSZ, 4YSZ, and multilayer. In the laboratory, HT 3Y-TZP should be sintered according to the manufacturer’s recommendation and polished before glazing to favour strength, roughness, and wear behaviour. In the clinic, polishing is necessary after grinding to favour roughness and aging resistance. Over time, when using hydrothermal aging, tm phase transformation and reduced translucency are expected, without affecting the strength and roughness. The strength of 4YSZ and 5YSZ is unaffected. However, the time-related methods are of questionable clinical significance. The evidence of all other factors’ effects on the properties of HT zirconia is lacking or limited; thus, these factors are of relevance for future research. There is a high heterogeneity of study designs and methods, and the results are brand-dependent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials in Oral Applications)
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17 pages, 1116 KiB  
Article
Affect of the Scattering Asymmetry by Structural Element of Thermal- or Environmental-Barrier Ceramics on Subsurface Radiant Overheating
by Vladimir Merzlikin, Evgeny Safonov, Andrey Kostyukov, Svetlana Parshina and Anna Dokukina
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 717-733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010044 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1673
Abstract
The problem of the formation and estimation of a thermoradiant and temperature field in ceramics Thermal- Environmental-Barrier Coatings (TBC/EBC) has been considered with complex heat transfer but under the influence of the penetrating intense radiant component. The authors proposed to analyze not only [...] Read more.
The problem of the formation and estimation of a thermoradiant and temperature field in ceramics Thermal- Environmental-Barrier Coatings (TBC/EBC) has been considered with complex heat transfer but under the influence of the penetrating intense radiant component. The authors proposed to analyze not only TBC but also EBC from the point of view of the optics of semitransparent scattering and absorbing media in the range of ~0.4–4 μm of external radiant action. This paradigm allows us to continue the study of ceramic fibers embedded in ceramic matrix CMCs (C/C, C/SiC, SiC/SiC) as a traditional class of opaque materials. However, at the same time, mullites, Al2O3/Al2O3 have been reviewed as a class of semitransparent elements for designing CMCs. The relevance of studying the effect of oriented fibers on the formation of thermoradiation and temperature fields in a semitransparent material was noted. Modeling the scattering asymmetry coefficient influence (scattering phase function) on the generation of the subsurface thermal radiation source was carried out. The methodology for calculating the thermoradiative field in a semitransparent medium (with relative absorption, scattering indexes, and scattering asymmetry coefficient) was used under a one-dimensional two-flux model as the first approximation for solving the radiative heat transfer equation. Calculations of temperature profiles in opaque and semitransparent ceramics were presented under heat load typical for the combustion chambers operating regime of diesel and gas turbine engines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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10 pages, 2143 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effect of Milling Duration on a Ce-Gd Doped Zirconolite Phase Assemblage Synthesised by Hot Isostatic Pressing
by Merve Kuman, Laura J. Gardner, Lewis R. Blackburn, Martin C. Stennett, Neil C. Hyatt and Claire L. Corkhill
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 707-716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010043 - 11 Mar 2023
Viewed by 4829
Abstract
Zirconolite is a candidate ceramic wasteform under consideration for the immobilisation of the UK civil PuO2 inventory. In the present work, a baseline dual-substituted zirconolite with the target composition (Ca0.783Gd0.017Ce0.2)(Zr0.883Gd0.017Ce0.1)(Ti [...] Read more.
Zirconolite is a candidate ceramic wasteform under consideration for the immobilisation of the UK civil PuO2 inventory. In the present work, a baseline dual-substituted zirconolite with the target composition (Ca0.783Gd0.017Ce0.2)(Zr0.883Gd0.017Ce0.1)(Ti1.6Al0.4)O7 was fabricated by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). In order to optimise the microstructure properties and improve the obtained yield of the zirconolite phase, a range of planetary ball milling parameters were investigated prior to consolidation by HIP. This included milling the batched oxide precursors at 400 rpm for up to 120 min, the pre-milling of CeO2 (PuO2 surrogate) to reduce the particle size and using a CeO2 source with finer particle size (<5 µm). The HIPed zirconolite product consisted of both zirconolite-2M and zirconolite-3T polytypes in varying proportions; however, an additional perovskite phase was obtained in varying quantities as a secondary phase. Ce L3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy was utilised to determine the Ce oxidation state. In this study, the ideal milling parameter for the fabrication of zirconolite waste forms was defined as 60 min at 400 rpm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zirconolite Ceramic and Glass-Ceramic Wasteforms)
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21 pages, 5507 KiB  
Article
Study of Polymorphic Transformation Processes and Their Influence in Polycrystalline ZrO2 Ceramics upon Irradiation with Heavy Ions
by Artem L. Kozlovskiy, Mahambet Alin and Daryn B. Borgekov
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 686-706; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010042 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2199
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of polymorphic transformations in ZrO2 ceramics under irradiation with heavy ions, as well as to determine the nature of structural distortions in the case of t-ZrO2 → c-ZrO2 type transformations [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to study the mechanisms of polymorphic transformations in ZrO2 ceramics under irradiation with heavy ions, as well as to determine the nature of structural distortions in the case of t-ZrO2 → c-ZrO2 type transformations and associated anisotropic deformations. The samples of ZrO2 ceramics were irradiated with Kr15+ heavy ions with an energy of 150 MeV and fluences of 1011–1016 ion/cm2. During evaluation of the structural changes depending on the irradiation fluence, it was found that at low irradiation fluences (1011–1012 ion/cm2), the main role is played by deformation distortions of the crystal lattice, which have a pronounced anisotropic character. Meanwhile, at fluences above 1013 ion/cm2, the main role is played by polymorphic transformations of the t-ZrO2 → c-ZrO2 type, followed by amorphization of the damaged layer at fluences above 1015 ion/cm2. It was established that the anisotropic distortion of the crystal lattice is more pronounced along the crystallographic a axis, as well as the (011) texture orientation, which is characteristic of t-ZrO2. The polymorphic transformation processes of the t-ZrO2 → c-ZrO2 type occur at irradiation fluences of 1013–1014 ions/cm2, which are characterized by the formation of an overlap of local areas of defects that appear along the trajectory of ions in the material. The dependences of changes in the strength and thermophysical properties of ZrO2 ceramics on the irradiation fluence were obtained. The mechanisms of influence of the structural disorder and polymorphic transformations on the decrease in strength and crack resistance were established. Full article
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8 pages, 2896 KiB  
Communication
Process Development of Zirconolite Ceramics for Pu Disposition: Use of a CuO Sintering Aid
by Aidan A. Friskney, Ismail Aldean, Claire L. Corkhill and Lewis R. Blackburn
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 678-685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010041 - 8 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1734
Abstract
Zirconolite-structured ceramics are candidate wasteform materials for the immobilisation of separated Pu. Due to the refractory properties of zirconolite and other titanates, removing residual porosity remains challenging in the final wasteform product when utilising a conventional solid state sintering route. Herein, we demonstrate [...] Read more.
