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Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., Volume 10, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 22 articles

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24 pages, 5097 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Innovative Nifurtimox Formulations as Therapeutic Alternative for Chagas Disease
by Ana Lia Mazzeti, Karolina Ribeiro Gonçalves, Patrícia Ferreira Boasquivis, Maria Terezinha Bahia and Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020050 - 7 Feb 2025
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease with limited and often suboptimal chemotherapeutic treatment options. The WHO recommends nifurtimox (NFX) for treating Chagas disease, which, although it is effective in the early stages of infection, has variable efficacy [...] Read more.
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease with limited and often suboptimal chemotherapeutic treatment options. The WHO recommends nifurtimox (NFX) for treating Chagas disease, which, although it is effective in the early stages of infection, has variable efficacy in the chronic phase and induces adverse effects that frequently compromise the continuity of the treatment. This study focused on the development and characterization of innovative lipid-based self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) and poly(ε-caprolactone) implants containing NFX. The SEDDS formulations modified the NFX release extent and rate. The implant characterization included thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, thermo-optical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, confirming the low interaction between NFX and the polymer. In vitro assays demonstrated the enhanced anti-T. cruzi activity of the NFX-SEDDS, with minimal cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. In vivo studies using T. cruzi-infected mice revealed that both formulations effectively suppressed parasitemia, achieving cure rates comparable to those of the standard oral NFX treatment. Additionally, the implants showed improved tolerability and sustained efficacy, delivering a prolonged effect equivalent to 40 oral doses. These findings highlight the potential of these innovative NFX formulations as promising alternatives for treating Chagas disease, particularly in the chronic phase, offering improved adherence and comparable efficacy to the existing therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Drug Formulations for Chagas's Disease Treatment)
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15 pages, 5564 KiB  
Article
Large-Scale Deployment of Lehmann’s Funnel Entry Traps to Control Malaria Mosquito Populations
by Hamidou Maïga, Roger Sanou, Bazoumana B. D. Sow, Adama Ouema, Abdoul Azize Millogo, Koama Bayili, Aristide Sawdetuo Hien, Simon P. Sawadogo, Souro Abel Millogo, Adrien Marie Gaston Belem, Léa Paré Toé, Roch K. Dabiré and Abdoulaye Diabaté
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020049 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 30
Abstract
Effective tools to prevent mosquito bites are essential for malaria control. The Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET), a window screen proven effective in reducing mosquito density, was tested for its large-scale impact on malaria vector control and community acceptance. A total of 1313 [...] Read more.
Effective tools to prevent mosquito bites are essential for malaria control. The Lehmann Funnel Entry Trap (LFET), a window screen proven effective in reducing mosquito density, was tested for its large-scale impact on malaria vector control and community acceptance. A total of 1313 traps were deployed in Vallée du Kou 3 (VK3), with 12 traps randomly selected for detailed evaluation against untrapped houses in Vallée du Kou 5 (VK5). Traps were placed in windows with doors blocked by curtains. From July to October, mosquitoes were collected for nine days per month from VK3 traps and VK5 control houses. Morphological identification, density analysis, resistance gene screening, and female age structure determination were conducted. The trap’s impact was assessed via pyrethrum spray catch (PSC) and for nine days per month, while trap fabric integrity and community perceptions were also evaluated. Traps reduced mosquito entry density by more than 90% in VK3 houses. VK3 had 33% higher house mosquito density pre-intervention and 47% lower house mosquito density post-intervention than VK5. Old female mosquito numbers rose in VK5 but not VK3. Pyrethroid resistance was high (kdr mutation frequency > 0.9) in both control and intervention sites. VK3 residents appreciated the traps for reducing bites and improving sleep. The LFET effectively controls malaria vectors and is well-suited for widespread use in malaria elimination efforts. Full article
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19 pages, 3782 KiB  
Article
Seasonal and Meteorological Drivers of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks Using Data-Driven Machine Learning Models
by Pakorn Lonlab, Suparinthon Anupong, Chalita Jainonthee and Sudarat Chadsuthi
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020048 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) predominantly affects children under the age of five and remains a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD outbreaks are closely linked to seasonal changes and meteorological factors, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. In [...] Read more.
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) predominantly affects children under the age of five and remains a significant public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. HFMD outbreaks are closely linked to seasonal changes and meteorological factors, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. In Thailand, a total of 657,570 HFMD cases were reported between 2011 and 2022 (12 years). This study aimed to identify the high- and low-risk HFMD outbreak areas using machine learning models: Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forests (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Our findings showed that the XGBoost model outperformed the other models in predicting unseen data and defining the best model. The best model can be used to detect high-risk outbreak areas and to explore the relationship between meteorological factors and HFMD outbreaks. The results highlighted the seasonal distribution of high-risk HFMD outbreak months across different provinces in Thailand, with average maximum temperature, average rainfall, and average vapor pressure identified as the most influential factors. Furthermore, the best model was used to analyze HFMD outbreaks during the COVID-19 pandemic, showing a notable reduction in high-risk outbreak months and areas, likely due to the control measures implemented during this period. Overall, our model shows great potential as a tool for warnings, providing useful insights to help public health officials reduce the impact of HFMD outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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10 pages, 402 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Healthcare Preparedness: Lessons from a Tabletop Exercise on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
by Priya Dhagat, Joshua Coan, Ayanava Ganguly, Cole Puetz, David Silvestri and Syra Madad
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020047 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Tabletop exercises offer a structured opportunity to assess strengths and potential gaps in preparedness and response plans in a safe learning environment. The New York City Health + Hospitals System-Wide Special Pathogens Program conducted an innovative and multidisciplinary tabletop exercise involving escalating scenarios [...] Read more.
