Emerging Viral Threats: Surveillance, Impact, and Mitigation

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Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 355, Pacaembu, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil
Interests: virology; microbiology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Infectious diseases highlight the critical need for public health measures and research to safeguard global well-being and prevent widespread outbreaks. In this context, emerging viruses are of ultimate importance for better surveillance, comprehensive research, and robust response-aiming control strategies, given their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Their emergence is often facilitated not only by environmental factors such as global travel, climate change, deforestation, and uncontrolled urbanization, which enable rapid transmission and complicate containment efforts, but also by their ability to mutate, evolve, and adapt to new hosts. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach, including the development of innovative diagnostic tools and vaccines, improving surveillance systems, and strengthening international collaboration and preparedness strategies. In this way, one must ameliorate our ability to detect, understand, and respond to emerging viral threats effectively. By advancing our knowledge and fostering global cooperation, we can better mitigate the impact of these viruses and safeguard public health against their potentially devastating effects.

Dr. Mariana Sequetin Cunha
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • one health
  • viral surveillance
  • zoonotic diseases
  • virus evolution
  • epidemiology
  • public health
  • real-time monitoring

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 589 KiB  
Article
Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) Detection in Different Species of Culicids Collected During an Outbreak in Southeastern Brazil, 2016–2019
by Giovana Santos Caleiro, Lucila Oliveira Vilela, Karolina Morales Barrio Nuevo, Rosa Maria Tubaki, Regiane Maria Tironi de Menezes, Luis Filipe Mucci, Juliana Telles-de-Deus, Eduardo Sterlino Bergo, Emerson Luiz Lima Araújo and Mariana Sequetin Cunha
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10050118 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an endemic arbovirus in parts of Africa and the Americas. In Brazil, following the eradication of the urban transmission cycle, YFV is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving several species of neotropical primates and mosquitoes of the genera [...] Read more.
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an endemic arbovirus in parts of Africa and the Americas. In Brazil, following the eradication of the urban transmission cycle, YFV is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving several species of neotropical primates and mosquitoes of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes, which serve as primary and secondary vectors, respectively. During the 2016–2019 outbreak in São Paulo State, a total of 3731 mosquito pools were collected from sites with ongoing epizootic events in 192 municipalities. The RT-qPCR analysis detected YFV in 46 pools (1.4%) across nine mosquito species, including both primary and secondary vectors, as well as species from the genera Aedes and Psorophora. Differences in viral loads were observed among species. While Aedes aegypti was not found to be positive, the detection of natural YFV infection in other Aedes species raises concerns about potential virus reurbanization. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of additional mosquito species in YFV transmission in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viral Threats: Surveillance, Impact, and Mitigation)
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10 pages, 194 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Healthcare Preparedness: Lessons from a Tabletop Exercise on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI)
by Priya Dhagat, Joshua Coan, Ayanava Ganguly, Cole Puetz, David Silvestri and Syra Madad
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020047 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1885
Abstract
Tabletop exercises offer a structured opportunity to assess strengths and potential gaps in preparedness and response plans in a safe learning environment. The New York City Health + Hospitals System-Wide Special Pathogens Program conducted an innovative and multidisciplinary tabletop exercise involving escalating scenarios [...] Read more.
Tabletop exercises offer a structured opportunity to assess strengths and potential gaps in preparedness and response plans in a safe learning environment. The New York City Health + Hospitals System-Wide Special Pathogens Program conducted an innovative and multidisciplinary tabletop exercise involving escalating scenarios of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in 2023. The goals were to assess patient screening processes for infectious diseases within healthcare facilities, infection prevention and control strategies, risk communication, and notification and involvement of public health stakeholders. Participants reflected on previous outbreak responses, discussed the importance of risk communication, and shared insights on tools and resources that would better support healthcare professionals in identifying and managing patients with HPAI/H5N1 infection. Key takeaways included establishing clear protocols for HPAI/H5N1 management, providing timely education to healthcare professionals, and assessing useful communication modalities. Methods: The exercise included escalating scenarios involving a single case of HPAI/H5N1 advancing to community transmission. Key participants spanned clinical departments, infection prevention and control, emergency management, and local public health stakeholders. Structured discussions targeted triggers for escalation, infection prevention strategies, and communication pathways. Results: Findings highlighted the need for tailored screening criteria, robust infection prevention protocols, clear communication strategies, and collaboration with public health authorities. Specific improvements included refining triage and isolation protocols, enhancing staff education, and leveraging syndromic surveillance systems. Conclusion: This exercise underscored the importance of proactive planning, multidisciplinary collaboration, and integration of biosafety measures to strengthen healthcare system resilience against HPAI/H5N1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viral Threats: Surveillance, Impact, and Mitigation)
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