Zirconolite-structured ceramics are candidate wasteform materials for the immobilisation of separated Pu. Due to the refractory properties of zirconolite and other titanates, removing residual porosity remains challenging in the final wasteform product when utilising a conventional solid state sintering route. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of CuO as a sintering aid increases densification and promotes grain growth. Moreover, zirconolite phase formation was enhanced at lower process temperatures than typically required (≥1350 °C). CuO addition allowed an equivalent density to be reached using process temperatures of 250 °C lower than the undoped composition. At 150 °C lower than the undoped zirconolite, the addition of CuO resulted in a favourable microstructure and phase assemblage, as confirmed via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Secondary phases of CaTiO3 and Ca0.25Cu0.75TiO3 were observed at some processing temperatures, which may prove deleterious to wasteform performance. The use of a CuO sintering aid provides an avenue for the further development of the thermal processing of ceramic wasteform materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zirconolite Ceramic and Glass-Ceramic Wasteforms)
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14 pages, 4406 KiB  
Article
Nanoscratch Testing of 3Al2O3·2SiO2 EBCs: Assessment of Induced Damage and Estimation of Adhesion Strength
by Carlos Alberto Botero, Laura Cabezas, Vinod Kumar Sarin, Luis Llanes and Emilio Jiménez-Piqué
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 664-677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010040 - 3 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1888
Abstract
In this study, the structural integrity of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) films, deposited on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), was investigated via increasing load nanoscratch tests. The films were configured by mullite columns of stoichiometric [...] Read more.
In this study, the structural integrity of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) films, deposited on silicon carbide (SiC) substrates using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), was investigated via increasing load nanoscratch tests. The films were configured by mullite columns of stoichiometric composition growing from a silica-rich layer in contact with the SiC substrate. Controlled damage was induced in the 3Al2O3·2SiO2 films at relatively low scratch loads. Radial and lateral cracking were applied until final delamination and repeated chipping were achieved as the load increased. The intrinsic integrity of the 3Al2O3∙2SiO2 film and the performance of the coated 3Al2O3·2SiO2/SiC system, regarded as a structural unit, were analyzed. With the aid of advanced characterization techniques at the surface and subsurface levels, the configuration and morphology of the damage induced in the coated system by the nanoscratch tests were characterized, and the scratch damage micromechanisms were identified. Finally, the adhesion of the film, in terms of energy of adhesion and interfacial fracture toughness, was determined using different models proposed in the literature. The results from this investigation contribute to the understanding of the mechanical performance and structural integrity of EBC/SiC-based systems, which over the past few years have increasingly been implemented in novel applications for gas turbines and aircraft engines. Full article
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13 pages, 3521 KiB  
Article
Performance of Dental Cements Used for Bonding Zirconia Crowns with Titanium Implants Embedded in an Innovative Bi-Layered Artificial Bone
by Megha Satpathy, Hai Pham and Shreya Shah
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 651-663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010039 - 2 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2967
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate four dental adhesive cements and develop a new method for constructing a bi-layered bone holder for implant testing. HahnTM Tapered Titanium Implants (Glidewell Laboratories) were embedded in mono- and bi-layered holders, and the implant components were assembled. [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate four dental adhesive cements and develop a new method for constructing a bi-layered bone holder for implant testing. HahnTM Tapered Titanium Implants (Glidewell Laboratories) were embedded in mono- and bi-layered holders, and the implant components were assembled. First molar zirconia crowns and crowns for the tensile bond strength test were milled and sintered. Three self-adhesive resin cements (SARC) and one resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI, Glidewell Laboratories) cement were used to cement the crowns on the abutment. Tensile bond strength, compressive load, and oblique load tests were performed on the implants. The Glidewell Experimental SARC (GES, Glidewell Laboratories) and RMGI cements had the highest tensile bond strength after thermocycling. The implant assemblies with these two cements had the highest mean compressive strength after thermocycling. Under oblique load, the implants with Denali (Glidewell Laboratories) and GES had the highest strength before thermocycling. However, after thermocycling, Dencem (Dentex) and RMGI had the highest strength under an oblique load. The GES cement and RMGI cement had a better overall performance with zirconia crowns and titanium abutments. In addition, a novel technique for constructing an artificial, bi-layered bone holder was successfully developed to mimic the natural structure of the jawbone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials in Oral Applications)
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21 pages, 10887 KiB  
Article
Potentials of Numerical Methods for Increasing the Productivity of Additive Manufacturing Processes
by Uwe Scheithauer, Tetyana Romanova, Oleksandr Pankratov, Eric Schwarzer-Fischer, Martin Schwentenwein, Florian Ertl and Andreas Fischer
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 630-650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010038 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1810
Abstract
Thanks to the layer-by-layer creation of components, additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the flexible production of components with highly complex geometries, that were previously not realizable or only with very great effort. While AM technologies are very widespread in the research sector, they [...] Read more.