Tabletop exercises offer a structured opportunity to assess strengths and potential gaps in preparedness and response plans in a safe learning environment. The New York City Health + Hospitals System-Wide Special Pathogens Program conducted an innovative and multidisciplinary tabletop exercise involving escalating scenarios of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in 2023. The goals were to assess patient screening processes for infectious diseases within healthcare facilities, infection prevention and control strategies, risk communication, and notification and involvement of public health stakeholders. Participants reflected on previous outbreak responses, discussed the importance of risk communication, and shared insights on tools and resources that would better support healthcare professionals in identifying and managing patients with HPAI/H5N1 infection. Key takeaways included establishing clear protocols for HPAI/H5N1 management, providing timely education to healthcare professionals, and assessing useful communication modalities. Methods: The exercise included escalating scenarios involving a single case of HPAI/H5N1 advancing to community transmission. Key participants spanned clinical departments, infection prevention and control, emergency management, and local public health stakeholders. Structured discussions targeted triggers for escalation, infection prevention strategies, and communication pathways. Results: Findings highlighted the need for tailored screening criteria, robust infection prevention protocols, clear communication strategies, and collaboration with public health authorities. Specific improvements included refining triage and isolation protocols, enhancing staff education, and leveraging syndromic surveillance systems. Conclusion: This exercise underscored the importance of proactive planning, multidisciplinary collaboration, and integration of biosafety measures to strengthen healthcare system resilience against HPAI/H5N1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viral Threats: Surveillance, Impact, and Mitigation)
16 pages, 2889 KiB  
Article
Malaria in Nepal: A Spatiotemporal Study of the Disease Distribution and Challenges on the Path to Elimination
by Kiran Raj Awasthi, Jonine Jancey, Archie C. A. Clements, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Suman Thapa, Pramin Ghimire and Justine E. Leavy
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020046 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 346
Abstract
Malaria incidence (MI) has significantly declined in Nepal, and this study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and drivers of MI at the ward level. Data for malaria cases were obtained from the National Surveillance System from 2013 to 2021. Data for covariates, [...] Read more.
Malaria incidence (MI) has significantly declined in Nepal, and this study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and drivers of MI at the ward level. Data for malaria cases were obtained from the National Surveillance System from 2013 to 2021. Data for covariates, including annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, and distance to the nearest city, were obtained from publicly available sources. A Bayesian spatial model was used to identify factors associated with the spatial distribution of MI. Between 2013 and 2021, 7278 malaria cases were reported in Nepal, with a crude incidence rate of 3.0 cases per 100,000 person-years at risk (PYR). MI showed a seasonal variation, with the highest number of cases reported between May and September. The annual MI decreased in recent years from 1.9 per 100,000 PYR in 2018 to 0.1 per 100,000 PYR in 2021. Spatial clustering of MI was observed at the ward level, with most hotspot areas detected in the western Terai plains and upper river valley (URV) areas. Incidence was associated with annual mean precipitation in mm (β = 0.201; 95% CrI: 0.042, 0.360). The shift of the malaria hotspots to the URVs presents a challenge for implementing timely prevention and control activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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25 pages, 764 KiB  
Review
HIV Cerebrospinal Fluid Escape: Interventions for the Management, Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
by Sophie H. Kelly, Sam Nightingale, Ravindra K. Gupta and Dami A. Collier
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020045 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 559
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment is an important cause of HIV-associated morbidity. The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated cognitive impairment from HIV-associated dementia to milder forms of cognitive impairment. Independent replication of HIV within the central nervous system in those [...] Read more.
Neurocognitive impairment is an important cause of HIV-associated morbidity. The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has shifted the spectrum of HIV-associated cognitive impairment from HIV-associated dementia to milder forms of cognitive impairment. Independent replication of HIV within the central nervous system in those on effective ART with peripheral suppression is a recognised phenomenon known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA escape. CSF HIV RNA escape is independently associated with neurocognitive impairment but has also been detected in asymptomatic persons with HIV. The current consensus for management of CSF HIV RNA escape is based on expert opinion rather than empirical evidence. The current evidence suggests having a low threshold to investigate for CSF HIV RNA escape and optimising ART based on resistance profiles. The use of central nervous system (CNS) penetration effectiveness scores is no longer recommended. The evidence for statins, SSRIs, minocycline, lithium and valproate is limited to small-scale studies. There are potential new developments in the form of nanoparticles, Janus Kinase inhibitors and latency reversal agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Testing, Prevention and Care Interventions)
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27 pages, 3460 KiB  
Article
“Time to Change”: To What Extent Could Non-Sputum Sampling Accelerate the Fight Against Tuberculosis—A Qualitative Study Among End-Users
by Vanessa Fargnoli, Hoang Thi My Hanh, Ly Na Hoang, Ananya Mahesh, Nasiphi Mqedlana-Ntombela, Jovitta Xavier, Mikashmi Kohli, Kavindhran Velen and Sonjelle Shilton
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020044 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
Inadequate access to timely diagnosis and linkage to treatment are major barriers to tuberculosis (TB) care. New point-of-care diagnostics that do not rely solely on sputum samples are needed to make up for lost time, bringing TB testing closer to service recipients and [...] Read more.