Thanks to the layer-by-layer creation of components, additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the flexible production of components with highly complex geometries, that were previously not realizable or only with very great effort. While AM technologies are very widespread in the research sector, they have so far only been used industrially in a few individual areas of application. The manufacturing costs are one reason for this. In this work, a new approach for the optimized arrangement of components in the building box and its potential for reducing the manufacturing costs are presented, illustrated by a selected example, and a discussion. Three types of cylinders, which differ in geometry and/or inclination, are required in quantities of around 1000 each. The optimization aims at an arrangement with the smallest possible number of printing jobs. Compared to the solution obtained by the current automatic software tool that is based on the bounding box method, the optimized arrangement leads to a 70% increase in the number of components on a building platform or, in other words, to a 44% reduction in the number of building platforms needed to manufacture 980 components of each type. Finally, a three-step method is proposed, to optimize the manufacturing preparation for AM components automatically in the future. Full article
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11 pages, 3828 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Dielectric Relaxation Studies of KxFeyTi8-yO16 (x = 1.4–1.8 and y = 1.4–1.6) Ceramics with Hollandite Structure
by Alexey Tsyganov, Denis Artyukhov, Maria Vikulova, Natalia Morozova, Ilya Zotov, Sergey Brudnik, Aleksandra Asmolova, Denis Zheleznov, Alexander Gorokhovsky and Nikolay Gorshkov
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 619-629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010037 - 1 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2081
Abstract
Some solid solutions with the chemical composition KxFeyTi8-yO16 (KFTO) and a hollandite-like structure were successfully synthesized by modified sol–gel method. The obtained powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ceramic [...] Read more.
Some solid solutions with the chemical composition KxFeyTi8-yO16 (KFTO) and a hollandite-like structure were successfully synthesized by modified sol–gel method. The obtained powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ceramic pellets based on KFTO powders were obtained by compressing and sintering at 1080 °C for 4 h. The sinters were characterized by X-ray and impedance spectroscopy. XRD results show that KFTO powders have a mono-phase tetragonal structure at x = 1.4–1.8 and y = 1.4–1.6. However, it was recognized that the hollandite-like phase could be broken during sintering to form TiO2 and Fe2TiO5 crystals distributed throughout the volume of the ceramics. A frequency dependency of dielectric properties for the sinters was studied by impedance spectroscopy. It was found that an increase in the TiO2 (rutile) phase during the sintering contributes to a decrease in dielectric losses. At the same time, the KFTO ceramics with reduced content of potassium had increased permittivity. The contribution of electron-pinned defect dipoles (EPDD) and internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC) in the permittivity of the obtained ceramics was estimated using the Havriliak–Negami equation. It is shown that the KFTO ceramics have the polydisperse characteristic of dielectric relaxation. The observed grain and grain boundary dipole relaxation times were 1.03 × 10−6 to 5.51 × 10−6 s and 0.197 to 0.687 s, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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19 pages, 6081 KiB  
Article
Ceramic Materials in Na2O-CaO-P2O5 System, Obtained via Heat Treatment of Cement-Salt Stone Based on Powder Mixture of Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2∙H2O and NaH2PO4
by Otabek U. Toshev, Tatiana V. Safronova, Tatiana B. Shatalova and Yulia S. Lukina
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 600-618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010036 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2149
Abstract
Ceramic materials in Na2O-CaO-P2O5 system were obtained by firing cement-salt stone made from pastes based on powder mixtures including calcium citrate tetrahydrate Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [...] Read more.
Ceramic materials in Na2O-CaO-P2O5 system were obtained by firing cement-salt stone made from pastes based on powder mixtures including calcium citrate tetrahydrate Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) Ca(H2PO4)2∙H2O and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4. The phase composition of the obtained samples of cement-salt stone after adding water, hardening and drying included brushite CaHPO4∙2H2O, monetite CaHPO4 and also unreacted Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2∙H2O and/or NaH2PO4. The phase composition of ceramics in Na2O-CaO-P2O5 system obtained by firing cement-salt stone was formed due to thermal conversion of hydrated salt and heterophase reactions between components presented in samples during firing. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O and Ca(H2PO4)2∙H2O after firing at 900 °C included β-calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) β-Ca2P2O7. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, and NaH2PO4 after firing at 900 °C included β-sodium rhenanite β-CaNaPO4. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca3(C6H5O7)2∙4H2O, Ca(H2PO4)2∙H2O and NaH2PO4 after firing at 900 °C included β-Ca2P2O7, β-CaNaPO4, double calcium-sodium pyrophosphate Na2CaP2O7, and Na-substituted tricalcium phosphate Сa10Na(PO4)7. Obtained ceramic materials in Na2O-CaO-P2O5 system including biocompatible and biodegradable phases could be important for treatments of bone tissue defects by means of approaches of regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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16 pages, 2305 KiB  
Article
Bucchero Ware from the Etruscan Town of Tarquinia (Italy): A Study of the Production Site and Technology through Spectroscopic Techniques and Multivariate Data Analysis
by Margherita Longoni, Noemi Calore, Matilde Marzullo, Daniele Teseo, Veronica Duranti, Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni and Silvia Bruni
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 584-599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010035 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2103
Abstract
Bucchero is a well-known class of Etruscan ceramics, characterized by being entirely black both on the surface and in the body. In the present investigation, a representative set of bucchero sherds from the excavations of the Etruscan town of Tarquinia (Viterbo, Italy) was [...] Read more.
Bucchero is a well-known class of Etruscan ceramics, characterized by being entirely black both on the surface and in the body. In the present investigation, a representative set of bucchero sherds from the excavations of the Etruscan town of Tarquinia (Viterbo, Italy) was analyzed through flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and near-infrared (NIR) reflection spectroscopy. Both elemental and mineralogical composition data were treated with methods of multivariate analysis. It was thus possible to discriminate between local and imported production, to estimate the firing temperature and to verify the origin of the grey-black color in this peculiar ceramic class. Furthermore, a virtual reconstruction of a bucchero vase starting from fragments was also attempted on the basis of chemical analysis data. Full article
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23 pages, 13030 KiB  
Article
Powders Synthesized from Solutions of Calcium Chloride, Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate, and Sodium Sulfate for Bioceramics Production
by Tatiana V. Safronova, Alexander S. Khantimirov, Tatiana B. Shatalova, Yaroslav Y. Filippov, Irina V. Kolesnik and Alexander V. Knotko
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 561-583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010034 - 22 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2902
Abstract
Fine powders of brushite CaHPO4·2H2O, ardealite Ca(HPO4)x(SO4)1−x·2H2O (Ca(HPO4)0.5(SO4)0.5·2H2O), and calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O—all containing sodium [...] Read more.
Fine powders of brushite CaHPO4·2H2O, ardealite Ca(HPO4)x(SO4)1−x·2H2O (Ca(HPO4)0.5(SO4)0.5·2H2O), and calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O—all containing sodium chloride NaCl as a reaction by-product—were synthesized from 0.5 M aqueous solution of calcium chloride CaCl2, sodium hydrophosphate Na2HPO4 and/or sodium sulfate Na2SO4. Powder of ardealite Ca(HPO4)x(SO4)1−x·2H2O (Ca(HPO4)0.5(SO4)0.5·2H2O) was synthesized by precipitation from aqueous solution of calcium chloride CaCl2 and mixed-anionic solution simultaneously containing the hydrogen phosphate anion HPO42− (Na2HPO4) and sulfate anion SO42− (Na2SO4). Sodium chloride NaCl, presenting in compacts based on synthesized powders of brushite CaHPO4·2H2O, ardealite Ca(HPO4)x(SO4)1−x·2H2O (Ca(HPO4)0.5(SO4)0.5·2H2O) and calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O, was responsible for both low-temperature melt formation and the creation of phase composition of ceramics. Heterophase interaction of components led to the resulting phase composition of the ceramic samples during heating, including the formation of chlorapatite Ca5(PO4)3Cl in powders of brushite and ardealite. The phase composition of the ceramics based on the powder of brushite CaHPO4·2H2O containing NaCl as a by-product after firing at 800–1000 °C included β-Ca2P2O7, and Ca5(PO4)3Cl. The phase composition of ceramics based on the powder of ardealite Ca(HPO4)x(SO4)1−x·2H2O (Ca(HPO4)0.5(SO4)0.5·2H2O) containing NaCl as a by-product after firing at 800 and 900 °C included β-Ca2P2O7, CaSO4, and Ca5(PO4)3Cl; after firing at 1000 °C, it includedCaSO4, Ca5(PO4)3Cl and Ca3(PO4)2/Ca10Na(PO4)7, and after firing at 1100 °C, it included CaSO4 and Ca5(PO4)3Cl. The phase composition of ceramics based on powder of calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4·2H2O containing NaCl as a by-product after firing at 800–1100 °C included CaSO4 as the predominant phase. The phase composition of all ceramic samples under investigation consisted of biocompatible crystalline phases with different abilities to biodegrade. For this reason, the created ceramics can be recommended for testing as materials for treatment of bone defects using regenerative medicine methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Nanopowders: Synthesis and Applications)
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13 pages, 3719 KiB  
Article
Effect of Calcium Silicate and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Reinforcement on the Mechanical–Biological Properties of Freeze-Dried Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
by Temesgen Yiber Animut, Henni Setia Ningsih, Hsueh-Huan Shih, Meng-Huang Wu and Shao-Ju Shih
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 548-560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010033 - 18 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
The development of a collagen-based composite scaffold to repair damaged bone is one of many important issues in tissue engineering. In this study, pure collagen, collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), collagen/calcium silicate (CS), and collagen/β-TCP/CS scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method. The phase compositions, [...] Read more.
The development of a collagen-based composite scaffold to repair damaged bone is one of many important issues in tissue engineering. In this study, pure collagen, collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), collagen/calcium silicate (CS), and collagen/β-TCP/CS scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method. The phase compositions, microstructures, and mechanical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal testing machine, respectively. In addition, cell viability was evaluated using an MTT assay. Finally, the correlations between the density, mechanical properties, and biodegradation behaviors of pore size distributions were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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10 pages, 1634 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Bipolar Transport in Hf(Te1−xSex)2 Thermoelectric Alloys
by Seong-Mee Hwang, Sang-il Kim, Jeong-Yeon Kim, Minsu Heo and Hyun-Sik Kim
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 538-547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010032 - 17 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1737
Abstract
Control of bipolar conduction is essential to improve the high-temperature thermoelectric performance of materials for power generation applications. Recently, Hf(Te1−xSex)2 alloys have gained much attention due to their potential use in thermoelectric power generation. Increasing the Se [...] Read more.
Control of bipolar conduction is essential to improve the high-temperature thermoelectric performance of materials for power generation applications. Recently, Hf(Te1−xSex)2 alloys have gained much attention due to their potential use in thermoelectric power generation. Increasing the Se alloying content significantly increases the band gap while decreasing its carrier concentration. These two factors affect bipolar conduction substantially. In addition, the weighted mobility ratio is estimated from the experimental electronic transport properties of Hf(Te1−xSex)2 alloys (x = 0.0, 0.025, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0) by using the Two-Band model. From the bipolar thermal conductivity also calculated using the Two-Band model, we find that it peaks near x = 0.5. The initial bipolar conductivity increase of x < 0.5 is mostly due to the decrease in the weighted mobility ratio and carrier concentration with increasing x. For x > 0.5, the drop in the bipolar conductivity can be understood with significant band gap enlargement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermoelectric Properties of Ceramic-Based Materials)
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13 pages, 2924 KiB  
Article
Multicriteria Assessment for Calculating the Optimal Content of Calcium-Rich Fly Ash in Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers
by Artem Sharko, Petr Louda, Van Vu Nguyen, Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska, Dmitry Stepanchikov, Roberto Ercoli, Patrik Kascak and Van Su Le
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 525-537; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010031 - 14 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1996
Abstract
This study examines the impact of calcium-rich fly ash as an additive on metakaolin-based geopolymers. Six types of fly ash (FA1-FA7) from different thermal power plants in the Czech Republic were collected and characterized based on their physical and chemical properties. The addition [...] Read more.