Inadequate access to timely diagnosis and linkage to treatment are major barriers to tuberculosis (TB) care. New point-of-care diagnostics that do not rely solely on sputum samples are needed to make up for lost time, bringing TB testing closer to service recipients and addressing current sputum sampling limitations. Urine-based TB lipoarabinomannan tests and tongue dorsum swabs have demonstrated potential as alternatives to sputum-based molecular testing. We conducted a study to ascertain the perceived value of these non-sputum-based TB tests among stakeholders from the TB community, including TB service recipients and healthcare providers, in India, South Africa, and Viet Nam. Our results showed that there was a high degree of enthusiasm among various end-users for both novel sample types. It is important to generate both qualitative and quantitative evidence to support optimal uptake and implementation of these potential new sample types for TB testing. Full article
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13 pages, 1411 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of WHO Measles Eradication Programme for the European Region of 53 Countries with Emphasis on Poland in the Years 2003–2014
by Dominika Mucha, Beata Łubkowska, Joanna Jeżewska-Frąckowiak and Piotr M. Skowron
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020043 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
Background: The vaccination programmes after the 2nd World War and the application of safe and effective vaccines were expected to eliminate infectious diseases within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. However, epidemiological indexes show isolated cases and local epidemiology outbreaks of viral [...] Read more.
Background: The vaccination programmes after the 2nd World War and the application of safe and effective vaccines were expected to eliminate infectious diseases within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. However, epidemiological indexes show isolated cases and local epidemiology outbreaks of viral measles, that draw attention to re-evaluate the effectiveness and obstacles of infectious disease eradication programmes. Methodology: This study analyses the available Polish governmental epidemiological data concerning the WHO European Region for the years 2003–2014 and evaluates the effectiveness of the WHO Measles Eradication Programme implementation, since 2001. Most of these epidemiological data are either available in Polish or scattered in governmental reports only. Thus, we have compiled selected available data to present an overview focusing on Poland’s measles epidemiological situation. Results: The analysis of the available data clearly shows that infection cases of measles are on the rise in the European Region or are steady at a relatively high level depending on the country. The critical factors to prevent measles are maintaining a vaccination level at a minimum of 95% using two doses of MMR, adequate infection detection, rapid reporting, controlling and enforcing identification, and mass media campaigns to inform societies about the necessity of measles vaccination and the safety of using MMR. Conclusions: Besides the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemics, measles is possibly the most dominating infectious disease on the rise in the European Region, including Poland. The eradication programme modifications to increase its effectiveness are of upmost importance, as measles is one of the most infectious diseases with acute syndromes, especially affecting children. Full article
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13 pages, 3233 KiB  
Article
Schistosomiasis Burden and Trend Analysis in Africa: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
by Dandan Peng, Yajing Zhu, Lu Liu, Jianfeng Zhang, Peng Huang, Shaowen Bai, Xinyao Wang and Kun Yang
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020042 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in Africa, despite global efforts to eliminate the disease by 2030. This study estimates the burden, trends, and inequalities of schistosomiasis in Africa from 1990 to 2021, and projects future prevalence to inform the WHO’s elimination [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in Africa, despite global efforts to eliminate the disease by 2030. This study estimates the burden, trends, and inequalities of schistosomiasis in Africa from 1990 to 2021, and projects future prevalence to inform the WHO’s elimination strategies. Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD 2021) were used to calculate annual average percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC), with spatial global autocorrelation analysis performed to examine temporal and spatial trends. Five modeling algorithms were constructed to predict disease burden in Africa from 2022 to 2041. The age-standardized prevalences rate (ASPR) of schistosomiasis in Africa decreased from 18,495.51 per 100,000 in 1990 to 9,461.76 per 100,000 in 2021. The total number of cases, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and mortality accounted for 84.25%, 87.92% and 87.28% of the global totals, respectively. ARIMA modeling predicts that by 2030, the ASPR will reach 3.99%. Despite progress, the burden remains significant, and intensified efforts are needed, particularly in high-burden regions like West Africa, to meet the WHO’s 2030 elimination targets. Full article
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17 pages, 3418 KiB  
Article
Malaria Mortality in Brazil: Age–Period–Cohort Effects, Sociodemographic Factors, and Sustainable Development Indicators
by Mariusa Fernandes de Farias, Eric Renato Lima Figueiredo, Raimundo Nelson Souza da Silva, Deizyane dos Reis Galhardo, Cleide Laranjeira da Silva, Evelyn Myelle Farias Moreira, Yury Souza de Azevedo, Emilly Cassia Soares Furtado, Janielly Reis Castelhano, João Simão de Melo-Neto and Fabiana de Campos Gomes
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020041 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Introduction: Human malaria is a zoonosis considered a serious global public health problem caused by five species of protozoa of the genus Plasmodium spp., which are transmitted by mosquito vectors belonging to the genus Anopheles spp. Objective: To verify whether there is a [...] Read more.
Introduction: Human malaria is a zoonosis considered a serious global public health problem caused by five species of protozoa of the genus Plasmodium spp., which are transmitted by mosquito vectors belonging to the genus Anopheles spp. Objective: To verify whether there is a relationship between the age-standardized malaria mortality rate in Brazil and age–period–cohort effect variables, sociodemographic differences, and indicators of sustainable development. Methods: Data on malaria mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2022 were analyzed using sociodemographic factors such as ethnicity, region of residence, and sustainable development indicators. Results: Statistical data demonstrated that from 2000 to 2022, there was a reduction in malaria mortality; the 0–4 years age group was more susceptible to death, and the infection affected more men, Indigenous people, and residents of the North Region. Environmental factors such as CO2 emissions and sanitation predict mortality in specific regions. The North and Northeast Regions had higher mortality rates. In the North, low CO2 emissions, deforestation, weak urban sanitation, a lower GDP, and a higher Gini index were related to high mortality; the latter was also a factor in high rates of deforestation and solid waste collection in the Central West and Northeast Regions. The number of consultations and professionals was a predictive factor for high rates in the three regions mentioned. The Southeast Region had the lowest mortality rate and lowest health expenditure, while the Northeast and Midwest Regions had the highest expenditure in this sector. Conclusions: This study can contribute to the direction of public policy due to the specificities of each region in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Mosquito-Borne Diseases)
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9 pages, 638 KiB  
Article
Utility of VIDAS® Dengue Diagnostic Assays to Differentiate Primary and Secondary Dengue Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Military Hospital from Colombia
by Andrés E. Prieto-Torres, Leidy J. Medina-Lozano, Juan David Ramírez-Ávila and Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020040 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 476
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of VIDAS® DENGUE NS1 Ag and anti-DENV IgM and IgG assays in parallel for an early and accurate diagnosis and classification of dengue virus (DENV) infection. For this retrospective cross-sectional study, 190 patients with [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of VIDAS® DENGUE NS1 Ag and anti-DENV IgM and IgG assays in parallel for an early and accurate diagnosis and classification of dengue virus (DENV) infection. For this retrospective cross-sectional study, 190 patients with suspected dengue were tested using VIDAS® NS1, IgM, and IgG assays, requested in parallel, regardless of symptom onset timing, and classified into primary and secondary infections. Results were analyzed to determine diagnostic accuracy and correlation with disease severity. Parallel testing effectively differentiated between primary and secondary DENV infection. Secondary dengue cases with warning signs showed significantly elevated IgG levels (p = 0.026). Notably, NS1-negative (possible secondary cases) had higher IgM and IgG levels than NS1-positive cases (p < 0.01), suggesting that NS1 negativity might indicate an amplified immune response. In conclusion, VIDAS® Dengue diagnostic assays not only enhance the diagnostic accuracy of dengue infection but also offer valuable insights into serological patterns, especially in secondary cases. These assays could be used not only to confirm diagnosis but also to stratify patients by risk, particularly in cases of secondary dengue, where IgG levels might indicate a higher risk for severe outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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13 pages, 1384 KiB  
Article
Intensive Therapeutic Plasma Exchange—New Approach to Treat and Rescue Patients with Severe Form of Yellow Fever
by Yeh-Li Ho, Youko Nukui, Paula Ribeiro Villaça, Erica Okazaki, Nelson Hidekazu Tatsui, Lucas Chaves Netto, Daniel Joelsons, Tania Rubia Flores da Rocha, Fernanda de Mello Malta, João Renato Rebello Pinho, Aluisio Augusto Cotrim Segurado and Vanderson Rocha
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020039 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 423
Abstract
Background: Severe yellow fever (YF) can result in acute liver failure (ALF) and high mortality. The role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in managing YF-ALF remains unclear. This study evaluated the impact of TPE strategies in severe YF. Methods: This observational case-series study [...] Read more.