This study examines the impact of calcium-rich fly ash as an additive on metakaolin-based geopolymers. Six types of fly ash (FA1-FA7) from different thermal power plants in the Czech Republic were collected and characterized based on their physical and chemical properties. The addition of fly ash into the geopolymers was evaluated through a multicriteria assessment that focused on density and mechanical properties. By using a multi-criteria approach, the assessment provides a comprehensive and holistic evaluation of the material, allowing for a more informed decision about the optimal addition of additives. This approach helps to minimize any negative impact on the material’s properties while maximizing the utilization of the by-product. The result is an optimized geopolymer mixture with improved properties and increased sustainability, as the by-product is used beneficially. Furthermore, calcium content is the key factor that affects the physical properties of geopolymers by accelerating the curing time. This rapid process can result in reduced strength with increasing fly ash content. The multicriteria assessment revealed that the optimal condition is achieved using fly ash (FA2) from the Loucovice thermal power plant (5.2 wt.% Ca) that was treated at a temperature of 615 °C. The flexural strength of FA2-based geopolymers increased by 13% compared to concrete (standard). However, the addition of fly ash significantly reduced the compressive strength of geopolymers throughout the range of specimens. The Charpy impact strength of FA2 was higher than the standard due to the presence of unburned biomass solids in the ash structure that can absorb energy easily. Full article
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11 pages, 3805 KiB  
Article
High-Strength Optical Coatings for Single-Crystal ZnGeP2 by the IBS Method Using Selenide and Oxide Materials
by Mikhail Zinovev, Nikolay N. Yudin, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Sergey Podzyvalov, Andrey Kalsin, Elena Slyunko, Alexey Lysenko, Denis Vlasov and Houssain Baalbaki
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 514-524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010030 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1788
Abstract
The paper presents the results on the development of an optical coating for a single-crystal ZnGeP2 substrate based on a selenide-oxide pair of materials (ZnSe/Al2O3). The obtained coating ensures the operation of OPO in the mid-IR range up [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results on the development of an optical coating for a single-crystal ZnGeP2 substrate based on a selenide-oxide pair of materials (ZnSe/Al2O3). The obtained coating ensures the operation of OPO in the mid-IR range up to 5 μm wavelengths. The possibility of ZnSe sputtering by the IBS method is shown. The obtained optical coating has a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) value at a 2097 µm wavelength: WoE=3.51 J/cm2 in energy density and WoP= 101 W/cm2 in power density at a 10 KHz pulse repetition frequency and a pulse duration of 35 ns. Thus, it is shown for the first time that the pair of materials ZnSe/Al2O3 can be used for the deposition of optical coatings by the IBS method with high LIDT values for ZnGeP2 optical elements operating in the mid-IR range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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10 pages, 1899 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Temperature-Dependent Band Parameters for Bi-Doped SnSe with High Thermoelectric Performance
by Hyunjin Park, Sang-il Kim, Jeong-Yeon Kim, Seong-Mee Hwang and Hyun-Sik Kim
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 504-513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010029 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1587
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the outstanding thermoelectric performance of Bi-doped n-type SnSe. In this regard, we analyzed the band parameters for Sn1−xBixSe (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) using simple equations and the Single Parabolic Band [...] Read more.
Recent studies have revealed the outstanding thermoelectric performance of Bi-doped n-type SnSe. In this regard, we analyzed the band parameters for Sn1−xBixSe (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) using simple equations and the Single Parabolic Band model. Bi doping suppresses the carrier-phonon coupling while increasing the density-of-states effective mass. The n-type SnSe is known to have two conduction bands converge near 600 K. Bi doping changes the temperature at which the band convergence occurs. When x = 0.04, its weighted mobility maximized near 500 K, which indicated the possible band convergence. The highest zT of the x = 0.04 sample at mid-temperatures (473–573 K) can be attributed to the engineered band convergence via Bi doping. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermoelectric Properties of Ceramic-Based Materials)
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12 pages, 2828 KiB  
Article
Solvothermal Synthesis of LaF3:Ce Nanoparticles for Use in Medicine: Luminescence, Morphology and Surface Properties
by Anastasiia Dorokhina, Ryoya Ishihara, Hiroko Kominami, Vadim Bakhmetyev, Maxim Sychov, Toru Aoki and Hisashi Morii
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 492-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010028 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
A series of LaF3:Ce3+ phosphors for application in photodynamic therapy are synthesized using a one-stage solvothermal synthesis. The synthesis conditions; type and quantity of stabilizer; concentration of activator providing the maximum intensity of UV- and X-ray-excited luminescence; lowest size; and [...] Read more.
A series of LaF3:Ce3+ phosphors for application in photodynamic therapy are synthesized using a one-stage solvothermal synthesis. The synthesis conditions; type and quantity of stabilizer; concentration of activator providing the maximum intensity of UV- and X-ray-excited luminescence; lowest size; and highest colloidal stability of the phosphor nanoparticles are found. As a result of this study, the following parameters are determined using cerium content 5% mol. ethanol as the reaction medium for the solvothermal synthesis and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the stabilizer at an optimized amount. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Nanopowders: Synthesis and Applications)
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17 pages, 7263 KiB  
Article
Fused Filament Fabrication of Thermal-Shock-Resistant Fine-Grained Refractories for Steel-Casting Applications
by Serhii Yaroshevskyi, Piotr Malczyk, Christian Weigelt, Jana Hubalkova, Steffen Dudczig, Uwe Lohse and Christos G. Aneziris
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 475-491; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010027 - 7 Feb 2023
Viewed by 2226
Abstract
Three-dimensionally printed fine-grained refractory ceramics ready for use in contact with liquid steel based on developed one-step thermal debindable ceramic filaments that do not require any chemical solvent pre-debinding are investigated. This work exhibits the most favourable debinding and sintering regimes with an [...] Read more.