Background: Severe yellow fever (YF) can result in acute liver failure (ALF) and high mortality. The role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in managing YF-ALF remains unclear. This study evaluated the impact of TPE strategies in severe YF. Methods: This observational case-series study evaluated three groups of patients classified according to treatment: G1 (standard intensive care support [ICS]), G2 (ICS + high-volume-TPE [HV-TPE]), and G3 (ICS + intensive TPE). HV-TPE was performed during 3 consecutive days with extra sessions of one plasma-volume, if necessary, whereas intensive TPE consisted of one plasma volume/session performed twice daily, with additional fresh frozen plasma infusion. Hemostatic agents, including tranexamic acid, platelets, and cryoprecipitate, were administered as needed. TPE was de-escalated based on clinical and laboratory parameters. The primary outcome was mortality. Results: Sixty-six patients were included (G1: 41, G2: 11, G3: 14). Groups had similar baseline characteristics. Mortality was significantly lower in G3 (14%) compared to G2 (82%) and G1 (85%) (p < 0.001). Additionally, G3 patients showed a higher frequency of undetectable YF viral load. Conclusions: Intensive TPE is a feasible and effective intervention for severe YF, achieving an 84% reduction in mortality. The limitations of our results are the small sample size, observational and single-center study. Further studies are warranted to elucidate intensive TPE’s role in YF management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vector-Borne Diseases)
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16 pages, 930 KiB  
Article
Biting Hour and Host Seeking Behavior of Aedes Species in Urban Settings, Metema District, Northwest Ethiopia
by Wondmeneh Jemberie, Sisay Dugassa and Abebe Animut
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020038 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 556
Abstract
Background: Aedes species transmit arboviral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika. The diseases cause severe sickness, mortality, and economic losses. This study describes the biting hour and host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus in three towns. Recently, chikungunya [...] Read more.
Background: Aedes species transmit arboviral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika. The diseases cause severe sickness, mortality, and economic losses. This study describes the biting hour and host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus in three towns. Recently, chikungunya and dengue infections were reported in the study sites. Methods: Biting hour and host-seeking behaviors of Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus were studied from June to September 2023, in Genda-Wuha, Kokit, and Metema-Yohannes towns, Metema district, Northwest Ethiopia. CDC-LT traps were set running indoors and outdoors for 24 h closer to humans sleeping inside unimpregnated mosquito nets. At the same time, CDC-LT traps were set running overnight closer to domestic animals’ shelters located within a 50-m radius of the main residence. Mosquitoes trapped in CDC-LT were collected every hour. The study was conducted four times in each town during the wet season. A chi-square test was employed to examine biting hour and host-seeking behavior. Results: Aedes aegypti was observed to be highly exophilic and active during the daylight hours. Aedes aegypti exhibited a peak biting rate between 07:00 and 08:00 with the biting rate of 4.5/person/hour followed by from 17:00 pm to 18:00 pm with the biting rate of 3.75/person/hour. The hourly biting rate of Ae. aegypti differed significantly. Its peak indoor biting rate was from 19:00 to 20:00 with the rate of 2.00 bites/person/hour followed by from 08:00 to 09:00 with the rate of 1.50 bites/person/hour and the biting rates differed significantly across the hours (F = 240.046; p = 0.001). Aedes vittatus also exhibited a biting rate similar to that of Ae. aegypti. Both Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus were abundantly collected from nearby human sleeping arrangements than from the shelters of cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys. The highest proportions of Ae. aegypti (91.21%) and Ae. vittatus (89.87%) were unfed. Conclusions: Aedes aegypti and Ae. vittatus exhibited peak biting rates during morning and early night hours that aligned with the active daily routine practices of the local community. This could potentially expose the inhabitants to viral diseases transmitted by Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus. Full article
11 pages, 2214 KiB  
Case Report
Central Nervous System Infection by Free-Living Nematode Cephalobus cubaensis in a Human Host in Africa
by Charlotte Sriruttan-Nel, Chelline Cairns, Shareen Boughan, Bhavani Moodley, Lisa Ming Sun, Wai Yin Chan, Arshad Ismail, Absalom Mwazha, Praniel Bennimahadeo, Nithendra Manickchund, Mthabisi Moyo, Thabani Nkwanyana, Mpumelelo Z. Msimang, Ahmed Essa, John Frean and Mahomed-Yunus Moosa
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020037 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
Background: Human central nervous system infections due to free-living nematodes, although extremely rare, are usually fatal. Immunodeficiency has not been a feature of most of these cases, unlike the situation pertaining to disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Case report: An elderly immunocompetent man presented [...] Read more.
Background: Human central nervous system infections due to free-living nematodes, although extremely rare, are usually fatal. Immunodeficiency has not been a feature of most of these cases, unlike the situation pertaining to disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Case report: An elderly immunocompetent man presented with a history of tinnitus and otalgia, progressing to central nervous system involvement with confusion, weakness, and other neurological signs. Examination revealed a unilateral external auditory canal soft tissue mass and radiological evidence of ipsilateral temporal bone destruction and brain parenchymal disease. A biopsy of the ear canal mass revealed the presence of an unidentified nematode species, and treatment with anthelminthics was started. The patient’s clinical condition deteriorated and he died shortly after admission to the intensive care unit. The immediate cause of death was bronchopneumonia. During the autopsy, an extensive involvement of the right middle cranial fossa was found, with destruction of the squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone. Results: We identified adult, larval, and egg stages of a free-living nematode in the antemortem external auditory canal tissue mass and the post-mortem brain samples. Polymerase chain reaction assays, with Sanger and whole-genome sequencing, identified Cephalobus cubaensis. This is a free-living species not previously known to be pathogenic to humans, although nematodes of the same genus have caused mastitis in horses. Conclusions: Microscopic appearance and the invasive behaviour of the pathogen evoked a putative diagnosis of Halicephalobus gingivalis, the most frequently reported free-living nematode infecting humans. However, this nematode’s size and anatomical features, and the clinical presentation and duration of illness, prompted the consideration of an alternative species. We speculate that an initial bacterial otitis externa provided the opportunity for colonization by the nematode from an environmental source and subsequent invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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9 pages, 1676 KiB  
Article
HPV-51 or HPV-52 Infection Could Impair Sperm Quality in Infertile Patients: A Preliminary Study on Our Experience from North-Western Italy
by Claudia Omes, Mariangela Rienzi, Roberta Rossini, Manuela Piccinino and Rossella Elena Nappi
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020036 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 607
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in all genders worldwide. Its association with male infertility is deeply investigated, although there are conflicting data on the role of the virus in the impairment of semen quality and [...] Read more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in all genders worldwide. Its association with male infertility is deeply investigated, although there are conflicting data on the role of the virus in the impairment of semen quality and reduced reproductive outcomes. In this study, we considered 335 semen samples of males (age: 37.63 ± 6.02 years) belonging to infertile couples who did not conceive a pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected intercourse. Residual semen samples, after routine sperm analysis, were used to amplify and type viral DNA. Positive or negative HPV semen samples were compared. In total, 42.51% (139/327) were positive for at least one HPV genotype, and in 54.68% (76/139), positivity was due to a high-risk (HR) genotype. The most prevalent was HPV-16 (16.55%) followed by HPV-52 (10.07%) and HPV-51 (7.91%). Overall, no significant differences emerged in terms of sperm concentration, sperm motility, and morphology between the two groups. However, a considerable reduction in sperm motility was found in the presence of HPV-51 or HPV-52. These data point to the importance of HPV screening in semen analysis to evaluate patients that might have a higher risk of infertility according to the type of HPV genotype. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus Infection)
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11 pages, 1228 KiB  
Brief Report
Wide Variation of Aedes albopictus Genotypes First Introduced into Canary Islands Assessed by rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region and mtDNA cox1 Sequencing and Cloning
by Alejandra De Elías-Escribano, Irene Serafín-Pérez, Patricio Artigas, Carolina Fernández-Serafín, Sara Rodríguez-Camacho, Beatriz Yanes-Manrique, Víctor González-Alonso, Santiago Mas-Coma, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales and María Dolores Bargues
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020035 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
Aedes albopictus, one of the most rapidly spreading invasive mosquito species, has expanded from Asia to establish populations on every continent except Antarctica, showcasing exceptional adaptability, particularly in island environments. This study provides the first molecular characterization of Ae. albopictus in the [...] Read more.
Aedes albopictus, one of the most rapidly spreading invasive mosquito species, has expanded from Asia to establish populations on every continent except Antarctica, showcasing exceptional adaptability, particularly in island environments. This study provides the first molecular characterization of Ae. albopictus in the Canary Islands, Spain. Genotyping was conducted using rDNA 5.8S-ITS2 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing, with haplotype analysis and phylogenetic network assessment. Among 49 sequences, 28 distinct 5.8S-ITS2 haplotypes were identified, with individual specimens containing 5 to 17 haplotypes (mean, 10.6). Most haplotypes (26/28; 92.85%) were unique to Tenerife, while only two (7.14%) were shared with other regions. H1 was the most frequent haplotype, shared with Valencia and China, while H2, a short-length haplotype, was shared with Mallorca. For cox1, only two haplotypes were detected: cox1-H1, reported in Europe, China, and Brazil, and a novel haplotype, cox1-H28. This genetic diversity suggests the species’ potential capacity to colonize new environments. The findings provide a foundation for further research in the Canary Islands and globally, particularly in regions with high tourism and arbovirus risks, emphasizing the importance of ongoing surveillance and genetic studies to understand the dynamics and public health impacts of invasive mosquito species. Full article
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12 pages, 657 KiB  
Article
Epidemiological Dynamics and Trends of Dengue Outbreaks in Sao Tome and Principe: A Comprehensive Retrospective Analysis (2022–2024)
by Sousa Lazaro, Vilfrido Santana Gil, Ivando Carvalho Viegas de Ceita, Isaulina Neto Viegas Barreto, Eula Carvalho Batista Sousa Maquengo, Andreza Batista de Sousa, Bakissy da Costa Pina, Tieble Traore, Alimuddin Zumla and John Otokoye Otshudiema
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020034 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Background: Dengue has emerged as a significant public health concern in Sao Tome and Principe, with the first documented outbreak occurring between 2022 and 2024. This study examined the epidemiological patterns, environmental determinants, and demographic characteristics of dengue transmission during this period. Methods: [...] Read more.