Three-dimensionally printed fine-grained refractory ceramics ready for use in contact with liquid steel based on developed one-step thermal debindable ceramic filaments that do not require any chemical solvent pre-debinding are investigated. This work exhibits the most favourable debinding and sintering regimes with an excellent form stability and reproducibility of printed products ensured. The structure of the sintered products was examined with computed tomography. The designed inner geometry with micro-porosity introduced during debinding combined with pre-designed printed macro-cavities enabled the outstanding thermal-shock performance of the specimens. The functionality of the sintered refractory products in the form of casting nozzles was preliminarily tested in contact with steel melt using a hot-stage microscope. The structure of the specimen was subsequently examined with laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of printed samples were studied via mercury intrusion porosimetry, compressive strength testing, and spatial tensile strength testing. According to the results, the cold crushing strength of the 3D-printed specimens in the printing direction was comparable to that of pressed fine-grained alumina specimens (50–60 MPa). The measured porosity was 21.5 vol% with a pore size less than 10 µm, which is suitable for applications in contact with molten steel. In order to show thermal-shock resistance of the 3D-printed casting nozzle, a 100 kg steel-melt flow test was performed in a steel-casting simulator with the nozzle surviving all related thermal shocks as well as the ferrostatic pressure of the melt. The evaluated composition and production route of the filaments can be utilized to produce one-step, thermally debindable, thermal-shock-resistant refractory parts with a complex inner structure that are applicable in an industrial environment. Full article
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28 pages, 21106 KiB  
Article
Non-Invasive On-Site pXRF Analysis of Coloring Agents, Marks and Enamels of Qing Imperial and Non-Imperial Porcelain
by Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Jacques Burlot, Xavier Gallet, Bing Zhao and Jean-Baptiste Clais
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 447-474; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010026 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4341
Abstract
On-site pXRF analysis in various French collections (Musée du Louvre, Musée national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet, Paris) of porcelains decorated with painted enamels from the Qing Dynasty, in particular porcelains bearing an imperial mark, identifies the types of enamels/glazes, the ions and coloring phases [...] Read more.
On-site pXRF analysis in various French collections (Musée du Louvre, Musée national des Arts asiatiques-Guimet, Paris) of porcelains decorated with painted enamels from the Qing Dynasty, in particular porcelains bearing an imperial mark, identifies the types of enamels/glazes, the ions and coloring phases or the opacifier. The study of the elements associated with cobalt (nickel, manganese, arsenic, etc.) and of the impurities of the silicate matrix (yttrium, rubidium and strontium) differentiates the use of ‘Chinese/Asian’ raw materials from ones imported from Europe by the initiative of the European missionaries (chiefly Jesuits) present at the Court (Beijing). Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the blue color of the marks and to the elements associated with the use of gold or copper nanoparticles as well as to the compositions of the pyrochlore phases (tin yellow, Naples yellow). The comparison is extended to pXRF and Raman microspectroscopy measurements previously made on other Qing imperial porcelains as well as on Cantonese productions (on porcelain or metal) from different Swiss and French museums and blue-and-white wares of the Ming and Yuan Dynasties (archaeological and private collections). Full article
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15 pages, 3788 KiB  
Article
NMR Spectra Particularities in LiNbO3 Crystals with a Near-Stoichiometric Composition
by Alexander Yatsenko, Sergey Yevdokimov, Mikhail Palatnikov and Nikolay Sidorov
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 432-446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010025 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1682
Abstract
The paper studies LiNbO3 (LN) crystals with a near-stoichiometric composition (NSLN). The study establishes the possibility of different physical methods to reveal NSLN crystals’ exact composition. The main goal was to establish how precisely these methods can reveal a NSLN composition, including [...] Read more.
The paper studies LiNbO3 (LN) crystals with a near-stoichiometric composition (NSLN). The study establishes the possibility of different physical methods to reveal NSLN crystals’ exact composition. The main goal was to establish how precisely these methods can reveal a NSLN composition, including a defective structure. This structure determines properties that are important for the application of the crystals. Two NSLN crystals with a different Li/Nb ratio have been studied by IR and NMR spectroscopy. NSLN crystals have been grown from a congruent melt with different K2O flux contents (5.0 and 5.5 wt%). The data on NSLN have been compared with the data on congruent (CLN) crystals. CLN are the most widely used LN crystals. The study has established that analysis of the IR spectra can determine the Li/Nb ratio within [Li2O] = 48.6 – 50.0 mol% range, while the 93Nb NMR spectra has a wider range of sensibility. LN crystals’ stoichiometry or the Li/Nb ratio determine the concentration of antisite defects NbLi. Niobium substitutes lithium in its octahedron. Such defects appear up to [Li2O] = 49.9 mol%. Thus, the study shows that IR and NMR spectroscopy are sensitive methods that can complement each other when determining the precise LN composition (Li/Nb ratio) and the presence of intrinsic defects in the crystals. Full article
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16 pages, 3364 KiB  
Article
CerAMfacturing of Aluminum Nitride with High Thermal Conductivity via Lithography-Based Ceramic Vat Photopolymerization (CerAM VPP)
by Eric Schwarzer-Fischer, Uwe Scheithauer and Alexander Michaelis
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 416-431; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010024 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3139
Abstract
Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an excellent material for heat sinks and is used, for example, in high-performance electronics, high-power LEDs and photovoltaics. In order to meet the constantly increasing demands on substrate materials and heat sinks resulting from the permanent increase in power [...] Read more.