Background: Dengue has emerged as a significant public health concern in Sao Tome and Principe, with the first documented outbreak occurring between 2022 and 2024. This study examined the epidemiological patterns, environmental determinants, and demographic characteristics of dengue transmission during this period. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive retrospective analysis of laboratory-confirmed dengue cases using national surveillance data, clinical records, and environmental monitoring data. Statistical analyses included demographic profiling, temporal trend assessment, and environmental correlation studies using multiple regression modeling. Results: Among 1264 laboratory-confirmed cases, we observed distinct age-specific vulnerability patterns, with the highest incidence rate in the 70–79 age group (829.6 per 100,000) despite most cases occurring in younger adults. Rainfall emerged as the strongest predictor of dengue transmission (r = 0.96, p < 0.001), explaining 92% of case variance in the regression model. Case distribution showed marked temporal variation, with 91.9% of cases reported in 2022, coinciding with exceptional rainfall (3205 mm). The overall case fatality rate was 0.71% (95% CI: 0.33–1.35), with significant quarterly variations. Geographical analysis revealed concentration in the Água Grande district (68.2% of cases). Conclusions: This first comprehensive analysis of dengue in Sao Tome and Principe demonstrates the crucial role of rainfall in disease transmission and reveals important age-specific vulnerability patterns. These findings provide an evidence base for developing targeted interventions, particularly during high-rainfall periods, and suggest the need for age-stratified clinical protocols in similar island settings. Full article
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10 pages, 215 KiB  
Article
Comparison of AccuPower Diarrhea V1&V2 RT-PCR to a Chromatographic Immunoassay for Detecting Viral Pathogens from Human Diarrheal Stool Specimens
by Luka Katic, Boris Mihaljevic, Marijo Pirija, Ivana Goic-Barisic, Marija Tonkic and Anita Novak
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020033 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 374
Abstract
Viruses are a frequent cause of self-limited diarrhea, with more severe outcomes in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to compare the performance of Real-Time RT-PCR to chromatographic immunoassays (CIAs) for detecting the major gastrointestinal viruses in human stool. This study was conducted at [...] Read more.
Viruses are a frequent cause of self-limited diarrhea, with more severe outcomes in immunocompromised patients. This study aimed to compare the performance of Real-Time RT-PCR to chromatographic immunoassays (CIAs) for detecting the major gastrointestinal viruses in human stool. This study was conducted at the University Hospital of Split, Croatia, from October 2023 to May 2024. Stool samples were simultaneously analyzed with CIA (Acro Biotech Rotavirus and Adenovirus Combo Rapid Test Cassette, USA and JusChek Norovirus Rapid Test Cassette, China) and Real-Time RT-PCR (AccuPower Diarrhea V1&V2 Real-Time RT-PCR, Bioneer, Republic of Korea), according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Positive percent agreement (PPA), negative percent agreement (NPA), and overall percent agreement (OPA) were calculated. For norovirus, CIA had a low PPA (25%), indicating that it missed 75% of norovirus-positive cases identified by RT-PCR. Adenovirus detection by CIA showed poor agreement with RT-PCR (PPA 0%; NPA 100%). Rotavirus detection presented a relatively better performance with CIA (PPA 90.9% and OPA 84.13%). However, the presence of false positives (15.8%) highlights the need for confirmatory RT-PCR testing. One specimen was sapovirus-RT-PCR-positive, marking the first documented case from human specimens in Croatia. Although CIA provided rapid results, limitations regarding reliability highlight the value of RT-PCR, particularly in the case of ambiguous clinical cases with negative antigenic test results and newly emerged viruses. A two-step diagnostic approach, with initial CIA screening followed by confirmatory RT-PCR, could balance cost-effectiveness with diagnostic accuracy. Full article
14 pages, 1266 KiB  
Systematic Review
Molecular Detection of Mycobacterium leprae and the Process of Infection and Illness in Contacts of Leprosy Patients: A Systematic Review
by Sarah Lamas Vidal, Lavínia Cássia Ferreira Batista, Daniele dos Santos Lages, Bruna Eduarda Bortolomai, Isabela de Caux Bueno, Eyleen Nabyla Alvarenga Niitsuma, Nathan Guilherme de Oliveira, Ida Maria Foschiani Dias Baptista and Francisco Carlos Félix Lana
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020032 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Various techniques have been used for the molecular identification of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). The aim of this review was to identify the relationship between the molecular presence of M. leprae and the process of infection and/or illness of contact of [...] Read more.