Aluminum nitride (AlN) is an excellent material for heat sinks and is used, for example, in high-performance electronics, high-power LEDs and photovoltaics. In order to meet the constantly increasing demands on substrate materials and heat sinks resulting from the permanent increase in power density and resulting heat in electronic components, new types of components made of high-performance materials with highly complex geometries are required. In this work, AlN based on a commercial powder (“TOYALNITE®”-JCGA-BLY5 by Toyal Europe), was successfully qualified for an AM technology through suspension and process development for CerAM VPP—a DLP-based vat photo polymerization technology. The properties of the components were characterized along the entire process chain, achieving densities of 3.33 g/cm3 (>99% Th.D.) and excellent thermal conductivities of more than 180 W/mK, which are comparable to state-of-the-art for conventionally manufactured AlN components. Homogeneous microstructures of good quality confirm the measured density and thermal conductivity. A complex-shaped component usable for an exemplary heating–cooling application demonstrates the potential of this development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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30 pages, 13104 KiB  
Article
Microstructure, Process Optimization, and Strength Response Modelling of Green-Aluminium-6061 Composite as Automobile Material
by Abayomi Adewale Akinwande, Olanrewaju Seun Adesina, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran, Oluwatosin Abiodun Balogun, David Mukuro, Oluwayomi Peter Balogun, Kong Fah Tee and M. Saravana Kumar
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 386-415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010023 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
The use of ashes derived from various waste sources as supplements to synthesized ceramic reinforcement in metal matrices has been established. However, studies involving a combination of particulates from three different sources are rare. In a bid to further knowledge in this aspect [...] Read more.
The use of ashes derived from various waste sources as supplements to synthesized ceramic reinforcement in metal matrices has been established. However, studies involving a combination of particulates from three different sources are rare. In a bid to further knowledge in this aspect of research and develop a green aluminium composite for automobile applications, the present investigation studied the implication of adding palm kernel shell ash (PKA), rice husk ash (RHA), and waste steel particles (STP) to the morphology and strength behaviour of Al-6061-T6 alloy. The experimental design was undertaken via the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface method. A 4% STP at a constant dose was mixed with PKA and RHA at varying proportions and stirring temperatures according to the BBD. The experimental outcome revealed that the responses were greatly influenced by microstructural evolution. From the surface plots, 2–4% RHA and PKA enhanced tensile and flexural strengths, while 4–6% led to a decline in strength. Meanwhile, 2–6% of the particles are favourable to the enhancement of tensile and compressive strengths and moduli. Temperatures between 700 and 800 °C favored response improvement, whereas temperatures between 800 and 900 °C were detrimental to responses. Developed regression models for the responses were validated to be good representations of the experimental outcomes. The optimum mix was obtained at 4.81% PKA, 5.41% RHA, and a stirring temperature of 803 °C. The validation experiment conducted portrayed reliable responses with <5% deviation from the predicted values, thereby certifying the models to be statistically fit for future predictions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Decarbonization of the Global Industry)
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22 pages, 3041 KiB  
Review
3D Printing Ceramics—Materials for Direct Extrusion Process
by Eliza Romanczuk-Ruszuk, Bogna Sztorch, Daria Pakuła, Ewa Gabriel, Krzysztof Nowak and Robert E. Przekop
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 364-385; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010022 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7303
Abstract
Additive manufacturing and 3D printing methods based on the extrusion of material have become very popular in recent years. There are many methods of printing ceramics, but the direct extrusion method gives the largest range of sizes of printed objects and enables scaling [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing and 3D printing methods based on the extrusion of material have become very popular in recent years. There are many methods of printing ceramics, but the direct extrusion method gives the largest range of sizes of printed objects and enables scaling of processes also in large-scale applications. Additionally, the application of this method to ceramic materials is of particular importance due to its low cost, ease of use, and high material utilization. The paper presents the most important literature reports on ceramics printed by direct extrusion. The review includes articles written in English and published between 2017 and 2022. The aim of this literature review was to present the main groups of ceramic materials produced by extrusion-based 3D printing. Full article
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22 pages, 17055 KiB  
Article
Multifunctional Materials Based on the Solid Solutions of the (Na, K, Cd0.5)NbO3 (KNN-Cd) System Modified with Rare Earth Elements: Crystal Structure, Microstructure, and Macroresponses
by Andryushin Konstantin, Mikhail Palatnikov, Lidiya Shilkina, Alexandr Nagaenko, Olga Shcherbina, Maxim Smirnov, Nikolay Sidorov, Stanislav Kubrin, Anzhela Rudskaya, Daniil Rudskiy and Larisa Reznichenko
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 342-363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010021 - 1 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1959
Abstract
Ceramic samples of polycomponent solid solutions (SSs) Na0.90K0.05Cd0.05NbO3 (Cd-modified KNN) and [(Na0.90K0.05Cd0.05)0.95REE0.05]NbO3, where REE = La, Pr, Tb, Dy, Ho, were obtained by the [...] Read more.
Ceramic samples of polycomponent solid solutions (SSs) Na0.90K0.05Cd0.05NbO3 (Cd-modified KNN) and [(Na0.90K0.05Cd0.05)0.95REE0.05]NbO3, where REE = La, Pr, Tb, Dy, Ho, were obtained by the uniaxial hot pressing (UHP) method. The crystal lattice structures, morphological features of the microstructure, and dielectric and thermophysical properties of these ceramics have been investigated. For the first time, their strength characteristics (Young’s modulus) and the critical stress intensity factor of the mode I Kic have been estimated. Photoluminescent properties have been compared in SSs [(Na0.90K0.05Cd0.05)0.95REE0.05]NbO3 in the visible wavelength range. Full article
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12 pages, 4296 KiB  
Article
Combining Pultrusion with Carbonization: Process Analysis and Material Properties of CFRP and C/C
by Jonas H. M. Stiller, Kristina Roder, David Löpitz, Marcus Knobloch, Daisy Nestler, Welf-Guntram Drossel and Lothar Kroll
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 330-341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010020 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2565
Abstract
Composites made of carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (C/C or CFC) are high-performance materials with a wide range of properties, making them especially suitable for the design of thermally and mechanically highly stressed components. As the production process of these high-performance materials is currently still very [...] Read more.