Various techniques have been used for the molecular identification of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). The aim of this review was to identify the relationship between the molecular presence of M. leprae and the process of infection and/or illness of contact of leprosy cases. A systematic review was carried out by searching the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) databases in January 2024. The studies were selected by two pairs of reviewers. Observational cross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies were included. A descriptive synthesis of the results by category was carried out. A total of 443 studies were identified, and 36 were included in the review. Twelve molecular targets were tested to identify the presence of the bacillus. A relationship was established between the identification of M. leprae DNA and factors related to the index case, housing characteristics, living conditions, epidemiology and anti-PGL-1 serology. None of the studies identified evaluated the molecular viability of M. leprae among contacts. The detection of M. leprae DNA alone does not necessarily predict the development of infection or clinical illness among contacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Zero Leprosy: Epidemiology and Prevention Strategy)
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13 pages, 3990 KiB  
Article
Transcriptome Analysis of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Larvae Exposed to a Semi-Lethal Dose of Vermistatin
by Junhui Chen, Zhiyong Xu, Feiying Yang, Jian Yang, Wendong Kuang, Jianghuai Li, Guodong Niu, Jun Li, Yaqi Wang and Liang Jin
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020031 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is a notorious vector transmitting severe diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus to humans worldwide. Vermistatin is a type of funicon-like compound and was first isolated from Penicillin vermiculatum in the 1970s. Vermistatin has shown promising activity [...] Read more.
Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus is a notorious vector transmitting severe diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus to humans worldwide. Vermistatin is a type of funicon-like compound and was first isolated from Penicillin vermiculatum in the 1970s. Vermistatin has shown promising activity against Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae in our previous research. Here, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae treated with a median lethal concentration of 28.13 mg/L vermistatin. Differential expression analysis identified 1055 vermistatin-responsive genes, with 477 downregulated and 578 upregulated. Gene Ontology annotation and enrichment analysis revealed the metabolic process to be the most significantly affected biological process, the membrane to be the most significantly affected cellular component, and catalytic activity to be the most significantly affected molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis classified the differential expression genes into six major categories, with metabolism and organismal systems being the most enriched. Fifty-five pathways were significantly enriched, with the hematopoietic cell lineage, renin–angiotensin system, cholesterol metabolism, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathways among the top altered pathways. Furthermore, 32 potential detoxification-related genes were differentially expressed, with 3 cytochrome P450s, 2 ABC transporters, and 1 UGT induced by vermistatin. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of vermistatin’s action against Cx. p. quinquefasciatus larvae, highlighting potential targets for novel mosquito control strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance and Vector Control)
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11 pages, 222 KiB  
Brief Report
A Retrospective Study of Clinical Biomarkers of Severe Dengue in a Tertiary Hospital in Johor Bahru, Malaysia
by Si Yin Kok, Ruth Elizabeth Abraham, Shareen Nisha Jauhar Ali, Wei Xuan Tuang and Edmund Liang Chai Ong
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020030 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 936
Abstract
Management of severe dengue remains a clinical challenge. This retrospective study evaluated clinical features and laboratory biomarkers associated with severe dengue at Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru from 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2023. Records of 99 patients, categorized into ICU (51) [...] Read more.
Management of severe dengue remains a clinical challenge. This retrospective study evaluated clinical features and laboratory biomarkers associated with severe dengue at Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru from 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2023. Records of 99 patients, categorized into ICU (51) and non-ICU (48) groups, were identified and analyzed using SPSS version 28.0. Sociodemographic details, clinical features and laboratory biomarkers were collected. Patients aged 50 and older, those with obesity, and those with pre-existing comorbidities were significantly more likely to be admitted to the ICU. The four most common warning signs in both cohorts were lethargy/restlessness/confusion, abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, and diarrhea. Fever, or history of fever, and thrombocytopenia were the two most common severe dengue criteria present in both cohorts. ICU patients exhibited more signs of plasma leakage and abnormal laboratory findings, including normal white cell count, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and elevated creatine kinase. In contrast, leukopenia and normal albumin, bilirubin, and creatine kinase levels were more common in non-ICU patients. Hyponatremia and raised lactate dehydrogenase were seen in both groups. This study highlighted key differences and similarities in clinical features and laboratory biomarkers between ICU and non-ICU patients, emphasizing the need for further research to develop a comprehensive risk assessment tool for predicting severe dengue that resulted in ICU admission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neglected and Emerging Tropical Diseases)
30 pages, 1878 KiB  
Review
Schistosomiasis in the Philippines: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Current Control
by Emmanuel John Tabilin, Darren J. Gray, Mario A. Jiz, Mary Lorraine Mationg, Marianette Inobaya, Eleonor Avenido-Cervantes, Megumi Sato, Marcello Otake Sato, Yasuhito Sako, Yi Mu, Hong You, Matthew Kelly, Pengfei Cai and Catherine A. Gordon
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020029 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 2064
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica is an infectious parasitic disease caused by infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum, which is endemic in China, small pockets of Indonesia, and the Philippines. Of the three countries, the prevalence of infection is the highest in the Philippines, [...] Read more.
Schistosomiasis japonica is an infectious parasitic disease caused by infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum, which is endemic in China, small pockets of Indonesia, and the Philippines. Of the three countries, the prevalence of infection is the highest in the Philippines, despite decades of mass drug administration (MDA). As a zoonosis with 46 potential mammalian definitive hosts and a snail intermediate host, the control and eventual elimination of S. japonicum requires management of these animal hosts in addition to new interventions for the human hosts, including health education and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. In this review we examine the status and epidemiology of S. japonicum in the Philippines with an overview of the current control program there and what needs to be accomplished in the future to control and eliminate this disease in the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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