Composites made of carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon (C/C or CFC) are high-performance materials with a wide range of properties, making them especially suitable for the design of thermally and mechanically highly stressed components. As the production process of these high-performance materials is currently still very expensive, new concepts for an economical manufacturing process are required. This paper focusses on an innovative approach that uses the polymer-based pultrusion process for shaping with a subsequent carbonization step to C/C. In this process, carbon fibers (CF) and a phenolic resin were used to manufacture a semi-finished product made of unidirectional (UD) carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) with a fiber volume content of 66%. The C/C composite shows dimensional stability and has a flexural strength of approx. 240 MPa and a flexural modulus of approx. of 135 GPa with an elongation of 1.8%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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29 pages, 5658 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art Developments in Advanced Hard Ceramic Coatings Using PVD Techniques for High-Temperature Tribological Applications
by Dinesh Kumar Devarajan, Baskaran Rangasamy and Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 301-329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010019 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4517
Abstract
Hard and wear-resistant coatings created utilizing physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques are extensively used in extreme tribological applications. The friction and wear behavior of coatings vary significantly with temperature, indicating that advanced coating concepts are essential for prolonged load-bearing applications. Many coating concepts [...] Read more.
Hard and wear-resistant coatings created utilizing physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques are extensively used in extreme tribological applications. The friction and wear behavior of coatings vary significantly with temperature, indicating that advanced coating concepts are essential for prolonged load-bearing applications. Many coating concepts have recently been explored in this area, including multicomponent, multilayer, gradient coatings; high entropy alloy (HEA) nitride; and functionally modified coatings. In this review, we highlighted the most significant findings from ongoing research to comprehend crucial coating properties and design aspects. To obtain enhanced tribological properties, the microstructure, composition, residual stress, hardness, and HT oxidation resistance are tuned through doping or addition of appropriate materials at an optimized level into the primary coatings. Such improvements are achieved by optimizing PVD process parameters such as input power, partial pressure, reactive gas flow rates, substrate bias, and temperature. The incorporation of ideal amounts of Si, Cr, Mo, W, Ag, and Cu into ternary and quaternary coatings, as well as unique multilayer designs, considerably increases the tribological performance of the coatings. Recent discoveries show that not only mechanical hardness and fracture toughness govern wear resistance, but also that oxidation at HT plays a significant role in the lubrication or wear failure of coatings. The tribo-induced metal oxides and/or Magnéli phases concentrated in the tribolayer are the key governing factors of friction and wear behavior at high temperatures. This review includes detailed insights into the advancements in wear resistance as well as various failure mechanisms associated with temperature changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Coatings for High-Temperature Applications)
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2 pages, 172 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Ceramics in 2022
by Ceramics Editorial Office
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 299-300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010018 - 17 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1245
Abstract
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article
21 pages, 13391 KiB  
Article
Spark Plasma Sintering of Ceramics Based on Solid Solutions of Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 Phosphates: Thermal Expansion and Mechanical Properties Research
by A. A. Aleksandrov, A. I. Orlova, D. O. Savinykh, M. S. Boldin, S. A. Khainakov, A. A. Murashov, A. A. Popov, G. V. Shcherbak, S. Garcia-Granda, A. V. Nokhrin, V. N. Chuvil’deev and N. Yu. Tabachkova
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 278-298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010017 - 16 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2646
Abstract
The structure, microstructure, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and mechanical properties of Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 ceramics (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were studied. Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 [...] Read more.
The structure, microstructure, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and mechanical properties of Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 ceramics (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were studied. Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 submicron powders with the NaZr2(PO4)3 structure (NZP, kosnarite type) were obtained by the solid-phase method. The starting reagents (NaNO3, ZrOCl2·8H2O, NH4H2PO4, CoCl2·6H2O, ethanol) were mixed with the addition of ethyl alcohol. The resulting mixtures were annealed at 600 °C (20 h) and 700 °C (20 h). The obtained phosphates crystallized in the expected structure of the NaZr2(PO4)3 type (trigonal system, space group R3¯c). Thermal expansion of the powders was studied with high-temperature X-ray diffraction at temperatures ranging from 25 to 700 °C. CTEs were calculated, and their dependence on the cobalt content was analyzed. Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 ceramics with high relative density (93.67–99.70%) were obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Ceramics poor in cobalt (x = 0.1) were found to have a high relative density (98.87%) and a uniform fine-grained microstructure with a grain size of 0.5–1 µm. Bigger cobalt content leads to a smaller relative density of ceramics. During the sintering of ceramics with high cobalt content, anomalous grain growth was observed. The powder compaction rate was shown to be determined by creep and diffusion intensity in the Na1+2xZr2−xCox(PO4)3 crystal lattice. SPS activation energy in ceramics increased as the cobalt content grew. The microhardness and fracture toughness of ceramics did not depend on their cobalt content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Processing and Sintering)
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13 pages, 3218 KiB  
Article
Indium Oxide Powder Synthesis in a Low-Current Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure
by Konstantin Savkin, Dmitry Sorokin, Dmitry Beloplotov, Marina Ostapenko, Viktor Semin and Efim Oks
Ceramics 2023, 6(1), 265-277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6010016 - 13 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
The results of a study of the processes involved in the production of indium oxide In2O3 powder, which is widely used to create transparent and electrically conducting ceramics, are described. The powder was produced in a flow of rare gas [...] Read more.
The results of a study of the processes involved in the production of indium oxide In2O3 powder, which is widely used to create transparent and electrically conducting ceramics, are described. The powder was produced in a flow of rare gas (argon or helium) at atmospheric pressure under conditions for the formation of metal-containing plasma in a non-arc discharge mode. The discharge operated in pulsed mode with a pulse repetition rate of 70 kHz and pulse duration of 12 μs. The discharge current was 670 mA and discharge voltages were 180 V and 250 V when the working gases were argon and helium, respectively. These parameters ensure a mode in which the indium cap of a molybdenum cathode suffers thermal erosion. The morphology and elemental and phase composition of the erosion products were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. It was shown that the structure of the synthesized powder particles corresponded to a phase of indium oxide (III) with a body-centered cubic (bcc) lattice with lattice parameter a = 1.013 nm. The powder particles, regardless of the working gas (Ar or He), consisted of non-stoichiometric indium oxide In2O3 with a nanocrystalline structure. The average particle diameter was <d> = 13–16 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics)
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